Valaistuksen käyttö kysynnän jouston resurssina

Työssä tarkoituksena oli tutkia voidaanko valaistuksella toteutettua kysynnän joustoa. Työssä tutustuttiin mahdollisiin markkinapaikkoihin ja kysynnän jousto tarkoittaa. Työssä käydään läpi valaistuksen perusteita, sekä nykyisien ohjaustapojen energiatehokkuutta tukevia ratkaisuja. Tekniselle toteutukselle ei ole estettä, käytännöntoteutukselle esteeksi muodostuu valaistustason muutoksen häiritsevyys. Järjestelmällä voidaan muodostaa valaistukselle hinta mitä halutaan palvelusta maksaa. Työssä tarkasteltiin ohjauksen sijoittamista esimerkkikuormalle.

Kiinteistöautomaatio osana älykkäitä sähköjärjestelmiä

Työssä tarkasteltiin älykkäiden sähköverkkojen näkökulmasta, millaisia toiminnallisuuksia kiinteistöautomaatiojärjestelmiltä odotetaan ja miten markkinoilla olevat järjestelmät vastaavat näihin odotuksiin. Lisäksi arvioitiin, kuinka taloudellisesti kannattavia valittuihin automaatiojärjestelmiin kuuluvat energian käytön hallintaan liittyvät toiminnallisuudet ovat sähkönkäyttäjien näkökulmasta. Lopuksi tehtiin lyhyt katsaus kiinteistöautomaatiojärjestelmien tulevaisuuden näkymiin. Kiinteistöautomaatiolla voidaan vaikuttaa energian käytön tehokkuuteen ohjaamalla esimerkiksi valaistusta, ilmanvaihtoa, ilmastointia, lämmitystä ja sähkölaitteita. Eräs vaihtoehto on toteuttaa ohjauksen avulla markkinapohjaista kysyntäjoustoa, jossa kiinteistön sähköjärjestelmän toimintaa säädetään sähkön hinnan perusteella. Kiinteistössä tulee myös voida tehdä laitekohtaisia energiankulutuksen mittauksia, jotka antavat tietoa sähkönkäyttäjille eri laitteiden sähkönkulutuksesta. Kiinteistöautomaation ja sähkön pientuotannon yleistymisen myötä on myös etähallittavien virtuaalivoimaloiden toteuttaminen tulossa mahdolliseksi. Lisäksi laskettiin sähkönkäyttäjän kannalta lämmityksen, valaistuksen ja ilmanvaihdon ohjauksen kannattavuutta ja selvitettiin, että tutkituissa esimerkkijärjestelmissä suurin säästöpotentiaali on lämmityksen ohjauksessa.

Yritysten sähkön kysyntäjouston tuotteistaminen

Muuttuva sähköntuotantorakenne yhdessä Euroopan yhdentyvien sähkömarkkinoiden kanssa muuttaa energiayhtiöiden toimintaympäristöä tulevaisuudessa. Markkinoilta poistu-va säätökykyinen lauhdevoima ja lisääntyvä säiden mukaan vaihteleva tuuli- ja aurin-koenergia lisäävät säätövoiman tarvetta energiajärjestelmässä. Osa lisääntyvästä säätövoi-man tarpeesta voidaan kattaa kulutuksen kysyntäjoustoa lisäämällä. Tässä työssä tavoitteena on kehittää Savon Voima Oyj:lle kysyntäjoutopalvelu yritysasiak-kaille. Työssä kartoitetaan kysyntäjouston eri markkinapaikkojen mahdollisuuksia kysyntä-jouston toteuttamiselle, sekä käydään läpi niiden asettamia rajoitteita kysyntäjouston to-teuttamisen kannalta. Työn osana kehitettyä kysyntäjouston potentiaalin laskentatyökalua käytetään arvioitaessa valittujen pilottiasiakkaiden potentiaalia Elspot-markkinoille osallistuvan kysyntäjouston osalta. Laskennan tulosten perusteella kysyntäjouston toteuttaminen Elspot-markkinoille on kannattavaa valittujen pilottiasiakkaiden kohdalla. Työssä käydään läpi kysyntäjoustopalvelun prosessia, sen vaiheita sekä huomioon otettavia asioita tarjottaessa kysyntäjoustopalvelua yrityksille. Lopuksi esitetään liiketoimintamalli, jolla palvelua lähdetään yritysasiakkaille tarjoamaan. Liiketoimintamallissa esitetään koh-deryhmät ja markkinat kysyntäjouston toteuttamiselle.

