Eficiência de uso de nitrogênio pela cana-de-açúcar: diferenças genotípicas, preferência por amônio e emissão de N2O

O uso ineficiente do nitrogênio (N) é um problema global, que pode diminuir a sustentabilidade da produção agrícola da cana-de-açúcar para fins energéticos devido às emissões de N2O oriundas da fertilização nitrogenada. A eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio (EUN) tem sido pouco estudada em genótipos de cana-de-açúcar, o que pode ser preocupante devido a importância da cultura para o país. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a EUN de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar, verificando se genótipos contrastantes tem preferência de absorção por amônio ao invés de nitrato, e checar se extratos radiculares de Brachiaria humidicola e Saccharum spontaneum aumentam a eficiência de utilização de N pela cultura. Para isso três experimentos foram desenvolvidos em condições controladas em casa-de-vegetação e câmara de crescimento. No primeiro deles, 18 genótipos foram submetidos a dois níveis de N: limitante (baixo N) e suficiente (alto N). Posteriormente, quatro genótipos selecionados quanto a EUN do primeiro experimento, foram cultivados em câmara de crescimento por 69 dias, onde receberam quantidades conhecidas de N-fertilizante marcado ou no 15NH4+ ou no 15NO3-, sendo avaliados 24 e 72 horas após a aplicação do fertilizante marcado. Um terceiro ensaio foi realizado, em que extratos radiculares de Brachiaria humidicola (BCH) e Saccharum spontaneum (SCS) foram aplicados ao solo com o intuito de verificar seu potencial como inibidor da nitrificação, comparando-os com a dicianodiamida (DCD), e seu efeito para o aumento do aproveitamento do N pela cana-de-açúcar. No experimento de EUN verificou-se grande variação entre os genótipos. Dos 18 genótipos avaliados, seis foram classificados como responsivos a N e eficientes na utilização de N, três foram não eficientes e responsivos; dois foram eficientes e não responsivos, e sete não eficientes e não responsivos. Esse resultado comprova que a recomendação da adubação nitrogenada pode realmente estar pouco precisa, pois não leva em consideração a EUN de cada genótipo, sendo realizada uma aplicação genérica. As medições de fotossíntese mostraram que os genótipos mais eficientes na utilização do N, não necessariamente possuem as taxas fotossintéticas mais elevadas, estando a EUN diretamente relacionada à quantidade de raízes das plantas. No segundo trabalho, verificou-se que o N na planta proveniente do fertilizante (NPPF), 72 horas após a aplicação do N, foi 36% menor quando a fonte marcada foi NO3-, atestando que a cana-de-açúcar tem preferência de absorção por amônio em relação ao nitrato nos primeiros dias após a adubação nitrogenada. Por fim, os resultados do terceiro ensaio mostraram que a aplicação de sulfato de amônio (SA), associado ao inibidor sintético DCD, manteve os valores de N-NO3- baixos ao longo de todo período de avaliação (durante 60 dias), enquanto que com SA, SA+BCH e SA+SCS houve um aumento na concentração de nitrato no solo já a partir de 15 dia após a fertilização. O uso de DCD reduziu o fluxo médio de N2O durante o período de avaliação em relação ao uso isolado do fertilizante, o que não foi observado com o uso de extratos de raízes de Brachiaria humidicola e Saccharum spontaneum

Trace element abundance, and Sr and Nd isotope ratios of dust samples in the Pacific Ocean (Table 2)

Eolian dust preserved in deep-sea sediment cores provides a valuable indicator of past atmospheric circulation and continental paleoclimate. In order to identify the provenance of eolian dust, Nd and Sr isotopic compositions and Rb, Sr and rare earth element (REE) concentrations have been determined for the silicate fractions of deep-sea sediments from the north and central Pacific Ocean. Different regions of the Pacific Ocean are characterized by distinct air-borne inputs, producing a large range in epsolin-Nd (-10 to +1), 87Sr/86Sr (0.705-0.721), La/Yb (5-15), EuN/EuN* (0.6-1.0) and Sr/Nd (4-33). The average Nd isotopic composition of Pacific deep-sea sediments (epsilon-Nd = -6), is more radiogenic than the average from the Atlantic (epsilon-Nd = -8). In contrast, the average147Sm/144Nd ratio for Pacific sediments (0.114) is identical to that of Atlantic sediments and to that of global average riverine suspended material. The values of epsilon-Nd and147Sm/144Nd are positively correlated for the Pacific samples but negatively correlated for Atlantic samples, reflecting a fundamental difference between the dominant components in the end members with radiogenic Nd (island-arc components in the Pacific and LREE-enriched intraplate ocean island components in the Atlantic). Samples from the north central Pacific have distinctive unradiogenic epsilon-Nd values of -10, 87Sr/86Sr > 0.715, high La/Yb (> 12), and low EuN/EuN* (0.6) and Sr/Nd (3-6). These data are virtually identical to the values for loess from Asia and endorse the use of these sediments as indicators of Asian paleoclimate and paleowind directions. Island-arc contributions appear to dominate in the northwest Pacific, resulting in higher epsilon Nd (-1 to +1) and lower 87Sr/86Sr (~ 0.705) and La/Yb (~ 5). Sediments from the eastern Pacific tend to have intermediate Sr and Nd isotopic compositions but regionally variable Sr/Nd and REE patterns; they appear to be derived from the west margin of the North and South American continents, rather than from Asia. Our results confirm that dust provenance can be constrained by isotopic and geochemical analyses, which will facilitate reconstructions of past atmospheric circulation and continental paleoclimate.

