Aumento de energia renovável na Ilha da Madeira: proposta integrada para o setor dos transportes e da geração de energia elétrica

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Energia

Impacto económico, energético e ambiental da produção renovável na Ilha Terceira

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Energia

Toroid inductor development for a SIC DC-DC converter up to 150kW, based on finite element method

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Energia

Conversão de um veículo de combustão em veículo elétrico

Trabalho final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica Ramo Manutenção e Produção

Realistic Traffic Scenarios Using a Census Methodology: Vila Real Case Study

This paper presents the first phase of the redevelopment of the Electric Vehicle Scenario Simulator (EVeSSi) tool. A new methodology to generate traffic demand scenarios for the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) tool for urban traffic simulation is described. This methodology is based on a Portugal census database to generate a synthetic population for a given area under study. A realistic case study of a Portuguese city, Vila Real, is assessed. For this area the road network was created along with a synthetic population and public transport. The traffic results were obtained and an electric buses fleet was evaluated assuming that the actual fleet would be replaced in a near future. The energy requirements to charge the electric fleet overnight were estimated in order to evaluate the impacts that it would cause in the local electricity network.

Towards a better energy efficiency through a systems approach in an industrial forklift

The purpose of this study is to improve the potential energy recovery to electric energy in an electrohydraulic forklift system. The initial achieved result for energy saving ratio after structural optimization is 40 %. Component optimization is applied to the tested drive which consists of a DTC controlled electric servo motor directly running a reversible hydraulic pump. According to the study the energy efficiency and the energy recovery from the electro-hydraulic forklift system can be increased by 11 % units. New ideas and directions of further research were obtained during the study.

DCM Boost interleaved converter for operation in AC and DC to trolleybus application

This paper is based on the development and experimental analysis of a DCM Boost interleaved converter suitable for application in traction systems of electrical vehicles pulled by electrical motors (Trolleybus), which are powered by urban DC or AC distribution networks. This front-end structure is capable of providing significant improvements in trolleybuses systems and in the urban distribution network costs, and efficiency. The architecture of proposed converter is composed by five boost power cells in interleaving connection, operating in discontinuous conduction mode. Furthermore, the converter can operate as AC-DC converter, or as DC-DC converter providing the proper DC output voltage range required by DC or AC adjustable speed drivers. Therefore, when supplied by single-phase AC distribution networks, and operating as AC-DC converter, it is capable to provide high power factor, reduced harmonic distortion in the input current, complying with the restrictions imposed by the IEC 61000-3-4 standards. The digital controller has been implemented using a low cost FPGA and developed totally using a hardware description language VHDL and fixed point arithmetic. Thus, two control strategies are evaluated considering the compliance with input current restrictions imposed by IEC 61000-3-4 standards, the regular PWM modulation and a current correction PWM modulation. In order to verify the feasibility and performance of the proposed system, experimental results from a 15 kW low power scale prototype are presented, operating in DC and AC conditions.

Perfil econômico do lítio nos países sulamericanos e consumo mundial

The lithium industry has changed and the producers of lithium carbonate form South America play a dominant role in the world. This paper discusses the South American geological resources, production and producers of lithium considering the potential growth in lithium consumption for electric vehicle batteries. Taking into account the manufacturing companies and their external connections, their participation in corporate groups and the international market for the stocks of metal, in addition to facts and updates that affect this market and its key growth trends. This inventory of the most important reserves takes into account the geological context of the formation of these deposits, including a description of the types of deposits exploited in the world today. Besides the general description was made a brief description of the South American resources, more exploited by the media (Salar de Atacama, Salar de Hombre Muerto, Salar de Uyuni) and Pegmatites of Província Pegmatítica Oriental do Brasil and Província Seridó-Borborema).

Transmissão indutiva de energia eletromagnética sem fios, para aplicações em postos de abastecimento de veículos elétricos puros: modelação para o elemento eletromagnético

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Estudo da viabilidade da implantação de frotas de veículos elétricos e híbridos elétricos no atual cenário econômico, político, energético e ambiental brasileiro

