Reuse of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to produce ceramic materials

Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a residue resulting from the burning of bagasse in boilers in the sugarcane/alcohol industry. SCBA has a very high silica concentration and contains aluminum, iron, alkalis and alkaline earth oxides in smaller amounts. In this work, the properties of sintered ceramic bodies were evaluated based on the concentration of SCBA, which replaced non-plastic material. The ash was mixed (up to 60 wt%) with a clayed raw material that is used to produce roof tiles. Prismatic probes were pressed and sintered at different temperatures (up to 1200 degrees C). Technological tests of ceramic probes showed that the addition of ash has little influence on the ceramic properties up to 1000 C. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis data showed that, above this temperature the ash participates in the sintering process and in the formation of new important phases. The results reported show that the reuse of SCBA in the ceramic industry is feasible. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Degradação catalítica de polietileno de alta densidade sobre a zeólita HZSM

In last years it has talked a lot about the environment and the plastic waste produced and discarded. In last decades, the increasing development of research to obtain fuel from plastic material, by catalytic degradation, it has become a very attractive looking, as these tailings are discarded to millions worldwide. These materials take a long time to degrade themselves by ways said natural and burning it has not demonstrated a viable alternative due to the toxic products produced during combustion. Such products could bring serious consequences to public health and environment. Therefore, the technique of chemical recycling is presented as a suitable alternative, especially since could be obtain fractions of liquid fuels that can be intended to the petrochemical industry. This work aims to propose alternatives to the use of plastic waste in the production of light petrochemical. Zeolites has been widely used in the study of this process due to its peculiar structural properties and its high acidity. In this work was studied the reaction of catalytic degradation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in the presence HZSM-12 zeolites with different acid sites concentrations by thermogravimetry and pyrolysis coupled with GC-MS. The samples of the catalysts were mixed with HDPE in the proportion of 50% in mass and submitted to thermogravimetric analyses in several heating rates. The addition of solids with different acid sites concentrations to HDPE, produced a decrease in the temperature of degradation of the polymer proportional the acidity of the catalyst. These qualitative results were complemented by the data of activation energy obtained through the non-isothermal kinetics model proposed by Vyazovkin. The values of Ea when correlated to the data of surface acidity of the catalysts indicated that there is a exponential decrease of the energy of activation in the reaction of catalytic degradation of HDPE, in function of the concentration of acid sites of the materials. These results indicate that the acidity of the catalyst added to the system is one of the most important properties in the reaction of catalytic degradation of polyethylene

Wavelet-Galerkin method for one-dimensional elastoplasticity and damage problems: Constitutive modeling and computational aspects

This work presents an analysis of the wavelet-Galerkin method for one-dimensional elastoplastic-damage problems. Time-stepping algorithm for non-linear dynamics is presented. Numerical treatment of the constitutive models is developed by the use of return-mapping algorithm. For spacial discretization we can use wavelet-Galerkin method instead of standard finite element method. This approach allows to locate singularities. The discrete formulation developed can be applied to the simulation of one-dimensional problems for elastic-plastic-damage models. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Non-linear boundary element analysis of floor slabs reinforced with rectangular beams

In this work, a numerical model to perform non-linear analysis of building floor structures is proposed. The presented model is derived from the Kirchhoff-s plate bending formulation of the boundary element method (BENI) for zoned domains, in which the plate stiffness is modified by the presence of membrane effects. In this model, no approximation of the generalized forces along the interface is required and the compatibility and equilibrium conditions along interfaces are imposed at the integral equation level. In order to reduce the number of degrees of freedom, the Navier Bernoulli hypothesis is assumed to simplify the strain field for the thin sub-regions (rectangular beams). The non-linear formulation is obtained from the linear formulation by incorporating initial internal force fields, which are approximated by using the well-known cell sub-division. Then, the non-linear solution of algebraic equations is obtained by using the concept of the consistent tangent operator. The Von Mises criterion is adopted to govern the elasto-plastic material behaviour checked at points along the plate thickness and along the rectangular beam element axes. The numerical representations are accurately obtained by either computing analytically the element integrals or performing the numerical integration accurately using an appropriate sub-elementation scheme. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estudo de formulação de massas através do controle da mistura: argilas aluvionares do pólo cerâmico de Russas-Ceará

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Formação de biofilmes e resistência a antifúngico e biocidas em Candida parapsilosis e C. orthopsilosis isoladas de águas usadas para hemodiálise

Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicadas à Farmácia - FCFAR

Protese ocular individualizada em resina acrílica com esfera oca

The technique proposed aims at reducing the weight of individualized ample ocular prostheses using acrylic resins as well as simplifying laboratory procedure. For that, prefabricated hollow spheres made of plastic material, were inserted in the sclera. The average weights of the solid conventional sclera (5.30g) and those of the respective prefabricated plastic ones (3.91g) were compared. The weight reduction was significative with a confidence interval of 95% by the Student t test. ln addition, for illustration purpose, the technique was applied to patients in the ward of the Maxillofacial Prostheses Dicipline of the Dentistry School in the Campus of São José dos Campos - UNESP, having each patient received a solid prosthesis and a hollow prefabricated one made of plastic material. It has been concluded that the prostheses material spheres were inserted are lighter than the ones which received solid spheres; furthermore, thr technique is viable for ample anophtalmic cavities and requires few sessions

Assessment of nose protector for sport activities: finite element analysis

There has been a significant increase in the number of facial fractures stemming from sport activities in recent years, with the nasal bone one of the most affected structures. Researchers recommend the use of a nose protector, but there is no standardization regarding the material employed. Clinical experience has demonstrated that a combination of a flexible and rigid layer of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) offers both comfort and safety to practitioners of sports. The aim of the present study was the investigation into the stresses generated by the impact of a rigid body on the nasal bone on models with and without an EVA protector. For such, finite element analysis was employed. A craniofacial model was constructed from images obtained through computed tomography. The nose protector was modeled with two layers of EVA (1 mm of rigid EVA over 2 mm of flexible EVA), following the geometry of the soft tissue. Finite element analysis was performed using the LS Dyna program. The bone and rigid EVA were represented as elastic linear material, whereas the soft tissues and flexible EVA were represented as hyperelastic material. The impact from a rigid sphere on the frontal region of the face was simulated with a constant velocity of 20 m s-1 for 9.1 mu s. The model without the protector served as the control. The distribution of maximal stress of the facial bones was recorded. The maximal stress on the nasal bone surpassed the breaking limit of 0.130.34 MPa on the model without a protector, while remaining below this limit on the model with the protector. Thus, the nose protector made from both flexible and rigid EVA proved effective at protecting the nasal bones under high-impact conditions.

