880 resultados para Drugs -- Prescribing


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Mebendazole, albendazole, levamisole and thiabendazole are well known as active drugs against several nematode species, and against cestodes as well, when the first two drugs are considered. None of the drugs have proven activity, however, against trematodes. We tested the effect of these drugs on the fecal shedding of schistosome eggs and the recovering of adult schistosomes, after portal perfusion in Schistosoma mansoni experimentally infected mice. Balb/c mice infected with 80 S. mansoni cercariae were divided into three groups, each in turn subdivided into four other groups, for each tested drug. The first group was treated with each one of the studied drugs 25 days after S. mansoni infection; the second group was submitted to treatment with each one of the drugs 60 days after infection. Finally, the third group, considered as control, received no treatment. No effect upon fecal shedding of S. mansoni eggs and recovering of schistosomes after portal perfusion was observed when mice were treated with either mebendazole or albendazole. Mice treated with either levamisole or thiabendazole, on the other hand, showed a significant reduction in the recovering of adult schistosomes after portal perfusion, mainly when both drugs were given during the schistosomula evolution period, i.e., 25 days after cercariae penetration, probably due to unspecific immunomodulation

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

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Potentiometric sensors are typically unable to carry out on-site monitoring of environmental drug contaminants because of their high limits of detection (LODs). Designing a novel ligand material for the target analyte and managing the composition of the internal reference solution have been the strategies employed here to produce for the first time a potentiometric-based direct reading method for an environmental drug contaminant. This concept has been applied to sulfamethoxazole (SMX), one of the many antibiotics used in aquaculture practices that may occur in environmental waters. The novel ligand has been produced by imprinting SMX on the surface of graphitic carbon nanostructures (CN) < 500 nm. The imprinted carbon nanostructures (ICN) were dispersed in plasticizer and entrapped in a PVC matrix that included (or not) a small amount of a lipophilic additive. The membrane composition was optimized on solid-contact electrodes, allowing near-Nernstian responses down to 5.2 μg/mL and detecting 1.6 μg/mL. The membranes offered good selectivity against most of the ionic compounds in environmental water. The best membrane cocktail was applied on the smaller end of a 1000 μL micropipette tip made of polypropylene. The tip was then filled with inner reference solution containing SMX and chlorate (as interfering compound). The corresponding concentrations were studied for 1 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−10 and 1 × 10−3 to 1 × 10−8 mol/L. The best condition allowed the detection of 5.92 ng/L (or 2.3 × 10−8 mol/L) SMX for a sub-Nernstian slope of −40.3 mV/decade from 5.0 × 10−8 to 2.4 × 10−5 mol/L.

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To date, there are no vaccines against Leishmania, and chemotherapy remains the mainstay for the control of leishmaniasis. The drugs of choice used for leishmaniasis therapy are significantly toxic, expensive and with a growing frequency of refractory infections. Because of these limitations, a combination therapy is the better hope. This work demonstrates that the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides shows a synergic activity after incubation in conjunction with pentamidine against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. However, an indifferent effect has been found for combinations of meglumine antimoniate or amphotericin B and the essential oil.

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Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) oseltamivir and zanamivir are currently the only effective antiviral drugs available worldwide for the management of influenza. The potential development of resistance is continually threatening their use, rationalizing and highlighting the need for a close and sustained evaluation of virus susceptibility. This study aimed to analyze and characterize the phenotypic and genotypic NAIs susceptibility profiles of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses circulating in Portugal from 2009 to 2010/2011. A total of 144 cases of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection from community and hospitalized patients were studied, including three suspected cases of clinical resistance to oseltamivir. Oseltamivir resistance was confirmed for two of the suspected cases. Neuraminidase (NA) H275Y resistant marker was found in viruses from both cases but for one it was only present in 26.2% of virus population, raising questions about the minimal percentage of resistant virus that should be considered relevant. Cross-decreased susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir (2-4 IC50 fold-change) was detected on viruses from two potentially linked community patients from 2009. Both viruses harbored the NA I223V mutation. NA Y155H mutation was found in 18 statistical non-outlier viruses from 2009, having no impact on virus susceptibility. The mutations at NA N369K and V241I may have contributed to the significantly higher baseline IC50 value obtained to oseltamivir for 2010/2011 viruses, compared to viruses from the pandemic period. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between phenotype and genotype, which is currently challenging, and to the global assessment of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus susceptibility profile and baseline level to NAIs.