Daijō Bukkyō shi ron /

Mode of access: Internet.

A study estimating VOC emmissions from the Calumet sewage treatment plant in the Chicago area /

Prepared for the Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Affairs Division.

School of Nursing Class of 1980

Top Row: Debbi Anderson, Cherie Armstrong, Diane Arney, Grace Ball, Marie Bazil, Suzanne Bihan, Nancy Black, Ellen Bochenck, Lisa Bramble, Ann Marie Brissette, Mary Brock, Gale Brown, Nancy Buhl, Judith Burek, Dana Leigh Burn, Mari Byce

Row 2: Dianne Byrd, Diane Cary, Julie Rosanne Cherno, Susan Copland, Lisa Corso, Sharon Corzine, Elsa Cowan, Linda Crawley, Constance D Anna, Mary Daly, Julie De May, Janet Dean, Lwah Ann Dennis, Leslie Jean De Noon, Barbara Deur, Marilynn Dowdy

Row 3: Laurie B. Dreisbach, Patricia Dvorak, Mary Earle, Judith Eason, Charlene Eickholt, Kathryn Elden, Susan Bourget, B.M. Rutkowski, J.Sebring-Mammel, Joan Kessler, Gregory Hazle, Rosa Ohno, Miriam Elgent, Micky Erickson, Kathleen Evans, Cathleen Fasse, Martha Finkelstein, Edie Firshman

Row 4: Susan Fitzpatrick, Lynn foley, Barbara Fredal, Lisa Ghormley, Susan Green, Carol Grishaw, Jennifer Hayden, Susan Hewens, Brenda J. Hooker, M. Karen Harning, Jean Huneke, Rose Hunter

Row 5: Joyce Jackson, Janet James, Mary Jesse, Christy Jones, Kathy Joy, Debra kadlec, Therese Keating, Ann Marie Kelly, Carol Key, Karen Dickstein, Jill Knechtel, Robin Kruger

Row 6: Mary Beth Kyko, Catherine Lawrence, Joni Lawrence, Eun Lee, Amy Long, Kathey F. Lord, Johanna Lund, Elizabeth Mac Kinnon, Marilyn Mackovjak, Lisa Mann, rose Marentette, Carmen McDowell

Row 7: Molly Mitchell, Mary Molewyk, Sandra Musci, Susan Nevins, Janet Newman, Marcy L. Ortquist, Jeanmarie Otto, Marci Peterhans, Marquite Pierce, Janet Pierson, Rachel Plumley, Frances Potasnik, Cynthia pressprich, Susan J. Robertson, Gilbert RodriqueZ, Deborah Romano, Deborah Ross, Patricia Rouen

Row 8: Abby Scholnick, Nancy Schuster, Cynthia Schwartz, Mary Ellen Sitek, Marqaret Smith, Ann Marie Smith, Cindy Smith, Julie Smrcka, Susan St. Onge, Michelle Stafford, Brenda Stallings, Nancy Steffler, Louise Sullivan, Laure Szatkowski, Bonnie R. Temple, Patricia A. Tevlin

Row 9: Linda L. Travis, Margaret Turner, Heidi Unger, Grace M.J. Valmassoi, Sally Van fleeren, Anne VanLoon, Jan Veseth, Anne MArie Villeneuve, Cynthia vrable, Lori E. Weyland, Theresa Wish, Anne Witham, Laura Wollum, Marla Young

Brechemin Piano Series March 4, 2010

Concert Program

Brechemin Piano Series April 8, 2010

Concert Program

Fatigue, physical performance, and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Compilation of maximum ingestion and maximum clearance rate data for marine pelagic organisms

The metabolic rate of organisms may either be viewed as a basic property from which other vital rates and many ecological patterns emerge and that follows a universal allometric mass scaling law; or it may be considered a property of the organism that emerges as a result of the organism's adaptation to the environment, with consequently less universal mass scaling properties. Data on body mass, maximum ingestion and clearance rates, respiration rates and maximum growth rates of animals living in the ocean epipelagic were compiled from the literature, mainly from original papers but also from previous compilations by other authors. Data were read from tables or digitized from graphs. Only measurements made on individuals of know size, or groups of individuals of similar and known size were included. We show that clearance and respiration rates have life-form-dependent allometries that have similar scaling but different elevations, such that the mass-specific rates converge on a rather narrow size-independent range. In contrast, ingestion and growth rates follow a near-universal taxa-independent ~3/4 mass scaling power law. We argue that the declining mass-specific clearance rates with size within taxa is related to the inherent decrease in feeding efficiency of any particular feeding mode. The transitions between feeding mode and simultaneous transitions in clearance and respiration rates may then represent adaptations to the food environment and be the result of the optimization of tradeoffs that allow sufficient feeding and growth rates to balance mortality.

