Arquitecto, obra y método. Análisis comparado de diferentes estrategias metodológicas singulares de la creación arquitectónica contemporánea

La tesis se acerca a la cuestión del método en arquitectura focalizando su análisis principalmente en 5 obras concretas del panorama contemporáneo, tratando de desvelar las motivaciones últimas que las constituyen. El objeto y la obra arquitectónica se consideran así los elementos susceptibles de ofrecer el conocimiento material que permite desentrañar el modo y la metodología por el que éstos han sido concebidos. Con esta particular aproximación se desafían los tradicionales estudios que han comprendido al método como una sistemática universal o reglada, ya que en este caso el propósito consiste más bien en esclarecer los fundamentos y principios que subyacen a cada objeto arquitectónico más específico. Este hecho ha llevado al índice de la tesis a ordenarse según una lista de arquitectos y obras que no presentan otra particularidad que la de ser recientes y muy diferentes entre sí. Esta aparente arbitrariedad con la que las obras se eligen cobra sentido a lo largo del propio análisis y recorrido, ya que éste apuesta por recabar el suficiente contenido que diversifique y singularice cada elección, de tal modo que ya en sí, ésta obtenga rango paradigmático. El hecho de que la tesis evite los planteamientos totalitarios no quiere decir que trate de promover el relativismo de las diferentes opciones, dado que más bien pretende analizar hasta el fondo las cuestiones últimas y lo más valioso que cada opción representa. Por su parte, la conclusión de la tesis muestra una complementariedad al carácter específico de los capítulos previos, ya que ésta se atreve a avanzar con cierta voluntad conclusiva hacia la definición de los principios más sustanciales del método en arquitectura hoy. Y precisamente, una de las claves esenciales que ha mostrado la arquitectura del hoy que nos toca vivir consiste en la condición más específica de la obra arquitectónica misma por encima de cualquier connotación genérica o transcendente que ésta pueda sugerir. De tal modo que los arquitectos elegidos, por muy diferentes que aparentan ser, han tomado como punto de partida la condición objetual de la obra más allá de cualquier contenido ideal que a ésta pueda adscribírsele. En todos los casos, si bien de diferente manera, la obra arquitectónica en sí misma se ha constituido en una nueva clave en la que tratan de dirimirse las eternas dialécticas entre el objeto y su significado, entre la estructura conceptual y su connotación simbólica. De este modo, las dialécticas relativas a la unidad de la diversidad, la identidad de la multiplicidad, la síntesis que pretende la integración de lo complejo, o en su caso, la indispensable sostenibilidad de lo inconsistente, se han convertido en la temática principal de este análisis que ha comprendido al método a partir la misma paradoja por la que la arquitectura actual se ve afectada. La misma dialéctica imposible de resolver que ha conducido a la arquitectura más reciente a decantarse a favor de la consustancialidad intrínseca a la misma obra. La tesis por su parte también se ha focalizado en la obra y en el hecho arquitectónico puntual, siguiendo la tendencia de la misma arquitectura que se analizaba. Sin embargo, sus extensos análisis nos han llevado a desentrañar el sentido y la posición estratégica personal que se encuentra más allá de la exacerbación inmanente de la arquitectura de estos últimos años. Es decir, tal y como se ha insistido, el análisis de la obra nos ha llevado, a través de la pregunta por su método, al arquitecto que la ha proyectado. Y así se ha creado este triángulo trinitario, ‘Arquitecto, obra y método’, tratando de preguntarse hasta el final por la singularidad más específica del método de cada arquitecto, en el convencimiento de que método y obra se vinculan precisamente ahí, en las experiencias personales singulares que han posibilitado las mayores creaciones y más sustantivas novedades. ABSTRACT This thesis approaches the question of Method in architecture by focusing its analysis on 5 specific contemporary projects, trying to unveil their underlying constitutive motivations. Thus, architectonical object and work are considered the susceptible elements that provide the material knowledge that unravels the manner and the methodology by which they were conceived. With this particular approach, this thesis challenges other traditional studies, those that regard the Method in architecture as a regulated or universal systematic procedure. On the contrary, the purpose of this thesis is to clarify the foundations and principles that underlie each specific architectonical object. This has led to the ordering of the thesis index according to a list of architects and projects that do not present any other distinctiveness except that they are recent and very different to each other. However, this apparent arbitrariness of the choice of each architect becomes meaningful during its analytical development. This analysis attempts to seek out the content which diversifies each choice enough, and makes it singular enough, so that each selected candidate acquires paradigmatic range by itself. Therefore, the fact that the thesis avoids totalitarian approaches does not lead it to promote the relativism of different choices, but rather the thesis tries to thoroughly analyze the most valuable achievements of each option. Nonetheless, the conclusion of the thesis shows a position that complements the specific character of the previous chapters, since it dares to move forward conclusively towards the definition of the essential principles of the Method in architecture today. Indeed, the thesis shows one of the basic keys of today’s architecture, which is the specific condition of the architectural work itself above any generic or transcendental connotation. Thus, the selected architects, however different they appear to be, take the objectual condition of the work (thingness) as their starting point beyond any ideal content that might be ascribed to their architecture. Although differently, in each case the architectonical work itself has become the new indispensable key to deal with the eternal dialectics between the object and its meaning, between conceptual structure and its symbolic connotation. Thus, the dialectics between unity and diversity, the identity of multiplicity, the synthesis that aims at the integration of complexity, or even, the indispensable consistency of the unavoidable inconsistency, have all become the main themes of this analysis, an analysis that understands the issue of Method from the same paradoxical situation of today’s architecture. This is the same paradox which has led the latest architecture to align itself with the intrinsic consubstantiality of the architectonical work itself. Therefore, the thesis is also focused on the Work, on the specific architectonical fact, following the course of the same architecture that it analyses. However, extensive analyses of the thesis have led us to clarify the sense and personal strategic position that is beyond the immanent exacerbation of architecture in recent years. Therefore, as stressed throughout the text, the analysis, that has explored the Method of architectonical Work, has led us to the architect who conceived it. Thus, this trinitarian triangle, ‘Architect, Work and Method’, has been created, attempting to explore in depth the specific uniqueness of each architect’s method, convinced that Method and Work do actually connect in the singular experiences that have achieved the greatest and most substantial creations.