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RESUMO: Os psicofármacos desempenham um papel central no tratamento das doenças mentais. Apesar das divergências verificadas nos padrões de prescrição de psicofármacos intra e inter países, diversos estudos têm alertado para os riscos da polifarmácia e da sobredosagem, particularmente de antipsicóticos. Em Portugal, o Plano Nacional de Saúde Mental 2007-2016 prevê a monitorização periódica do padrão de prescrição de psicofármacos. No entanto, apenas existem dados relativos à utilização de psicofármacos em ambulatório, faltando dados relativos ao padrão de prescrição nos cuidados especializados. Este estudo teve como principal objetivo estabelecer o Padrão de Prescrição de Psicofármacos em Unidades de Internamento Agudo de Serviços de Psiquiatria em Portugal e determinar a prevalência da polifarmácia e sobredosagem antipsicótica, de modo a recolher dados que possam servir de base para posteriores monitorizações. Métodos: “Censo de 1 dia” da prescrição de psicofármacos em 12 Unidades de Internamento Agudo de Psiquiatria em Portugal, num total de 272 doentes. Resultados: A larga maioria (94,1%) dos doentes incluídos estava medicada com mais do que um psicofármaco. Apenas 1,1% dos doentes não tinham qualquer psicofármaco prescrito e 4,8% encontravam-se em monoterapia. A média de psicofármacos prescritos por doente era de 3,2±1,3, significativamente superior nos indivíduos do sexo feminino, naqueles com antecedentes de acompanhamento em consulta de psiquiatria, nos que tinham internamentos prévios e nos que estavam internados voluntariamente. As classes de psicofármacos mais prescritas de modo regular eram os antipsicóticos (prescritos a 87,5% dos doentes), as benzodiazepinas (81,2% dos doentes), os antidepressivos (39% dos doentes) e os estabilizadores de humor (31,6% dos doentes). Dos doentes medicados com antipsicóticos, 41,6% tinham prescritos pelo menos 2 antipsicóticos em associação e esta prescrição combinada era significativamente superior nos doentes com internamento prévio e naqueles que tinham prescrito um antipsicótico injetável de ação prolongada. Excluindo as prescrições em SOS, encontraram-se prescritas doses de antipsicóticos superiores às recomendadas em 13,9% dos doentes, os quais eram significativamente mais novos. A sobredosagem antipsicótica era significativamente superior nos doentes do sexo masculino, nos desempregados e reformados, naqueles com internamento prévio, nos que estavam internados compulsivamente, naqueles com diagnóstico de “esquizofrenia ou outra psicose”, naqueles medicados com antipsicóticos em associação e nos que faziam antipsicóticos injetáveis de ação prolongada. Incluindo as prescrições de antipsicóticos em SOS, presentes em mais de metade dos doentes, a percentagem de doentes em sobredosagem antipsicótica atingia os 49,2%. Conclusão: Os resultados são indicadores de práticas de prescrição divergentes das recomendadas, o que pode ter implicações clínicas e económicas. Parece imperativo otimizar a prescrição de psicofármacos nas unidades de internamento agudo de psiquiatria em Portugal, no sentido de melhorar a qualidade dos serviços prestados ---------------- ABSTRACT: Psychotropic drugs play a central role in the treatment of mental disorders. Despite the variation in patterns of psychotropic prescription within and between countries, several studies have warned about the risks of prescribing more than one psychotropic drug at a time and “high-doses”, particularly antipsychotics. The Portuguese National Mental Health Plan (2007–2016) includes regular monitoring of patterns of psychiatric drug prescription. However, there is only available data on the pattern of use in outpatients, but no information regarding prescribing patterns at the level of specialized care. This study aimed to establish psychotropic drug prescribing patterns in acute psychiatric wards across Portugal and to determine the prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy and “high-doses” treatment, in order to collect data that can serve as a baseline for future monitoring. Methods: "One day census" of psychotropic drug prescribing in 12 Acute Inpatient Psychiatry Units in Portugal, in a total of 272 patients. Results: The majority (94.1%) of patients were treated with more than one psychotropic drug. Only 1.1% of patients had no psychotropic drugs prescribed and 4.8% were on monotherapy. The average prescribed psychotropics per patient was 3.2 ± 1.3, significantly higher in females, in patients with a psychiatry history, in patients with previous admissions and in patients admitted voluntarily. The most commonly prescribed classes of psychotropic drugs on a regular basis were: antipsychotics (87.5% of patients), benzodiazepines (81.2% of patients), antidepressants (39% of patients) and mood stabilizers (31.6% of patients). Of patients taking antipsychotics, 41.6% had at least 2 antipsychotics prescribed in combination, and this prescription combination was significantly higher in patients with previous hospitalization and those who had been prescribed a long-acting injectable antipsychotic. Excluding p.r.n. prescriptions, we verified higher than recommended antipsychotic doses in 13.9% of patients, which were significantly younger. Antipsychotic “high-doses” was significantly higher in males, unemployed and pensioner patients, patients with previous hospitalization, involuntary admitted patients, those diagnosed with "schizophrenia or other psychosis", patients with a combination of 2 or more antipsychotics and in patients with long-acting injectable antipsychotics. Including antipsychotics p.r.n. prescriptions, present in more than a half of patients, the percentage of those on antipsychotic “high-doses” reached 49.2%. Conclusion: These results are indicative of prescribing practices divergent of those that are recommended, and this may have clinical and economic implications. It seems imperative to optimize the prescription of psychotropic drugs in Portuguese Acute Inpatient Psychiatry Units, in order to improve the quality of services provided.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