Data compilation on the biological response to ocean acidification: environmental and experimental context of data sets and related literature

The exponential growth of studies on the biological response to ocean acidification over the last few decades has generated a large amount of data. To facilitate data comparison, a data compilation hosted at the data publisher PANGAEA was initiated in 2008 and is updated on a regular basis (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.149999). By January 2015, a total of 581 data sets (over 4 000 000 data points) from 539 papers had been archived. Here we present the developments of this data compilation five years since its first description by Nisumaa et al. (2010). Most of study sites from which data archived are still in the Northern Hemisphere and the number of archived data from studies from the Southern Hemisphere and polar oceans are still relatively low. Data from 60 studies that investigated the response of a mix of organisms or natural communities were all added after 2010, indicating a welcomed shift from the study of individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. The initial imbalance of considerably more data archived on calcification and primary production than on other processes has improved. There is also a clear tendency towards more data archived from multifactorial studies after 2010. For easier and more effective access to ocean acidification data, the ocean acidification community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the data archiving effort, and help develop standard vocabularies describing the variables and define best practices for archiving ocean acidification data.

Data compilation of dinoflagellates growth rate, grazing rate and gross gowth efficiency from field and labratory experiments

The present data compilation includes dinoflagellates growth rate, grazing rate and gross growth efficiency determined either in the field or in laboratory experiments. From the existing literature, we synthesized all data that we could find on dinoflagellates. Some sources might be missing but none were purposefully ignored. We did not include autotrophic dinoflagellates in the database, but mixotrophic organisms may have been included. This is due to the large uncertainty about which taxa are mixotrophic, heterotrophic or symbiont bearing. Field data on microzooplankton grazing are mostly comprised of grazing rate using the dilution technique with a 24h incubation period. Laboratory grazing and growth data are focused on pelagic ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates. The experiment measured grazing or growth as a function of prey concentration or at saturating prey concentration (maximal grazing rate). When considering every single data point available (each measured rate for a defined predator-prey pair and a certain prey concentration) there is a total of 801 data points for the dinoflagellates, counting experiments that measured growth and grazing simultaneously as 1 data point.

Circumarctic wetland dataset based on ENVISAT ASAR Global Monitoring Mode with links to geotiff image and NetCDF files (2005-01 to 2011-12)

A circumpolar representative and consistent wetland map is required for a range of applications ranging from upscaling of carbon fluxes and pools to climate modelling and wildlife habitat assessment. Currently available data sets lack sufficient accuracy and/or thematic detail in many regions of the Arctic. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from satellites have already been shown to be suitable for wetland mapping. Envisat Advanced SAR (ASAR) provides global medium-resolution data which are examined with particular focus on spatial wetness patterns in this study. It was found that winter minimum backscatter values as well as their differences to summer minimum values reflect vegetation physiognomy units of certain wetness regimes. Low winter backscatter values are mostly found in areas vegetated by plant communities typically for wet regions in the tundra biome, due to low roughness and low volume scattering caused by the predominant vegetation. Summer to winter difference backscatter values, which in contrast to the winter values depend almost solely on soil moisture content, show expected higher values for wet regions. While the approach using difference values would seem more reasonable in order to delineate wetness patterns considering its direct link to soil moisture, it was found that a classification of winter minimum backscatter values is more applicable in tundra regions due to its better separability into wetness classes. Previous approaches for wetland detection have investigated the impact of liquid water in the soil on backscatter conditions. In this study the absence of liquid water is utilized. Owing to a lack of comparable regional to circumpolar data with respect to thematic detail, a potential wetland map cannot directly be validated; however, one might claim the validity of such a product by comparison with vegetation maps, which hold some information on the wetness status of certain classes. It was shown that the Envisat ASAR-derived classes are related to wetland classes of conventional vegetation maps, indicating its applicability; 30% of the land area north of the treeline was identified as wetland while conventional maps recorded 1-7%.

Direct linkage between dimethyl sulfide production and microzooplankton grazing, resulting from prey composition change under high partial pressure of carbon dioxide conditions

Oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the enzymatic cleavage product of the algal metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and is the most abundant form of sulfur released into the atmosphere. To investigate the effects of two emerging environmental threats (ocean acidification and warming) on marine DMS production, we performed a large-scale perturbation experiment in a coastal environment. At both ambient temperature and 2 °C warmer, an increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in seawater (160-830 ppmv pCO2) favored the growth of large diatoms, which outcompeted other phytoplankton species in a natural phytoplankton assemblage and reduced the growth rate of smaller, DMSP-rich phototrophic dinoflagellates. This decreased the grazing rate of heterotrophic dinoflagellates (ubiquitous micrograzers), resulting in reduced DMS production via grazing activity. Both the magnitude and sign of the effect of pCO2 on possible future oceanic DMS production were strongly linked to pCO2-induced alterations to the phytoplankton community and the cellular DMSP content of the dominant species and its association with micrograzers.