Arquitecto, obra y método. Análisis comparado de diferentes estrategias metodológicas singulares de la creación arquitectónica contemporánea

La tesis se acerca a la cuestión del método en arquitectura focalizando su análisis principalmente en 5 obras concretas del panorama contemporáneo, tratando de desvelar las motivaciones últimas que las constituyen. El objeto y la obra arquitectónica se consideran así los elementos susceptibles de ofrecer el conocimiento material que permite desentrañar el modo y la metodología por el que éstos han sido concebidos. Con esta particular aproximación se desafían los tradicionales estudios que han comprendido al método como una sistemática universal o reglada, ya que en este caso el propósito consiste más bien en esclarecer los fundamentos y principios que subyacen a cada objeto arquitectónico más específico. Este hecho ha llevado al índice de la tesis a ordenarse según una lista de arquitectos y obras que no presentan otra particularidad que la de ser recientes y muy diferentes entre sí. Esta aparente arbitrariedad con la que las obras se eligen cobra sentido a lo largo del propio análisis y recorrido, ya que éste apuesta por recabar el suficiente contenido que diversifique y singularice cada elección, de tal modo que ya en sí, ésta obtenga rango paradigmático. El hecho de que la tesis evite los planteamientos totalitarios no quiere decir que trate de promover el relativismo de las diferentes opciones, dado que más bien pretende analizar hasta el fondo las cuestiones últimas y lo más valioso que cada opción representa. Por su parte, la conclusión de la tesis muestra una complementariedad al carácter específico de los capítulos previos, ya que ésta se atreve a avanzar con cierta voluntad conclusiva hacia la definición de los principios más sustanciales del método en arquitectura hoy. Y precisamente, una de las claves esenciales que ha mostrado la arquitectura del hoy que nos toca vivir consiste en la condición más específica de la obra arquitectónica misma por encima de cualquier connotación genérica o transcendente que ésta pueda sugerir. De tal modo que los arquitectos elegidos, por muy diferentes que aparentan ser, han tomado como punto de partida la condición objetual de la obra más allá de cualquier contenido ideal que a ésta pueda adscribírsele. En todos los casos, si bien de diferente manera, la obra arquitectónica en sí misma se ha constituido en una nueva clave en la que tratan de dirimirse las eternas dialécticas entre el objeto y su significado, entre la estructura conceptual y su connotación simbólica. De este modo, las dialécticas relativas a la unidad de la diversidad, la identidad de la multiplicidad, la síntesis que pretende la integración de lo complejo, o en su caso, la indispensable sostenibilidad de lo inconsistente, se han convertido en la temática principal de este análisis que ha comprendido al método a partir la misma paradoja por la que la arquitectura actual se ve afectada. La misma dialéctica imposible de resolver que ha conducido a la arquitectura más reciente a decantarse a favor de la consustancialidad intrínseca a la misma obra. La tesis por su parte también se ha focalizado en la obra y en el hecho arquitectónico puntual, siguiendo la tendencia de la misma arquitectura que se analizaba. Sin embargo, sus extensos análisis nos han llevado a desentrañar el sentido y la posición estratégica personal que se encuentra más allá de la exacerbación inmanente de la arquitectura de estos últimos años. Es decir, tal y como se ha insistido, el análisis de la obra nos ha llevado, a través de la pregunta por su método, al arquitecto que la ha proyectado. Y así se ha creado este triángulo trinitario, ‘Arquitecto, obra y método’, tratando de preguntarse hasta el final por la singularidad más específica del método de cada arquitecto, en