Effetto di un packaging innovativo sulla qualità di nettarine

L’imballaggio alimentare si può definire come un sistema coordinato per disporre i beni per il trasporto, la distribuzione, la conservazione, la vendita e l’utilizzo. Uno dei materiali maggiormente impiegati, nell’industria alimentare, per la produzione di imballaggi sono le materie plastiche. Esse sono sostanze organiche derivanti da petrolio greggio, sono composti solidi allo stato finito, ma possono essere modellate allo stato fluido. Un imballaggio alimentare deve svolgere determinate funzioni tra cui: - contenimento del prodotto - protezione del prodotto da agenti esterni - logistica - comunicativa - funzionale - ecologica L'ultimo punto sopracitato è il principale problema delle materie plastiche derivanti dal petrolio greggio. Questi materiali sono difficilmente riciclabili perché spesso un imballaggio è composto da più materiali stratificati o perché si trova a diretto contatto con gli alimenti. Inoltre questi materiali hanno un lungo tempo di degradazione (da 100 a 1000 anni) che ne rendono difficile e costoso lo smaltimento. Per questo nell’ultimo decennio è cominciata la ricerca di un materiale plastico, flessibile alle esigenze industriali e nel contempo biodegradabile. Una prima idea è stata quella di “imitare la natura” cercando di replicare macromolecole già esistenti (derivate da amido e zuccheri) per ottenere una sostanza plastico-simile utilizzabile per gli stessi scopi, ma biodegradabile in circa sei mesi. Queste bioplastiche non hanno preso piede per l’alto costo di produzione e perché risulta impossibile riconvertire impianti di produzione in tutto il mondo in tempi brevi. Una seconda corrente di pensiero ha indirizzato i propri sforzi verso l’utilizzo di speciali additivi aggiunti in minima misura (1%) ai classici materiali plastici e che ne permettono la biodegradazione in un tempo inferiore ai tre anni. Un esempio di questo tipo di additivi è l’ECM Masterbatch Pellets che è un copolimero di EVA (etilene vinil acetato) che aggiunto alle plastiche tradizionali rende il prodotto finale completamente biodegradabile pur mantenendo le proprie caratteristiche. Scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato determinare le modificazioni di alcuni parametri qualitativi di nettarine di Romagna(cv.-Alexa®) confezionate-con-film-plastici-tradizionali-e-innovativi. I campioni di nettarine sono stati confezionati in cestini in plastica da 1 kg (sigillati con un film flow-pack macroforato) di tipo tradizionale in polipropilene (campione denominato TRA) o vaschette in polipropilene additivato (campione denominato BIO) e conservati a 4°C e UR 90-95% per 7 giorni per simulare un trasporto refrigerato successivamente i campioni sono stati posti in una camera a 20°C e U.R. 50% per 4 giorni al fine di simulare una conservazione al punto vendita. Al tempo 0 e dopo 4, 7, 9 e 11 giorni sono state effettuate le seguenti analisi: - coefficiente di respirazione è stato misurata la quantità di CO2 prodotta - indice di maturazione espresso come rapporto tra contenuto in solidi solubili e l’acidità titolabile - analisi di immagine computerizzata - consistenza della polpa del frutto è stata misurata attraverso un dinamometro Texture Analyser - contenuto in solidi totali ottenuto mediante gravimetria essiccando i campioni in stufa sottovuoto - caratteristiche sensoriali (Test Accettabilità) Conclusioni In base ai risultati ottenuti i due campioni non hanno fatto registrare dei punteggi significativamente differenti durante tutta la conservazione, specialmente per quanto riguarda i punteggi sensoriali, quindi si conclude che le vaschette biodegradabili additivate non influenzano la conservazione delle nettarine durante la commercializzazione del prodotto limitatamente ai parametri analizzati. Si ritiene opportuno verificare se il processo di degradazione del polimero additivato si inneschi già durante la commercializzazione della frutta e soprattutto verificare se durante tale processo vengano rilasciati dei gas che possono accelerare la maturazione dei frutti (p.e. etilene), in quanto questo spiegherebbe il maggiore tasso di respirazione e la più elevata velocità di maturazione dei frutti conservati in tali vaschette. Alimentary packaging may be defined as a coordinate system to dispose goods for transport, distribution, storage, sale and use. Among materials most used in the alimentary industry, for the production of packaging there are plastics materials. They are organic substances deriving from crude oil, solid compounds in the ended state, but can be moulded in the fluid state. Alimentary packaging has to develop determinated functions such as: - Product conteniment - Product protection from fieleders agents - logistic - communicative - functional - ecologic This last term is the main problem of plastic materials deriving from crude oil. These materials are hardly recyclable because a packaging is often composed by more stratified materials or because it is in direct contact with aliments. Beside these materials have a long degradation time(from 100 to 1000 years) that make disposal difficult and expensive. For this reason in the last decade the research for a new plastic material is begin, to make industrial demands more flexible and, at the same time, to make this material biodegradable: At first, the idea to “imitate the nature” has been thought, trying to reply macromolecules already existents (derived from amid and sugars) to obtain a similar-plastic substance that can be used for the same purposes, but it has to be biodegradable in about six months. These bioplastics haven’t more success bacause of the high production cost and because reconvert production facilities of all over the wolrd results impossible in short times. At second, the idea to use specials addictives has been thought. These addictives has been added in minim measure (1%) to classics plastics materials and that allow the biodegradation in a period of time under three years. An example of this kind of addictives is ECM Masterbatch Pellets which is a coplymer of EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate) that, once it is added to tradizional plastics, make final product completely biodegradable however maintaining their own attributes. The objective of this thesis work has been to determinate modifications of some Romagna’s Nectarines’ (cv. Alexa®) qualitatives parameters which have been packaged-with traditional and innovative-plastic film. Nectarines’ samples have been packaged in plastic cages of 1 kg (sealed with a macro-drilled flow-pack film) of traditional type in polypropylene (sample named TRA) or trays in polypropylene with addictives (sample named BIO) and conservated at 4°C and UR 90-95% for 7 days to simulate a refrigerated transport. After that, samples have been put in a camera at 20°C and U.R. 50% for 4 days to simulate the conservation in the market point. At the time 0 and after 4, 7, 9 and 11 days have been done the following analaysis: - Respiration coefficient wherewith the amount CO2 producted has been misurated - Maturation index which is expressed as the ratio between solid soluble content and the titratable acidity - Analysis of computing images - Consistence of pulp of the fruit that has been measured through Texture Analyser Dynanometer - Content in total solids gotten throught gravimetry by the drying of samples in vacuum incubator - Sensorial characteristic (Panel Test) Consequences From the gotten results, the two samples have registrated no significative different scores during all the conservation, expecially about the sensorial scores, so it’s possible to conclude that addictived biodegradable trays don’t influence the Nectarines’ conservation during the commercialization of the product qualifiedly to analized parameters. It’s advised to verify if the degradation process of the addicted polymer may begin already during the commercialization of the fruit and in particular to verify if during this process some gases could be released which can accelerate the maturation of fruits (p.e. etylene), because all this will explain the great respiration rate and the high speed of the maturation of fruits conservated in these trays.

