Influência do tempo de exposição à fumaça de cigarro na remodelação ventricular em ratos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência da exposição à fumaça de cigarro e da suplementação da dieta com β-caroteno sobre a comunicação interceluar em cardiomiócitos de ratos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos do exercício físico associado ao tabagismo passivo na musculatura cardíaca de filhotes de ratos wistar provenientes de matrizes tabagistas

Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia - FCT

Cardiac remodeling induced by smoking: concepts, relevance, and potential mechanisms

Cardiac or ventricular remodeling is characterized by molecular, cellular, and interstitial alterations that lead to changes in heart size, mass, geometry and function in response to a given insult. Currently, tobacco smoke exposure is recognized as one of these insults. Indeed, tobacco smoke exposure induces the enlargement of the left-sided cardiac chambers, myocardial hypertrophy, and ventricular dysfunction. Potential mechanisms for these alterations include hemodynamic and neurohormonal changes, oxidative stress, inflammation, nitric oxide bioavailability, matrix metalloproteinases and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. This review will focus on the concepts, relevance, and potential mechanisms of cardiac remodeling induced by tobacco smoke.

Avaliação do conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre o programa de cessação do tabagismo

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem - FMB

Influência da suplementação de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) na ração sobre remodelação cardíaca em ratos expostos à fumaça do cigarro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Proteomic analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis exposed to nicotine and cotinine

Cogo K, de Andrade A, Labate CA, Bergamaschi CC, Berto LA, Franco GCN, Goncalves RB, Groppo FC. Proteomic analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis exposed to nicotine and cotinine. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 766775. (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Smokers are more predisposed than nonsmokers to infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the most important pathogens involved in the onset and development of periodontitis. It has also been observed that tobacco, and tobacco derivatives such as nicotine and cotinine, can induce modifications to P. gingivalis virulence. However, the effect of the major compounds derived from cigarettes on expression of protein by P.gingivalis is poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of nicotine and cotinine on the P.gingivalis proteomic profile. Material and Methods: Total proteins of P gingivalis exposed to nicotine and cotinine were extracted and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Proteins differentially expressed were successfully identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and primary sequence databases using MASCOT search engine, and gene ontology was carried out using DAVID tools. Results: Of the approximately 410 protein spots that were reproducibly detected on each gel, 23 were differentially expressed in at least one of the treatments. A particular increase was seen in proteins involved in metabolism, virulence and acquisition of peptides, protein synthesis and folding, transcription and oxidative stress. Few proteins showed significant decreases in expression; those that did are involved in cell envelope biosynthesis and proteolysis and also in metabolism. Conclusion: Our results characterized the changes in the proteome of P.gingivalis following exposure to nicotine and cotinine, suggesting that these substances may modulate, with minor changes, protein expression. The present study is, in part, a step toward understanding the potential smokepathogen interaction that may occur in smokers with periodontitis.

Accelerated Solvent Extraction for Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Nicotine and Cotinine in Meconium Samples

Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)

Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach

There is poor agreement on definitions of different phenotypes of preschool wheezing disorders. The present Task Force proposes to use the terms episodic (viral) wheeze to describe children who wheeze intermittently and are well between episodes, and multiple-trigger wheeze for children who wheeze both during and outside discrete episodes. Investigations are only needed when in doubt about the diagnosis. Based on the limited evidence available, inhaled short-acting beta(2)-agonists by metered-dose inhaler/spacer combination are recommended for symptomatic relief. Educating parents regarding causative factors and treatment is useful. Exposure to tobacco smoke should be avoided; allergen avoidance may be considered when sensitisation has been established. Maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is recommended for multiple-trigger wheeze; benefits are often small. Montelukast is recommended for the treatment of episodic (viral) wheeze and can be started when symptoms of a viral cold develop. Given the large overlap in phenotypes, and the fact that patients can move from one phenotype to another, inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast may be considered on a trial basis in almost any preschool child with recurrent wheeze, but should be discontinued if there is no clear clinical benefit. Large well-designed randomised controlled trials with clear descriptions of patients are needed to improve the present recommendations on the treatment of these common syndromes.

[Air pollution and asthma in childhood].