el convencimiento de que método y obra se vinculan precisamente ahí, en las experiencias personales singulares que han posibilitado las mayores creaciones y más sustantivas novedades. ABSTRACT This thesis approaches the question of Method in architecture by focusing its analysis on 5 specific contemporary projects, trying to unveil their underlying constitutive motivations. Thus, architectonical object and work are considered the susceptible elements that provide the material knowledge that unravels the manner and the methodology by which they were conceived. With this particular approach, this thesis challenges other traditional studies, those that regard the Method in architecture as a regulated or universal systematic procedure. On the contrary, the purpose of this thesis is to clarify the foundations and principles that underlie each specific architectonical object. This has led to the ordering of the thesis index according to a list of architects and projects that do not present any other distinctiveness except that they are recent and very different to each other. However, this apparent arbitrariness of the choice of each architect becomes meaningful during its analytical development. This analysis attempts to seek out the content which diversifies each choice enough, and makes it singular enough, so that each selected candidate acquires paradigmatic range by itself. Therefore, the fact that the thesis avoids totalitarian approaches does not lead it to promote the relativism of different choices, but rather the thesis tries to thoroughly analyze the most valuable achievements of each option. Nonetheless, the conclusion of the thesis shows a position that complements the specific character of the previous chapters, since it dares to move forward conclusively towards the definition of the essential principles of the Method in architecture today. Indeed, the thesis shows one of the basic keys of today’s architecture, which is the specific condition of the architectural work itself above any generic or transcendental connotation. Thus, the selected architects, however different they appear to be, take the objectual condition of the work (thingness) as their starting point beyond any ideal content that might be ascribed to their architecture. Although differently, in each case the architectonical work itself has become the new indispensable key to deal with the eternal dialectics between the object and its meaning, between conceptual structure and its symbolic connotation. Thus, the dialectics between unity and diversity, the identity of multiplicity, the synthesis that aims at the integration of complexity, or even, the indispensable consistency of the unavoidable inconsistency, have all become the main themes of this analysis, an analysis that understands the issue of Method from the same paradoxical situation of today’s architecture. This is the same paradox which has led the latest architecture to align itself with the intrinsic consubstantiality of the architectonical work itself. Therefore, the thesis is also focused on the Work, on the specific architectonical fact, following the course of the same architecture that it analyses. However, extensive analyses of the thesis have led us to clarify the sense and personal strategic position that is beyond the immanent exacerbation of architecture in recent years. Therefore, as stressed throughout the text, the analysis, that has explored the Method of architectonical Work, has led us to the architect who conceived it. Thus, this trinitarian triangle, ‘Architect, Work and Method’, has been created, attempting to explore in depth the specific uniqueness of each architect’s method, convinced that Method and Work do actually connect in the singular experiences that have achieved the greatest and most substantial creations.