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Benznidazole is recommended in Brazil for the treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in acute and early chronic phases of Chagas' disease. Observations by others have indicated a higher incidence of neoplasias in immunosuppressed patients, presenting Chagas' disease reactivation, submitted to treatment with benznidazole. In the present study, we investigated whether there is a potentiation in the generation of lymphomas in chronically infected mice, treated with immunosuppressive drugs and benznidazole. For this, 142 Swiss mice chronically infected with the 21 SF strain of T. cruzi and 72 normal Swiss mice were used. Both infected and normal mice were divided into experimental groups and submitted to one of the following treatment regimens: benznidazole alone; immunosuppressive drugs (azathioprine, betamethasone and cyclosporin); a combination of immunosuppressive drugs and benznidazole; and untreated controls. In the infected group treated with benznidazole, one mouse developed a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This finding has been interpreted as a spontaneous tumor of mice. The study of the chronically infected mice treated with the combination of immunosuppressive drugs and benznidazole demonstrated an absence of lymphomas or other neoplasias. These findings support the indication of benznidazole, as the drug of choice, for immunosuppressed patients that develop a reactivation of Chagas' disease.

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the frequency and risk factors for developing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Cabo de Santo Agostinho, PE. This was a prospective study conducted from 2000 to 2003, in which suspected cases were investigated using bacilloscopy and culturing. Out of 232 confirmed cases of tuberculosis, culturing and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed on 174. Thirty-five of the 174 cultures showed resistance to all drugs. The frequencies of primary and acquired resistance to any drug were 14% and 50% respectively, while the frequencies of primary and acquired multidrug resistance were 8.3% and 40%. Previous tuberculosis treatment and abandonment of treatment were risk factors for drug resistance. The high levels of primary and acquired resistance to the combination of isoniazid and rifampicin contributed towards the difficulties in controlling tuberculosis transmission in the city.

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Ionic Liquids (ILs) are class of compounds, which have become popular since the mid-1990s. Despite the fact that ILs are defined by one physical property (melting point), many of the potential applications are now related to their biological properties. The use of a drug as a liquid can avoid some problems related to polymorphism which can influence a drug´s solubility and thus its dosages. Also, the arrangement of the anion or cation with a specific drug might be relevant in order to: a) change the correspondent biopharmaceutical drug classification system; b) for the drug formulation process and c) the change the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients’ (APIs). The main goal of this Thesis is the synthesis and study of physicochemical and biological properties of ILs as APIs from beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin G and amoxicillin) and from the anti-fungal Amphotericin B. All the APIs used here were neutralized in a buffer appropriate hydroxide cations. The cation hydroxide was obtained on Amberlite resin (in the OH form) in order to exchange halides. The biological studies of these new compounds were made using techniques like the micro dilution and colorimetric methods. Overall a total of 19 new ILs were synthesised (6 ILs based on ampicillin, 4 ILs, based on amoxicillin, 6 ILs based on penicillin G and 4 ILs based on amphotericin B) and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods in order to confirm their structure and purity. The study of the biological properties of the synthesised ILs showed that some have antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast cells, even in resistant bacteria. Also this work allowed to show that ILs based on ampicillin could be used as anti-tumour agents. This proves that with a careful selection of the organic cation, it is possible to provoke important physico-chemical and biological alteration in the properties of ILs-APIs with great impact, having in mind their applications.

