Age, pollen and spores of ODP Site 175-1082

The present-day condition of bipolar glaciation characterized by rapid and large climate fluctuations began at the end of the Pliocene with the intensification of the Northern Hemisphere continental glaciations. The global cooling steps of the late Pliocene have been documented in numerous studies of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites from the Northern Hemisphere. However, the interactions between oceans and between land and ocean during these cooling steps are poorly known. In particular, data from the Southern Hemisphere are lacking. Therefore I investigated the pollen of ODP Site 1082 in the southeast Atlantic Ocean in order to obtain a high-resolution record of vegetation change in Namibia between 3.4 and 1.8 Ma. Four phases of vegetation development are inferred that are connected to global climate change. (1) Before 3 Ma, extensive, rather open grass-rich savannahs with mopane trees existed in Namibia, but the extension of desert and semidesert vegetation was still restricted. (2) Increase of winter rainfall dependent Renosterveld-like vegetation occurred between 3.1 and 2.2 Ma connected to strong advection of polar waters along the Namibian coast and a northward shift of the Polar Front Zone in the Southern Ocean. (3) Climatically induced fluctuations became stronger between 2.7 and 2.2 Ma and semiarid areas extended during glacial periods probably as the result of an increased pole-equator thermal gradient and consequently globally enhanced atmospheric circulation. (4) Aridification and climatic variability further increased after 2.2 Ma, when the Polar Front Zone migrated southward and the influence of Atlantic moisture brought by the westerlies to southern Africa declined. It is concluded that the positions of the frontal systems in the Southern Ocean which determine the locations of the high-pressure cells over the South Atlantic and the southern Indian Ocean have a strong influence on the climate of southern Africa in contrast to the climate of northwest and central Africa, which is dominated by the Saharan low-pressure cell.

High-resolution pollen record of ODP Hole 175-1078C

To address the connection between tropical African vegetation development and high-latitude climate change we present a high-resolution pollen record from ODP Site 1078 (off Angola) covering the period 50-10 ka BP. Although several tropical African vegetation and climate reconstructions indicate an impact of Heinrich Stadials (HSs) in Southern Hemisphere Africa, our vegetation record shows no response. Model simulations conducted with an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity including a dynamical vegetation component provide one possible explanation. Because both precipitation and evaporation increased during HSs and their effects nearly cancelled each other, there was a negligible change in moisture supply. Consequently, the resulting climatic response to HSs might have been too weak to noticeably affect the vegetation composition in the study area. Our results also show that the response to HSs in southern tropical Africa neither equals nor mirrors the response to abrupt climate change in northern Africa.

Palynology on lake sediments from the Pyrenees

A multi-proxy palaeoecological investigation including pollen, plant macrofossil, radiocarbon and sedimentological analyses, was performed on a small mountain lake in the Eastern Pyrenees. This has allowed the reconstruction of: (1) the vegetation history of the area based on five pollen diagrams and eight AMS14C dates and (2) the past lake-level changes, based on plant macrofossil, lithological and pollen analysis of two stratigraphical transects correlated by pollen analysis. The palaeolake may have appeared before the Younger Dryas; the lake-level was low and the vegetation dominated by cold steppic grasslands. The lake-level rose to its highest level during the Holocene in the Middle Atlantic (at ca. 5060±45 b.p.). Postglacial forests (Quercetum mixtum and Abieto-Fagetum) developed progressively in the lower part of the valley, while dense Pinus uncinata forests rapidly invaded the surroundings of the mire and remained the dominant local vegetation until present. The observed lowering of the lake levels during the Late Atlantic and the Subboreal (from 5060 ± B.P. to 3590±40 b.p.) was related to the overgrowth of the mire. The first obvious indications of anthropogenic disturbances of the vegetation are recorded at the Atlantic/Subboreal boundary as a reduction in the forest component, which has accelerated during the last two millennia.

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La alborada del optismismo.--Rodó y su Proteo.--Rudyard Kipling.--Mark Twain.--Heredia y el parnasianismo.--Las cuerdas de in liro antigua.--Altamira.--La sombra de Plácido.--Piñeyro en su casa.--Las bajas del arte: el doctor Huysmans.--El oro de los poetas.--Barbey d'Aurevilly.--Un novelista de los jóvenes: Julio Verna--Flaubert.--La profecia de Enrique Lluria.

Your Frigidaire : recipes and other helpful information /

Includes index.