Perceptual motion standstill in rapidly moving chromatic displays

In motion standstill, a quickly moving object appears to stand still, and its details are clearly visible. It is proposed that motion standstill can occur when the spatiotemporal resolution of the shape and color systems exceeds that of the motion systems. For moving red-green gratings, the first- and second-order motion systems fail when the grating is isoluminant. The third-order motion system fails when the green/red saturation ratio produces isosalience (equal distinctiveness of red and green). When a variety of high-contrast red-green gratings, with different spatial frequencies and speeds, were made isoluminant and isosalient, the perception of motion standstill was so complete that motion direction judgments were at chance levels. Speed ratings also indicated that, within a narrow range of luminance contrasts and green/red saturation ratios, moving stimuli were perceived as absolutely motionless. The results provide further evidence that isoluminant color motion is perceived only by the third-order motion system, and they have profound implications for the nature of shape and color perception.

Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: New isotopic evidence

Each year, millions of monarch butterflies from eastern North America migrate to overwinter in 10–13 discrete colonies located in the Oyamel forests of central Mexico. For decades efforts to track monarch migration have relied on observations and tag-recapture methods, culminating with the discovery of the wintering colonies in 1975. Monarch tag returns from Mexico, however, are few and primarily from two accessible colonies, and therefore tag-recapture techniques have not quantified natal origins or distinctiveness among monarch populations at wintering sites. Such information would be invaluable in the conservation of the monarch and its migration phenomenon since the wintering sites currently are threatened by habitat alteration. Here we show that stable hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ13C) isotope ratios of wintering monarchs can be used to evaluate natal origins on the summer breeding range. Stable-hydrogen and carbon isotopic values of 597 wintering monarchs from 13 wintering roost sites were compared with isotopic patterns measured in individuals at natal sites across their breeding range over a single migration cycle. We determined that all monarch wintering colonies were composed of individuals originating mainly from the Midwest, United States, thereby providing evidence for a panmictic model of wintering colony composition. However, two colonies showed more northerly origins, suggesting possible priority colonies for conservation efforts.

The Importance of the First Psychotherapy Case in the Development of the Therapist's Professional Self as Viewed Through the Lens of Self Psychology

This paper explores the gap in the literature between what is herein referred to as the "first psychotherapy case" and its impact on the development of the trainee psychotherapist's professional self. The self psychology concepts of identity development, selfobject needs and fulfillment, narcissism, shame, countertransference, and structuralization are incorporated into the theoretical framework from which this developmental milestone is viewed. The theory's emphasis on early experiences and the development of self highlight the distinctiveness of the first case for the therapist. The beginning psychotherapy case poses a unique context for selfobject experiences and the developing self, involving both the therapist's presumably mature needs (assuming an existing cohesive nuclear self) and more infantile needs as the professional, peripheral self develops. As a result, the potential and important implications for the psychotherapist, the patient, training implications for the supervisor, and the ensuing treatment through termination are identified. The intent is to shed light on an area that is understudied thus far, and to begin a conversation as to why and how the impact of the first case on the psychotherapist should be examined. Implications, limitations, and ideas for future exploratory and qualitative research are also discussed.

Predicting the Paths of Peripherals: The Interaction of Identification and Future Possibilities

Two studies investigated how both degree of identification and the individual's position within the group influence aspects of group loyalty. The authors considered ingroup position in terms of both the individual's current position within a group and expectations concerning the likelihood that one's position might change., in the future. Peripheral group members learned that their acceptance by other group members would improve in the future or that they could expect rejection by other group members. Various indices of group loyalty (ingroup homogeneity, motivation to work for the group, and evaluation of a motivated group member) showed that when group members anticipated future rejection, the lower the identification the less loyal they were. In contrast, those who expected future acceptance were more loyal (more motivated to work for the group) the lower their identification. Current group behavior depends on both intragroup future expectations and level of identification.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Tasmanian devils, the largest marsupial carnivore