Modelling of changes in electricity end-use and their impacts on electricity distribution

The electricity distribution sector will face significant changes in the future. Increasing reliability demands will call for major network investments. At the same time, electricity end-use is undergoing profound changes. The changes include future energy technologies and other advances in the field. New technologies such as microgeneration and electric vehicles will have different kinds of impacts on electricity distribution network loads. In addition, smart metering provides more accurate electricity consumption data and opportunities to develop sophisticated load modelling and forecasting approaches. Thus, there are both demands and opportunities to develop a new type of long-term forecasting methodology for electricity distribution. The work concentrates on the technical and economic perspectives of electricity distribution. The doctoral dissertation proposes a methodology to forecast electricity consumption in the distribution networks. The forecasting process consists of a spatial analysis, clustering, end-use modelling, scenarios and simulation methods, and the load forecasts are based on the application of automatic meter reading (AMR) data. The developed long-term forecasting process produces power-based load forecasts. By applying these results, it is possible to forecast the impacts of changes on electrical energy in the network, and further, on the distribution system operator’s revenue. These results are applicable to distribution network and business planning. This doctoral dissertation includes a case study, which tests the forecasting process in practice. For the case study, the most prominent future energy technologies are chosen, and their impacts on the electrical energy and power on the network are analysed. The most relevant topics related to changes in the operating environment, namely energy efficiency, microgeneration, electric vehicles, energy storages and demand response, are discussed in more detail. The study shows that changes in electricity end-use may have radical impacts both on electrical energy and power in the distribution networks and on the distribution revenue. These changes will probably pose challenges for distribution system operators. The study suggests solutions for the distribution system operators on how they can prepare for the changing conditions. It is concluded that a new type of load forecasting methodology is needed, because the previous methods are no longer able to produce adequate forecasts.

Sähkön kysyntäjouston kannattavuus teollisuuskiinteistössä

Tässä kandidaatintyössä tutkittiin sähkön kysyntäjouston kannattavuutta teollisuuskiinteis-tössä. Tutkimus suoritettiin tutkimalla vuosien 2014 ja 2015 sähkön käyttöraportteja sekä toteutuneita Elspot hintoja. Lisäksi suoritettiin mittauksia ilmalämpöpumpuista, joiden pe-rusteella selvitettiin ilmalämpöpumppujen soveltuvuutta kysyntäjoustoon. Työssä käydään läpi kysyntäjouston vaikutuksia sekä eri kuormanohjaus mahdollisuuksia asiakkaan näkökulmasta. Lisäksi tuodaan esille Elspot hinnan muodostuminen sekä Elspot hintaan vaikuttavat tekijät. Työssä vertaillaan esimerkkikiinteistön sähkönkulutuksen suh-detta toteutuneisiin Elspot hintoihin. Lisäksi tutkitaan lämmityskuormien ohjauspotentiaalia kysyntäjouston näkökulmasta. Potentiaalin kartoittamiseksi suoritettiin mittauksia sekä teh-tiin esimerkkilaskelmia kysyntäjouston kannattavuudesta. Tutkimusten perusteella voidaan huomata, että vuositasolla saavutetut säästöt jäävät pienik-si. Huomioiden riskit Elspot hinnan vaihteluissa voidaan todetta, ettei siirtyminen tuntihin-noiteltuun sähköenergiaan ole kannattavaa esimerkkikiinteistössä. Lämmityskuormien oh-jauksesta tuntitiedon mukaan saatavien lisäsäästöjen jäädessä vähäisiksi kiinteistöön ei ole järkevää investoida erillisiä järjestelmiä kuormien ohjaukseen.