Comparison between analytical and numerical methods for the assessment of masonry arch bridges: Case study of Clemente Bridge on Savio river

This research has focused on the study of the behavior and of the collapse of masonry arch bridges. The latest decades have seen an increasing interest in this structural type, that is still present and in use, despite the passage of time and the variation of the transport means. Several strategies have been developed during the time to simulate the response of this type of structures, although even today there is no generally accepted standard one for assessment of masonry arch bridges. The aim of this thesis is to compare the principal analytical and numerical methods existing in literature on case studies, trying to highlight values and weaknesses. The methods taken in exam are mainly three: i) the Thrust Line Analysis Method; ii) the Mechanism Method; iii) the Finite Element Methods. The Thrust Line Analysis Method and the Mechanism Method are analytical methods and derived from two of the fundamental theorems of the Plastic Analysis, while the Finite Element Method is a numerical method, that uses different strategies of discretization to analyze the structure. Every method is applied to the case study through computer-based representations, that allow a friendly-use application of the principles explained. A particular closed-form approach based on an elasto-plastic material model and developed by some Belgian researchers is also studied. To compare the three methods, two different case study have been analyzed: i) a generic masonry arch bridge with a single span; ii) a real masonry arch bridge, the Clemente Bridge, built on Savio River in Cesena. In the analyses performed, all the models are two-dimensional in order to have results comparable between the different methods taken in exam. The different methods have been compared with each other in terms of collapse load and of hinge positions.

Multilevel Domain Decomposition Algorithms for Monolithic Fluid-Structure Interaction Problems with Application to Haemodynamics

Finite element techniques for solving the problem of fluid-structure interaction of an elastic solid material in a laminar incompressible viscous flow are described. The mathematical problem consists of the Navier-Stokes equations in the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation coupled with a non-linear structure model, considering the problem as one continuum. The coupling between the structure and the fluid is enforced inside a monolithic framework which computes simultaneously for the fluid and the structure unknowns within a unique solver. We used the well-known Crouzeix-Raviart finite element pair for discretization in space and the method of lines for discretization in time. A stability result using the Backward-Euler time-stepping scheme for both fluid and solid part and the finite element method for the space discretization has been proved. The resulting linear system has been solved by multilevel domain decomposition techniques. Our strategy is to solve several local subproblems over subdomain patches using the Schur-complement or GMRES smoother within a multigrid iterative solver. For validation and evaluation of the accuracy of the proposed methodology, we present corresponding results for a set of two FSI benchmark configurations which describe the self-induced elastic deformation of a beam attached to a cylinder in a laminar channel flow, allowing stationary as well as periodically oscillating deformations, and for a benchmark proposed by COMSOL multiphysics where a narrow vertical structure attached to the bottom wall of a channel bends under the force due to both viscous drag and pressure. Then, as an example of fluid-structure interaction in biomedical problems, we considered the academic numerical test which consists in simulating the pressure wave propagation through a straight compliant vessel. All the tests show the applicability and the numerical efficiency of our approach to both two-dimensional and three-dimensional problems.

Cement distribution, volume, and compliance in vertebroplasty: some answers from an anatomy-based nonlinear finite element study

STUDY DESIGN: The biomechanics of vertebral bodies augmented with real distributions of cement were investigated using nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis. OBJECTIVES: To compare stiffness, strength, and stress transfer of augmented versus nonaugmented osteoporotic vertebral bodies under compressive loading. Specifically, to examine how cement distribution, volume, and compliance affect these biomechanical variables. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Previous FE studies suggested that vertebroplasty might alter vertebral stress transfer, leading to adjacent vertebral failure. However, no FE study so far accounted for real cement distributions and bone damage accumulation. METHODS: Twelve vertebral bodies scanned with high-resolution pQCT and tested in compression were augmented with various volumes of cements and scanned again. Nonaugmented and augmented pQCT datasets were converted to FE models, with bone properties modeled with an elastic, plastic and damage constitutive law that was previously calibrated for the nonaugmented models. The cement-bone composite was modeled with a rule of mixture. The nonaugmented and augmented FE models were subjected to compression and their stiffness, strength, and stress map calculated for different cement compliances. RESULTS: Cement distribution dominated the stiffening and strengthening effects of augmentation. Models with cement connecting either the superior or inferior endplate (S/I fillings) were only up to 2 times stiffer than the nonaugmented models with minimal strengthening, whereas those with cement connecting both endplates (S + I fillings) were 1 to 8 times stiffer and 1 to 12 times stronger. Stress increases above and below the cement, which was higher for the S + I cases and was significantly reduced by increasing cement compliance. CONCLUSION: The developed FE approach, which accounts for real cement distributions and bone damage accumulation, provides a refined insight into the mechanics of augmented vertebral bodies. In particular, augmentation with compliant cement bridging both endplates would reduce stress transfer while providing sufficient strengthening.