Genetic diversity and population structure were investigated across the core range of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus laniarius; Dasyuridae), a wide-ranging marsupial carnivore restricted to the island of Tasmania. Heterozygosity (0.386-0.467) and allelic diversity (2.7-3.3) were low in all subpopulations and allelic size ranges were small and almost continuous, consistent with a founder effect. Island effects and repeated periods of low population density may also have contributed to the low variation. Within continuous habitat, gene flow appears extensive up to 50 km (high assignment rates to source or close neighbour populations; nonsignificant values of pairwise F-ST), in agreement with movement data. At larger scales (150-250 km), gene flow is reduced (significant pairwise F-ST) but there is no evidence for isolation by distance. The most substantial genetic structuring was observed for comparisons spanning unsuitable habitat, implying limited dispersal of devils between the well-connected, eastern populations and a smaller northwestern population. The genetic distinctiveness of the northwestern population was reflected in all analyses: unique alleles; multivariate analyses of gene frequency (multidimensional scaling, minimum spanning tree, nearest neighbour); high self-assignment (95%); two distinct populations for Tasmania were detected in isolation by distance and in Bayesian model-based clustering analyses. Marsupial carnivores appear to have stronger population subdivisions than their placental counterparts.

The individual within the group: Balancing the need to belong with the need to be different

Many theorists have wrestled with the notion of how people balance their need to be included in social groups with their need to be different and distinctive. This question is particularly salient to researchers from the social identify perspective, who have traditionally viewed individual differentiation within groups as being inimical to group identification. In this article we present a number of strategies that people can use to balance their need to belong and their need to be different, without violating social identity principles. First, drawing from optimal distinctiveness theory, we discuss 4 ways in which the need for belonging and the need to be different can be resolved by maximizing group distinctiveness. We then discuss 4 ways in which it is possible to achieve individual differentiation within a group at the same time demonstrating group identification. These strategies are discussed and integrated with reference to recent empirical research and to the social identity perspective.

Turning configural processing upside down: Part and whole body postures

Like faces, body postures are susceptible to an inversion effect in untrained viewers. The inversion effect may be indicative of configural processing, but what kind of configural processing is used for the recognition of body postures must be specified. The information available in the body stimulus was manipulated. The presence and magnitude of inversion effects were compared for body parts, scrambled bodies, and body halves relative to whole bodies and to corresponding conditions for faces and houses. Results suggest that configural body posture recognition relies on the structural hierarchy of body parts, not the parts themselves or a complete template match. Configural recognition of body postures based on information about the structural hierarchy of parts defines an important point on the configural processing continuum, between recognition based on first-order spatial relations and recognition based on holistic undifferentiated template matching.

Intergroup processes in intragroup contexts: The roles of group status, group identification and communication in diverse work teams

The present research examines employee identification and communication in organisations. In Study 1, 2229 soldiers from a military organisation completed measures of perceived status and strength of identification with their unit, employment category and their brigade. As predicted, the status of a key organisational group influenced reactions to different organisational groups: full-time soldiers evaluated their work unit and the organisation as being lower in status and identified less strongly with both of these groups than part-time soldiers. The second study extended these findings to a different research context: a large psychiatric hospital undergoing downsizing and restructuring. Surprisingly, there were no differences in survivors' and victims' levels of identification with organisational groups. Instead, and consistent with Study 1, there was evidence to suggest that employees adjusted their patterns of identification and perceptions of group status through a compensatory mechanism that maximised opportunities for selfenhancement and positive distinctiveness. In the third study, employees from a public hospital (N = 142) rated communication from double ingroup members (same work unit/same occupational group) more favourably than communication from partial group members (same work unit/different occupational group). These results are considered in terms of their practical implications for identity management in organisations.