Exposure to outdoor air pollutants and passive tobacco smoke are common but avoidable worldwide risk factors for morbidity and mortality of individuals. In addition to well-known effects of pollutants on the cardiovascular system and the development of cancer, in recent years the association between air pollution and respiratory morbidity has become increasingly apparent. Not only in adults, but also in children with asthma and in healthy children a clear harmful effect of exposure towards air pollutants has been demonstrated in many studies. Among others increased pollution has been shown to result in more frequent and more severe respiratory symptoms, more frequent exacerbations, higher need for asthma medication, poorer lung function and increased visits to the emergency department and more frequent hospitalisations. While these associations are well established, the available data on the role of air pollution in the development of asthma seems less clear. Some studies have shown that increased exposure towards tobacco smoke and air pollution leads to an increase in asthma incidence and prevalence; others were not able to confirm those findings. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are different definitions of the outcome asthma, different methods for exposure estimation and differences in the populations studied with differing underlying genetic backgrounds. Regardless of this inconsistency, several mechanisms have already been identified linking air pollution with asthma development. Among these are impaired lung growth and development, immunological changes, genetic or epigenetic effects or increased predisposition for allergic sensitisation. What the exact interactions are and which asthmatic phenotypes will be influenced most by pollutants will be shown by future studies. This knowledge will then be helpful in exploring possible preventive measures for the individual and to help policy makers in deciding upon most appropriate regulations on a population level.

The independent role of prenatal and postnatal exposure to active and passive smoking on the development of early wheeze in children.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases childhood asthma risk, but health effects in children of nonsmoking mothers passively exposed to tobacco smoke during pregnancy are unclear. We examined the association of maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and wheeze in children aged ≤2 years.Individual data of 27 993 mother-child pairs from 15 European birth cohorts were combined in pooled analyses taking into consideration potential confounders.Children with maternal exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy and no other smoking exposure were more likely to develop wheeze up to the age of 2 years (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03-1.20) compared with unexposed children. Risk of wheeze was further increased by children's postnatal passive smoke exposure in addition to their mothers' passive exposure during pregnancy (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.19-1.40) and highest in children with both sources of passive exposure and mothers who smoked actively during pregnancy (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.59-1.88). Risk of wheeze associated with tobacco smoke exposure was higher in children with an allergic versus nonallergic family history.Maternal passive smoking exposure during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for wheeze in children up to the age of 2 years. Pregnant females should avoid active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke for the benefit of their children's health.

Hormone therapy and physical activity as predictors of lung cancer risk and survival: The California Teachers Study

Cigarette smoking is responsible for the majority of lung cancer cases worldwide; however, a proportion of never smokers still develop lung cancer over their lifetime, prompting investigation into additional factors that may modify lung cancer incidence, as well as mortality. Although hormone therapy (HT), physical activity (PA), and lung cancer have been previously examined, the associations remain unclear. This study investigated exposure to HT and PA that may modulate underlying mechanisms of lung cancer etiology and progression among women by using existing, de-identified data from the California Teachers Study (CTS).^ The CTS cohort, established in 1995–1996, has 133,479 active and retired female teachers and administrators, recruited through the California State Teachers Retirement System, and followed annually for cancer diagnosis, death, and change of address. Each woman enrolled in the CTS returned a questionnaire covering a wide variety of issues related to cancer risk and women's health, including recent and past HT use and physical activity, as well as active and environmental cigarette smoke exposure. Complete data to assess the associations between HT and lung cancer risk and survival were available for 60,592 postmenopausal women. Between 1995 and 2007, 727 of these women were diagnosed with invasive lung cancer; 441 of these died. Complete data to assess the associations between PA and lung cancer risk and survival were available for 118,513 women. Between 1995 and 2007, 853 of these women were diagnosed with invasive lung cancer; 516 of these died.^ After careful adjustment for smoking habits and other potential confounders, no measure of HT use was associated with lung cancer risk; however, any HT use (vs. no use) was associated with a decrease in lung-cancer-specific mortality. Specifically, among women who only used estrogen (E-only), decreases in lung cancer mortality were seen for recent use, but not for former use; no association was observed for estrogen plus progestin (E+P). Furthermore, among former users of HT, a statistically significant decrease in lung cancer mortality was observed for E-only use within 5 years prior to baseline, but not for E-only use >5 years prior to baseline. Neither long-term recreational PA nor recent recreational PA alone were associated with lung cancer risk; however, among women with a BMI<25 and ever smokers, high long-term moderate+strenuous PA was associated with a decrease in lung cancer risk. Women with non-local disease showed a decrease in lung cancer mortality associated with increasing duration of strenuous long-term activity, and 1.50-3.00 h/wk/y of recent moderate or recent strenuous PA. Long-term moderate PA was associated with decreased lung cancer mortality in never smokers, whereas recent moderate PA was associated with increased lung cancer mortality in current smokers. ^ Placing our findings in the context of the current literature, HT does not appear to be associated with lung cancer risk and previous studies reporting a protective effect of HT use on lung cancer risk may be subject to residual confounding by smoking. Looking at our findings regarding PA overall, the evidence still remains inconclusive regarding whether or not physical activity influence lung cancer risk or mortality. Our results suggest that recreational PA may associated with decreased lung cancer risk among women with BMI<25 and ever smoking-women; however, residual confounding by smoking should be strongly considered. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate lifetime recreational PA and lung cancer mortality among women. Our results contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding non-smoking-related risk factors for lung cancer incidence and mortality among women. Given the potential clinical and interventional significance, further study and validation of these findings is warranted.^