Masterpieces of furniture design; a collection of measured drawings accompanied by photographs and explanatory text, of pieces of furniture selected from those on exhibition in the Metropolitan museum of art, the Brooklyn museum of arts and sciences, the Boston Museum of fine arts, the Rhode Island school of design and the Essex institute.

Issued in four portfolios enclosed in a case.

Pollen distribution of sediment core MD96-2048 from the Western Indian Ocean

Glacial-interglacial fluctuations in the vegetation of South Africa might elucidate the climate system at the edge of the tropics between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. However, vegetation records covering a full glacial cycle have only been published from the eastern South Atlantic. We present a pollen record of the marine core MD96-2048 retrieved by the Marion Dufresne from the Indian Ocean ~120 km south of the Limpopo River mouth. The sedimentation at the site is slow and continuous. The upper 6 m (spanning the past 342 Ka) have been analysed for pollen and spores at millennial resolution. The terrestrial pollen assemblages indicate that during interglacials, the vegetation of eastern South Africa and southern Mozambique largely consisted of evergreen and deciduous forests. During glacials open mountainous scrubland dominated. Montane forest with Podocarpus extended during humid periods was favoured by strong local insolation. Correlation with the sea surface temperature record of the same core indicates that the extension of mountainous scrubland primarily depends on sea surface temperatures of the Agulhas Current. Our record corroborates terrestrial evidence of the extension of open mountainous scrubland (including fynbos-like species of the high-altitude Grassland biome) for the last glacial as well as for other glacial periods of the past 300 Ka.

The role of dietary breadth in national bumblebee (Bombus) declines: Simple correlation?

Bumblebee species declines have been reported in Europe, North America and Asia. Loss of suitable habitat to agricultural intensification is considered to be the main cause of declines in Europe. Differential impacts on species have been recorded but insufficient knowledge of species ecology means that effective conservation management prescriptions cannot be put into place with certainty. Dietary specialisation, specifically on flowers of Fabaceae, has been hypothesised as driving differential declines but the reliability of previous studies has been questioned. Here we present a three-year study of the foraging behaviour of two UK Biodiversity Action Plan bumblebee species. For the first time, analysis of nectar and pollen foraging was performed on sites where nationally rare UK bumblebees were as abundant as more nationally ubiquitous species. Results indicated that the nationally rare Bombus sylvarum collected the majority of its pollen from flowers of Odontites verna and had a significantly narrower mean nectar dietary breadth than ecologically similar species Bombus humilis and Bombus pascuorum (p = 0.004 and 0.008 respectively). In contrast, the dietary breadth of the nationally rare B. humilis was similar to the more nationally ubiquitous species B. pascuorum and Bombus lapidarius. Moreover, B. lapidarius was recorded as having the narrowest pollen dietary breadth, collected pollen from the least number of floral taxa and was the most specialised of the Bombus species on pollen of Fabaceae. Patterns of dietary specialization were inconsistent with national declines and results highlighted a need for further detailed investigation into the factors contributing to differential declines.

”Uusi aika vaatii uusia tehtäviä” Eduskuntauudistus ja naisen paikat Koti ja Yhteiskunta, Naisten Ääni, Palvelijatarlehti ja Työläisnainen -julkaisuissa 1906-1907