Do smart grids offer a new incentive for SME carbon reduction?

Collectively small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are significant energy users although many are unregulated by existing policies due to their low carbon emissions. Carbon reduction is often not a priority but smart grids may create a new opportunity. A smart grid will give electricity suppliers a picture of real-time energy flows and the opportunity for consumers to receive financial incentives for engaging in demand side management. As well as creating incentives for local carbon reduction, engaging SMEs with smart grids has potential for contributing to wider grid decarbonisation. Modelling of buildings, business activities and technology solutions is needed to identify opportunities for carbon reduction. The diversity of the SME sector complicates strategy development. SMEs are active in almost every business area and occupy the full range of property types. This paper reviews previous modelling work, exposing valuable data on floor space and energy consumption associated with different business activities. Limitations are seen with the age of this data and an inability to distinguish SME energy use. By modelling SME energy use, electrical loads are identified which could be shifted on demand, in a smart network. Initial analysis of consumption, not constrained by existing policies, identifies heating and cooling in retail and commercial offices as having potential for demand response. Hot water in hotel and catering and retail sectors may also be significant because of the energy storage potential. Areas to consider for energy efficiency schemes are also indicated.

CASCADE: An Agent Based Framework For Modeling The Dynamics Of Smart Electricity Systems

The Complex Adaptive Systems, Cognitive Agents and Distributed Energy (CASCADE) project is developing a framework based on Agent Based Modelling (ABM). The CASCADE Framework can be used both to gain policy and industry relevant insights into the smart grid concept itself and as a platform to design and test distributed ICT solutions for smart grid based business entities. ABM is used to capture the behaviors of diff erent social, economic and technical actors, which may be defi ned at various levels of abstraction. It is applied to understanding their interactions and can be adapted to include learning processes and emergent patterns. CASCADE models ‘prosumer’ agents (i.e., producers and/or consumers of energy) and ‘aggregator’ agents (e.g., traders of energy in both wholesale and retail markets) at various scales, from large generators and Energy Service Companies down to individual people and devices. The CASCADE Framework is formed of three main subdivisions that link models of electricity supply and demand, the electricity market and power fl ow. It can also model the variability of renewable energy generation caused by the weather, which is an important issue for grid balancing and the profi tability of energy suppliers. The development of CASCADE has already yielded some interesting early fi ndings, demonstrating that it is possible for a mediating agent (aggregator) to achieve stable demandfl attening across groups of domestic households fi tted with smart energy control and communication devices, where direct wholesale price signals had previously been found to produce characteristic complex system instability. In another example, it has demonstrated how large changes in supply mix can be caused even by small changes in demand profi le. Ongoing and planned refi nements to the Framework will support investigation of demand response at various scales, the integration of the power sector with transport and heat sectors, novel technology adoption and diffusion work, evolution of new smart grid business models, and complex power grid engineering and market interactions.

Gestão de riscos na cadeia de suprimentos e valoração do custo da escassez de energia elétrica: Modelos e uma proposta de implementação para o Brasil

Este trabalho apresenta as principais aplicações de técnicas de gestão de riscos ao estudo de interrupções em cadeias de fornecimento, tendo como motivação o caso do fornecimento de energia elétrica, assunto de extrema relevância para o Brasil. Neste sentido, o cálculo do “custo do déficit” ou perda de produção dada uma falha no fornecimento de energia elétrica (parâmetro utilizado em todo o planejamento do setor elétrico brasileiro), foi escolhido como fator relevante a ser analisado. As principais metodologias existentes para a apuração desse parâmetro são apresentadas fazendo uma comparação com aquela atualmente em uso no Brasil. Adicionalmente, apresentamos uma proposta de implementação para as metodologias alternativas, utilizadas no exterior, e baseadas no conceito de VOLL (“Value of Lost Load”) - medida do valor da escassez de energia para empresas ou consumidores individuais e fundamental para o desenho de programas de gerenciamento de demanda.