Exchange fairness and employee performance:An examination of the relationship between organizational politics and procedural justice

Data obtained from a manufacturing firm and a newspaper firm in India were used to examine the relationship between organizational politics and procedural justice in three separate studies. Study 1 constructively replicated research on the distinctiveness of the two constructs. Confirmatory factor analyses in which data from the manufacturing firm served as the development sample and data from the newspaper firm served as the validation sample demonstrated the distinctiveness of organizational politics and procedural justice. Study 2 examined the antecedents of the two constructs using data from the manufacturing firm. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results revealed formalization and participation in decision making to be positively related to procedural justice but negatively related to organizational politics. Further, authority hierarchy and spatial distance were positively related to organizational politics but unrelated to procedural justice. Study 3 examined the consequences of the two constructs in terms of task and contextual performance using data from the newspaper firm. Results of SEM analysis revealed procedural justice but not organizational politics to be related to task performance and the contextual performance dimensions of interpersonal facilitation and job dedication. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

To link or not to link: a test of the case linkage principles using serial car theft data

The purpose of the present study is to test the case linkage principles of behavioural consistency and behavioural distinctiveness using serial vehicle theft data. Data from 386 solved vehicle thefts committed by 193 offenders were analysed using Jaccard's, regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses to determine whether objectively observable aspects of crime scene behaviour could be used to distinguish crimes committed by the same offender from those committed by different offenders. The findings indicate that spatial behaviour, specifically the distance between theft locations and between dump locations, is a highly consistent and distinctive aspect of vehicle theft behaviour; thus, intercrime and interdump distance represent the most useful aspects of vehicle theft for the purpose of case linkage analysis. The findings have theoretical and practical implications for understanding of criminal behaviour and for the development of decision-support tools to assist police investigation and apprehension of serial vehicle theft offenders.

Empirical research into white racialized identities in Britain

The intellectual project of using whiteness as an explicit tool of analysis is not one that has taken root in Britain. However, there are a number of empirical studies that investigate the racialization of white identities. In this article, I look at some empirical sociological fieldwork carried out on white identities in Britain since the early 1990s and identify the key themes arising. These themes are (in)visibility, norms and values, cultural capital and integration, contingent hierarchies and Empire in the present. In Britain, a pertinent distinction is between rural and urban settings for the enactment of white identities vis-a`-vis those of minorities, and there is an exploration of some of the contingency that draws the boundary between ‘white’ and ‘Other’ in different places. Areas of commonality and distinctiveness are noted in terms of the American work. In the last section, I argue that there are a number of issues to resolve around continuing such studies, including linking the micro-level to the macro-level analysis, and expanding to international comparative work.

Feminist poststructural discourse analysis

Feminist poststructuralist discourse analysis (FPDA) is an approach to analyzing spoken interactions that focuses on the ways in which speakers negotiate their subject positions within competing and interwoven discourses. This article identifies the theoretical background to FPDA, its key principles, its distinctiveness from other approaches such as critical discourse analysis, and outlines some of the main directions in current research.

The experiences of Cuban American women attending a Hispanic serving institution and the influences on identity development

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding and gather insight into the experiences of Cuban American women attending a 4-year, public, Hispanic Serving Institution and how those experiences influenced their identity development. This was accomplished by conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups with 12 self-identified Cuban American women who were classified as sophomores, juniors, seniors, or graduate students. All of the participants had attended Florida International University for at least 1 year. The women had varying degrees of on and off campus academic and campus involvement activities. Participants were asked about six topics: (a) family, (b) cultural influences, (c) gender, (d) ethical and moral development, (e) education, and (f) ethnic identity. Based on the coding of the data provided by the participants, several interconnected themes emerged including the importance of family, familial support, cultural pride, expected gender roles, core values, decision making, biculturalism, and the value of attending a Hispanic Serving Institution. These themes were found to be all related to the identity development of the participants. It was found that looking at identity through a multidimensional lens is essential. Looking at personal growth and development through anthropological, sociological, and psychosocial lenses gave greater insight to a population of students who have been largely underrepresented in the literature. The findings of this case study are that culture is contextual and identity development is complex for first and second generation Cuban American women attending a Hispanic Serving Institution in a majority minority city. It was found that several factors, including the importance of family and gender roles, were not found to be more important than one another; rather they supported each other in regards to the participants' identity development. The notion of biculturalism as it has been presented in the literature was challenged in this study as it was found that the participants' experiences living and attending a school in a majority minority city presented a new way of understanding what it might mean to be bicultural. For professionals in the field, the findings of this study may lead to a broader understanding of nuances within the Hispanic community and a better understanding of the distinctiveness of what it means to be a Cuban American woman.