Currently there are two car models that use electricity in their propulsion systems, the electric vehicle and the hybrid electric vehicle. The electric vehicles are classified as vehicles that use electric motors in their propulsion system and batteries as a power source, on the other hand, the hybrid vehicles are classified as vehicles that use both electric motors and internal combustion engines in their propulsion system, using both batteries and líquid fuels as a power source. The main goal of this work is to analyze the characteristics of electric and hybrid electric vehicles and demonstrate the unfeasibility of the electric vehicle in the current economic, political, energetic and environmental brazilian scenario, for this purpose it was realized a study about the current brazilian situation regarding to electricity generation, current conservation status of road network, lack of electrical infrastructure for charging batteries, national lithium reserves, environmental characteristics, tax incentives, economic scenario, oil market and political positioning related to the implantation of electric or hybrid electric fleets in nacional territory. The operational characteristics analysis of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in this current scenario leads to the conclusion that currently a growth of electric vehicles fleets on a national scale is totally impractical in the Brazil, Thus, the introduction of green vehicles probably will occur primarily with hybrid electric models, motivated mainly due the bigger autonomy of this models compared to electric models, lower cost of hybrid electric models compared to electric models, factors related to the lack of recharging infrastructure and also factors related to political positioning

Estudo da viabilidade da implantação de frotas de veículos elétricos e híbridos elétricos no atual cenário econômico, político, energético e ambiental brasileiro

Currently there are two car models that use electricity in their propulsion systems, the electric vehicle and the hybrid electric vehicle. The electric vehicles are classified as vehicles that use electric motors in their propulsion system and batteries as a power source, on the other hand, the hybrid vehicles are classified as vehicles that use both electric motors and internal combustion engines in their propulsion system, using both batteries and líquid fuels as a power source. The main goal of this work is to analyze the characteristics of electric and hybrid electric vehicles and demonstrate the unfeasibility of the electric vehicle in the current economic, political, energetic and environmental brazilian scenario, for this purpose it was realized a study about the current brazilian situation regarding to electricity generation, current conservation status of road network, lack of electrical infrastructure for charging batteries, national lithium reserves, environmental characteristics, tax incentives, economic scenario, oil market and political positioning related to the implantation of electric or hybrid electric fleets in nacional territory. The operational characteristics analysis of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in this current scenario leads to the conclusion that currently a growth of electric vehicles fleets on a national scale is totally impractical in the Brazil, Thus, the introduction of green vehicles probably will occur primarily with hybrid electric models, motivated mainly due the bigger autonomy of this models compared to electric models, lower cost of hybrid electric models compared to electric models, factors related to the lack of recharging infrastructure and also factors related to political positioning

Comparative Analysis of Alternative Hybrid Systems for Automotive Applications

The main objective of this work was to investigate the impact of different hybridization concepts and levels of hybridization on fuel economy of a standard road vehicle where both conventional and non-conventional hybrid architectures are treated exactly in the same way from the point of view of overall energy flow optimization. Hybrid component models were developed and presented in detail as well as the simulations results mainly for NEDC cycle. The analysis was performed on four different parallel hybrid powertrain concepts: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), High Speed Flywheel Hybrid Vehicle (HSF-HV), Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle (HHV) and Pneumatic Hybrid Vehicle (PHV). In order to perform equitable analysis of different hybrid systems, comparison was performed also on the basis of the same usable system energy storage capacity (i.e. 625kJ for HEV, HSF and the HHV) but in the case of pneumatic hybrid systems maximal storage capacity was limited by the size of the systems in order to comply with the packaging requirements of the vehicle. The simulations were performed within the IAV Gmbh - VeLoDyn software simulator based on Matlab / Simulink software package. Advanced cycle independent control strategy (ECMS) was implemented into the hybrid supervisory control unit in order to solve power management problem for all hybrid powertrain solutions. In order to maintain State of Charge within desired boundaries during different cycles and to facilitate easy implementation and recalibration of the control strategy for very different hybrid systems, Charge Sustaining Algorithm was added into the ECMS framework. Also, a Variable Shift Pattern VSP-ECMS algorithm was proposed as an extension of ECMS capabilities so as to include gear selection into the determination of minimal (energy) cost function of the hybrid system. Further, cycle-based energetic analysis was performed in all the simulated cases, and the results have been reported in the corresponding chapters.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECOCAR 3 PROPOSAL AND GUIDELINES FOR MODELING AND DESIGN IN YEAR ONE OF ECOCAR 3