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INTRODUCTION: The emergence of drug resistance is one of the main problems concerning malaria treatment. The use of counterfeit and/or substandard antimalarial drugs can contribute to the development of parasite resistance. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of antimalarial drugs distributed in Brazil. METHODS: Samples containing chloroquine phosphate, mefloquine hydrochloride, primaquine phosphate, and quinine sulfate tablets were delivered to the Rio de Janeiro central storeroom (CENADI), state storerooms (SS), and Basic Health Units (BHUs) in the north region of Brazil - a total of 10 sample sets. After 5 months of storage, the samples were collected, and in vitro quality control analyses according to official and published methods were performed. RESULTS: Inadequate drug storage conditions were found in two SS and in all BHUs evaluated. There were no quality deviations found in the chloroquine samples. The quinine samples exhibited weight variation above the allowed limits. The primaquine samples were found to have packaging deficiency. The release of mefloquine in samples from some regions showed a statistically significant difference when compared with the CENADI samples. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to periodically evaluate the quality and storage conditions of essential drugs. The quality deviations found with the primaquine and quinine samples are not related to storage conditions and must be addressed urgently. The decreased mefloquine release from tablets is related to formulation problems or influenced by inadequate storage conditions, prompting further investigation. Even with the mentioned problems, the samples would probably not contribute to resistant parasite selection.

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INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasmosis is usually a benign infection, except in the event of ocular, central nervous system (CNS), or congenital disease and particularly when the patient is immunocompromised. Treatment consists of drugs that frequently cause adverse effects; thus, newer, more effective drugs are needed. In this study, the possible activity of artesunate, a drug successfully being used for the treatment of malaria, on Toxoplasma gondii growth in cell culture is evaluated and compared with the action of drugs that are already being used against this parasite. METHODS: LLC-MK2 cells were cultivated in RPMI medium, kept in disposable plastic bottles, and incubated at 36ºC with 5% CO2. Tachyzoites of the RH strain were used. The following drugs were tested: artesunate, cotrimoxazole, pentamidine, pyrimethamine, quinine, and trimethoprim. The effects of these drugs on tachyzoites and LLC-MK2 cells were analyzed using nonlinear regression analysis with Prism 3.0 software. RESULTS: Artesunate showed a mean tachyzoite inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.075µM and an LLC MK2 toxicity of 2.003µM. Pyrimethamine was effective at an IC50 of 0.482µM and a toxicity of 11.178µM. Trimethoprim alone was effective against the in vitro parasite. Cotrimoxazole also was effective against the parasite but at higher concentrations than those observed for artesunate and pyrimethamine. Pentamidine and quinine had no inhibitory effect over tachyzoites. CONCLUSIONS: Artesunate is proven in vitro to be a useful alternative for the treatment of toxoplasmosis, implying a subsequent in vivo effect and suggesting the mechanism of this drug against the parasite.

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Introduction Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani complex. VL may be asymptomatic or progressive and is characterized by fever, anemia, weight loss and the enlargement of the spleen and liver. The nutritional status of the patients with VL is a major determinant of the progression, severity and mortality of the disease, as it affects the clinical progression of the disease. Changes in lipoproteins and plasma proteins may have major impacts in the host during infection. Thus, our goal was evaluate the serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein levels, as well as the body composition, of VL patients before and after treatment. Methods Nutritional evaluation was performed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess body composition. Biochemical data on the serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein were collected from the medical charts of the patients. Results BIA indicated that both pre-treatment and post-treatment patients exhibited decreased phase angles compared to the controls, which is indicative of disease. Prior to treatment, the patients exhibited lower levels of total body water compared to the controls. Regarding the biochemical evaluation, patients with active VL exhibited lower levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and albumin and higher triglyceride levels compared to patients after treatment and the controls. Treatment increased the levels of albumin and lipoproteins and decreased the triglyceride levels. Conclusions Our results suggest that patients with active VL present biochemical and nutritional changes that are reversed by treatment.