Avaliação do tratamento com um inibidor para serinoprotease em modelo experimental de enfisema induzido por exposição à fumaça de cigarro

Introdução: Demonstramos previamente que em modelo experimental de enfisema pulmonar induzido por instilação de elastase, o inibidor de serinoprotease rBmTI-A promoveu a melhora da destruição tecidual em camundongos. Considerando que o tabagismo é o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) e que o modelo de exposição à fumaça de cigarro é considerado o que melhor mimetiza esta doença em humanos, este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a ação do inibidor para serinoproteases rBmTI-A sobre os processos fisiopatológicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento do enfisema pulmonar, em modelo de exposição ao tabaco. Métodos: Para a indução do enfisema pulmonar, os animais foram expostos à fumaça de cigarro (duas vezes ao dia/ 30 minutos/ 5 dias por semana/ durante 12 semanas), e os animais controle permaneceram expostos ao ar ambiente. Dois protocolos de tratamento com o inibidor rBmTI-A foram realizados. No primeiro, os animais receberam duas administrações do inibidor rBmTI-A ou de seu veículo (Solução Salina 0,9%) por via intranasal, sendo a primeira após 24h do término das exposições ao cigarro e outra, 7 dias após à primeira instilação do inibidor. No segundo protocolo, os animais receberam 3 administrações do inibidor rBmTI-A, durante o tempo de exposição (1ª dose: 24h antes do início da exposição à fumaça de cigarro; 2ª dose: um mês após o início da exposição; 3ª dose: dois meses após o início). Após o término dos protocolos de exposição e tratamento, os animais foram submetidos aos procedimentos para coleta dos dados de mecânica respiratória e avaliação do Intercepto Linear Médio (Lm). Para o segundo protocolo, realizamos também as medidas para quantificação de fibras de colágeno e elástica, da densidade de células positivas para MAC-2, MMP-12 e 9, TIMP-1, Gp91phox e TNFalfa; no parênquima através de imunohistoquímica, contagem de células polimorfonucleares além da expressão gênica de MMP-12 e 9 no pulmão através de RT-qPCR. Resultados e Discussão: O tratamento com o inibidor para serinoprotease rBmTI-A atenuou o desenvolvimento do enfisema pulmonar apenas no segundo protocolo, quando foi administrado durante a exposição à fumaça de cigarro. Embora os grupos Fumo-rBmTIA e Fumo-VE apresentem aumento de Lm comparados aos grupos controles, houve uma redução deste índice no grupo Fumo-rBmTIA comparado ao grupo Fumo-VE. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para as análises de proporção em volume de fibras de elástica e colágeno no parênquima. Além disto, observamos aumento de macrófagos, MMP-12, MMP-9 e TNFalfa; nos grupos expostos à fumaça de cigarro, mas o tratamento com o inibidor rBmTI-A diminuiu apenas a quantidade de células positivas para MMP-12. Na avaliação da expressão gênica para MMP-12 e 9, não observamos diferença entre os grupos experimentais e o mesmo comportamento foi observado para a quantidade de células polimorfonucleares no parênquima. Além disso, observamos aumento de GP91phox e TIMP-1 nos grupos tratados com rBmTIA. Conclusões: Tais resultados sugerem que o inibidor rBmTI-A não foi efetivo como tratamento da lesão após a doença instalada. Entretanto, atenuou o desenvolvimento da doença quando administrado durante a indução do enfisema, possivelmente através do aumento de GP91phox e TIMP-1, acompanhados pela diminuição de MMP-12.

Thermogravimetric analysis of the pyrolysis of several materials used in the preparation of commercial cigarettes

Comunicación presentada en forma de póster en el "12th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering", Barcelona (Spain), November 15-18, 2011

Commonplace book of Moses Appleton, 1791-1815 (inclusive)

Volume containing medicinal recipes, medical notes, poetry, and obituaries written by Dr. Moses Appleton (1773-1849). Many of the recipes were copied from medical texts or other publications. His "cure for the dropsy," taken from the New York Herald, contained stale cider, parsley, horseradish, oxymel squills (sea onion in honey), and juniper berries. For diarrhea, he prescribed a blackberry syrup. Several entries indicate Appleton practiced Thomsonian medicine, an alternative system based on use of botanicals. The medical notes include an account of his treatment of a man with smallpox in 1815, and entries on patients he inoculated with cowpox matter. Another entry dated in 1796 provides instructions from the Massachusetts Humane Society for "treatment to be used with persons apparently dead from drowning," which included blowing tobacco smoke in the victim's lungs and applying warm blankets for several hours. Appleton adds a note questioning whether or not the lungs also should be "often artificially inflated." There is additionally a history of prominent physicians dating from ancient Greece.