This report summarizes the work done for the Vehicle Powertrain Modeling and Design Problem Proposal portion of the EcoCAR3 proposal as specified in the Request for Proposal from Argonne National Laboratory. The results of the modeling exercises presented in the proposal showed that: An average conventional vehicle powered by a combustion engine could not meet the energy consumption target when the engine was sized to meet the acceleration target, due the relatively low thermal efficiency of the spark ignition engine. A battery electric vehicle could not meet the required range target of 320 km while keeping the vehicle weight below the gross vehicle weight rating of 2000 kg. This was due to the low energy density of the batteries which necessitated a large, and heavy, battery pack to provide enough energy to meet the range target. A series hybrid electric vehicle has the potential to meet the acceleration and energy consumption parameters when the components are optimally sized. A parallel hybrid electric vehicle has less energy conversion losses than a series hybrid electric vehicle which results in greater overall efficiency, lower energy consumption, and less emissions. For EcoCAR3, Michigan Tech proposes to develop a plug-in parallel hybrid vehicle (PPHEV) powered by a small Diesel engine operating on B20 Bio-Diesel fuel. This architecture was chosen over other options due to its compact design, lower cost, and its ability to provide performance levels and energy efficiency that meet or exceed the design targets. While this powertrain configuration requires a more complex control system and strategy than others, the student engineering team at Michigan Tech has significant recent experience with this architecture and has confidence that it will perform well in the events planned for the EcoCAR3 competition.

Impacto del vehículo eléctrico sobre las redes de distribución

Es objeto del presente proyecto definir red inteligente (Smart Grid) como parte fundamental de un futuro sistema de generación, distribución y transporte de la energía, utilizando como medio principal de desplazamiento el Vehículo Eléctrico. El desarrollo del proyecto se lleva a cabo a través de un análisis exhaustivo del impacto de la introducción masiva del Vehículo Eléctrico en las redes de distribución. Para evaluar las simulaciones se han creado unos niveles de penetración de vehículos, así como el despliegue de dispositivos de recarga y hora óptima de conexión a la red para que la curva de demanda se suavice lo máximo posible y las infraestructuras eléctricas no sufran una sobrecarga provocando una caída del sistema eléctrico. Con un software específico, se ha obtenido un porcentaje de pérdidas y se han sacado unas conclusiones para los distintos casos de penetración del vehículo eléctrico. Asimismo, se ha analizado la implementación de un sistema que estudie los intercambios energéticos que se producen entre los diferentes sistemas del vehículo, y entre éste y su entorno para poder disminuir las pérdidas. ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to define Smart Grid as an essential part of a future generation system, distribution and transmission of energy, using Electric Vehicle as primary mean of moving. The development of this project was carried out through a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the massive introduction of electric vehicles in distribution networks. To evaluate the simulations, different indicators for vehicle´s penetration were created, as well as the deployment of charging devices and optimal time to get network connection in order to smooth the demand curve as much as possible and to avoid electrical infrastructure being overloaded and thus causing the electrical system to stop working. For each of the different cases of electric vehicles’ penetration a percentage of losses and conclusions were drawn using specific software. The implementation of a system that studies the exchanges of energy that occur between different vehicle systems and between itself and its environment to reduce losses was also analyzed.

Simulación de mercado diario y previsión a 20 años del sector eléctrico peninsular

En este proyecto se crea un modelo de casación de ofertas de venta y de adquisición de energía eléctrica. Este modelo sirve para simular, de manera simplificada, el proceso de casación que tiene lugar en el mercado Diario peninsular (España y Portugal). Con el fin de averiguar el comportamiento del sector eléctrico, en este aspecto, en el futuro, se extrapolan las ofertas de adquisición según una evolución prevista de demanda y se utiliza el modelo creado para prever el mix energético y los precios de la electricidad. Esta previsión se hace en base a tres escenarios. Uno en el que hay un importante autoabastecimiento de energía eléctrica en los puntos de consumo residenciales; otro en el que el vehículo eléctrico entra de manera significativa en el parque automovilístico peninsular; y el tercero en el que las energías renovables asumen el principal peso de la cobertura de energía eléctrica. Abstract In this project a model for matching sale and purchase bids of electricity power is created. The model simulates, simplified, the process of setting energy and prices in the Daily Market of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). In order to determine the electricity sector behavior in the future, purchase bids are extrapolated following a prevision of demand and the model is used to predict the generation technologies mix and electricity prices. This forecast is based on three possible scenarios. The first one assumes significant self-supply of electricity in residential areas; the second one considers that the electric vehicle relevantly enters the peninsular fleet; the third one supposes that renewable energies cover the majority of electric energy.