Tutkielmani käsittelee Koti ja Yhteiskunnan, Naisten äänen, Palvelijatarlehden ja Työläisnaisen vuosina 1906-1907 välittämää kuvaa naissukupuolen velvollisuuksista ja oikeuksista tilanteessa, jossa naiset olivat saamassa täydet poliittiset oikeudet. Tutkimukseni kohteena on vallinnut sukupuolijärjestelmä sekä naisten väliset aatteelliset erot. Lähestymistapani on sukupuolihistoriallinen. Työssäni hyödynnän Yvonne Hirdmanin teoriaa sukupuolijärjestelmästä. Koti ja Yhteiskunta sekä Naisten ääni määrittelivät naisen ihanteeksi kristillisen, siveellisyyttä korostavan kasvattajan. Palvelijatarlehdessä ja Työläisnaisessa naisen tuli sitä vastoin irtautua kristinuskon kahleista ja käydä luokkasotaan miehen rinnalla. Naisten poliittisen toiminnan jaoin kolmeen kategoriaan. Tärkeimpänä tavoitteena oli saattaa loppuun nais- ja raittiusliikkeiden aloittama työ. Tämä tapahtui viemällä eteenpäin ajatusta kieltolaista sekä vapauttamalla nainen miehen edusmiehisyydestä eli holhouksenalaisuudesta. Toisena tavoitteena oli siveettömyyden kitkeminen yhteiskunnasta ja sukupuolimoraalin kohottaminen. Kolmantena naiset pyrkivät parantamaan naisten työnteon edellytyksiä. Tavoitteen naisilla olivat samat, mutta perustelut ja keinot erilaisia. Näkyvin julkaisuissa esiintynyt ja eri naisryhmiä erottava tekijä oli suhde uskontoon. Koti ja yhteiskunnassa ja Naisten äänessä naiset perustelivat oikeuttaan käyttää valtaa naisen korkeammalla siveellisellä moraalilla ja naisen luontaisilla, sukupuolesta johtuvilla äidillisillä ominaisuuksilla. Naisten tärkeimpiin tavoitteisiin lukeutui pyrkimys saattaa koko kansa, miehet mukaan lukien, absoluuttisen, korkeamman sukupuolimoraalin piiriin. Palvelijatarlehdessä ja Työläisnaisessa taas katsottiin, että kristilliset käsitykset olivat syy yhteiskunnalliseen epätasa-arvoon kapitalismin ohella ja uusi aika vaati uusia tehtäviä, jotka olivat sosiaalista laatua. Vaikka Koti ja Yhteiskunta ja Naisten ääni vaativat parannuksia naisten asemaan, antoivat ne myös suostumuksensa eriarvoistavalle sukupuolijärjestykselle, perustelemalla vaateitaan feminiinisillä ominaisuuksilla ja määrittelemällä naisen paikkoja sukupuolen pohjalta. Työläisnaisten lehdet vaativat kirkollisten avioliittojen tilalle siviiliavioliittoja sekä aineellista apua aviottomille äideille. Vaatimukset olisivat toteutuessaan muuttaneet sukupuolijärjestelmää. Naisten näkemyserot johtivat konfliktiin, jossa vastakkain olivat säätyläisnaisten edustama kristillis-porvarillinen ja työläisnaisten edustama materialistinen maailmankatsomus.

Estrutura da comunidade arbórea e suas relações com fatores edáficos na floresta de restinga paludosa da Estrada Velha, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul

(Estrutura da comunidade arbórea e suas relações com fatores edáficos na floresta de restinga paludosa da estrada Velha, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul). O presente estudo tem como objetivo estudar a estrutura da comunidade arbórea da floresta de restinga paludosa da Estrada Velha (32º07’S; 52º09’W) localizada no município do Rio Grande, na Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul e suas correlações com fatores edáficos. Para a amostragem do componente arbóreo foram demarcadas três transecções paralelas, ao longo das quais foram alocadas 30 unidades amostrais de 10m X 10m, de forma não contígua e amostrados todos os indivíduos com perímetro a altura do peito maior ou igual a 15 cm. Foram coletadas amostras de solo para análises químicas e granulométricas e realizadas medidas da coluna d’água nas unidades amostrais. Os principais parâmetros fitossociológicos foram estimados para descrever a estrutura da floresta, bem como os índices de Diversidade de Shannon (H’) e de Equabilidade de Pielou (J’). A similaridade com outras florestas no Rio Grande do Sul foi estimada pelo índice de Jaccard (ISj). As relações entre a abundância das espécies nas unidades amostrais e fatores edáficos foram avaliadas por meio de análise de componentes principais (PCA) e análise de correspondência canônica (CCA). Foram registrados 585 indivíduos distribuídos em 19 espécies, 17 gêneros e 16 famílias. A família com maior riqueza específica foi Moraceae e as espécies com maiores valores de importância foram Citronela gongonha (Mart.) R.A. Howard, Erythrina crista-galli L., Sebastiania brasiliensis Spreng., Ficus cestrifolia Schott. e Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman. O Índice de diversidade foi 1,99 nat.ind-1 e o de Equabilidade foi 0,68. As análises multivariadas de ordenação evidenciaram um gradiente de distribuição das espécies correlacionado principalmente com a densidade de C. gongonha e fatores edáficos como pH, Ca, CTC(t), MO, K e nível de alagamento. O componente arbóreo mostrou similaridade florística (ISj) com outras florestas paludosas localizadas em maiores latitudes no Estado.