Numerical study on the curling and warping of hardened rigid pavement slabs

In-service hardened concrete pavement suffers from environmental loadings caused by curling and warping of the slab. Traditionally, these loadings are computed on the basis of treating the slab as an elastic material, and of evaluating separately the curling and warping components. This dissertation simulates temperature distribution and moisture distribution through the slabs by use of a developed numerical model that couples the heat transfer and moisture transport. The computation of environmental loadings treats the slab as an elastic-viscous material, which considers the relaxation behavior and Pickett effect of the concrete. The heat transfer model considers the impacts of solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature, pavement slab albedo, etc. on the pavement temperature distribution. This dissertation assesses the difference between documented models that aim to predict pavement temperature, highlighting their pros and cons. The moisture transport model is unique for the documented models; it mimics the wetting and drying events occurring at the slab surface. These events are estimated by a proposed statistical algorithm, which is verified by field rainfall data. Analysis of the predicted results examines on the roles of the local air RH (relative humidity), wind speed, rainy pattern in the moisture distribution through the slab. The findings reveal that seasonal air RH plays a decisive role on the slab‘s moisture distribution; but wind speed and its daily variation, daily RH variation, and seasonal rainfall pattern plays only a secondary role. This dissertation sheds light on the computation of environmental loadings that in-service pavement slabs suffer from. Analysis of the computed stresses centers on the stress relaxation near the surface, stress evolution after the curing ends, and the impact of construction season on the stress‘s magnitude. An unexpected finding is that the total environmental loadings at the cyclically-stable state divert from the thermal stresses. At such a state, the total stress at the daytime is roughly equal to the thermal stress; whereas the total stress during the nighttime is far greater than the thermal stress. An explanation for this phenomenon is that during the night hours, the decline of the slab‘s near-surface temperature leads to a drop of the near-surface RH. This RH drop results in contraction therein and develops additional tensile stresses. The dissertation thus argues that estimating the environmental loadings by solely computing the thermally-induced stresses may reach delusive results. It recommends that the total environmental loadings of in-service slabs should be estimated by a sophisticated model coupling both moisture component and temperature component.

Embedding of human vertebral bodies leads to higher ultimate load and altered damage localisation under axial compression

Computer tomography (CT)-based finite element (FE) models of vertebral bodies assess fracture load in vitro better than dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, but boundary conditions affect stress distribution under the endplates that may influence ultimate load and damage localisation under post-yield strains. Therefore, HRpQCT-based homogenised FE models of 12 vertebral bodies were subjected to axial compression with two distinct boundary conditions: embedding in polymethylmethalcrylate (PMMA) and bonding to a healthy intervertebral disc (IVD) with distinct hyperelastic properties for nucleus and annulus. Bone volume fraction and fabric assessed from HRpQCT data were used to determine the elastic, plastic and damage behaviour of bone. Ultimate forces obtained with PMMA were 22% higher than with IVD but correlated highly (R2 = 0.99). At ultimate force, distinct fractions of damage were computed in the endplates (PMMA: 6%, IVD: 70%), cortex and trabecular sub-regions, which confirms previous observations that in contrast to PMMA embedding, failure initiated underneath the nuclei in healthy IVDs. In conclusion, axial loading of vertebral bodies via PMMA embedding versus healthy IVD overestimates ultimate load and leads to distinct damage localisation and failure pattern.

Design of Reinforcement in Concrete Shells: a unified Approach

The problem of design/verification of reinforcement in concrete shells is reviewed. Methods of analysis are classified, and the elastic-plastic approach is described in detail in the general case of shells subjected to both bending and membrane action. The procedure is then reduced to membrane shells (applicable also to concrete walls) and to pure bending, as in the case of plates. The procedure, which is based on previous research,generally requires the use of a desk-top computer.