Avaliação dos indicadores de desempenho de instituições federais de educação tecnológica doBrasil na abordagem do balanced scorecard

This Master of Science Thesis deals with a study on applying the BSC Balanced Scorecard to assess the performance of Federal Institution for Technological Education Institution in Brazil, a government organizations non for profit. It s accomplished a literature review in order to understand the BSC and its application to non for profit organizations and as a main result it is proposed a BSC conceptual model with an inversion of the main BSC perspective from financial to customer/society. It is used the annual management report of thirteen Institutions and applied a Pearson correlation analysis in order to verify a cause-effect situation between indicators. The main findings suggest that the model teachers qualification in terms of degree earned, quantity of teachers in full time job, and rate of students by teacher in full time job having good pearson correlation with the results expected of quality, throughput, social and demand response. However, the student unit cost use as the sole financial indicator did not get any reasonable correlation with the results, as so the quality and quantity of books in the libraries. Although it suggests a need for improvement in the model, the general model adopted appears to be satisfactory as a starting point to a BSC-like performance measuring system to this kind of Institutions

Using baseline methods to identify non-technical losses in the context of smart grids

Demand response has gained increasing importance in the context of competitive electricity markets and smart grid environments. In addition to the importance that has been given to the development of business models for integrating demand response, several methods have been developed to evaluate the consumers' performance after the participation in a demand response event. The present paper uses those performance evaluation methods, namely customer baseline load calculation methods, to determine the expected consumption in each period of the consumer historic data. In the cases in which there is a certain difference between the actual consumption and the estimated consumption, the consumer is identified as a potential cause of non-technical losses. A case study demonstrates the application of the proposed method to real consumption data. © 2013 IEEE.

Desenvolvimento de um smart meter: um estudo sobre eficiência energética através das redes inteligentes

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEB

Increasing Utilization of US Electric Grids via Smart Technologies: Integration of Load Management, Real Time Pricing, Renewables, EVs and Smart Grid Sensors

Electric power grids throughout the world suffer from serious inefficiencies associated with under-utilization due to demand patterns, engineering design and load following approaches in use today. These grids consume much of the world’s energy and represent a large carbon footprint. From material utilization perspectives significant hardware is manufactured and installed for this infrastructure often to be used at less than 20-40% of its operational capacity for most of its lifetime. These inefficiencies lead engineers to require additional grid support and conventional generation capacity additions when renewable technologies (such as solar and wind) and electric vehicles are to be added to the utility demand/supply mix. Using actual data from the PJM [PJM 2009] the work shows that consumer load management, real time price signals, sensors and intelligent demand/supply control offer a compelling path forward to increase the efficient utilization and carbon footprint reduction of the world’s grids. Underutilization factors from many distribution companies indicate that distribution feeders are often operated at only 70-80% of their peak capacity for a few hours per year, and on average are loaded to less than 30-40% of their capability. By creating strong societal connections between consumers and energy providers technology can radically change this situation. Intelligent deployment of smart sensors, smart electric vehicles, consumer-based load management technology very high saturations of intermittent renewable energy supplies can be effectively controlled and dispatched to increase the levels of utilization of existing utility distribution, substation, transmission, and generation equipment. The strengthening of these technology, society and consumer relationships requires rapid dissemination of knowledge (real time prices, costs & benefit sharing, demand response requirements) in order to incentivize behaviors that can increase the effective use of technological equipment that represents one of the largest capital assets modern society has created.

Control de vibraciones en pasarelas peatonales

En los últimos años se ha construido un gran número de pasarelas peatonales como respuesta a la demanda de nuevas vías de paso en las ciudades. Estas estructuras tienen requisitos constructivos menos exigentes en comparación con otros tipos de puentes, lo cual ha facilitado el desarrollo de diseños con nuevos esquemas resistentes, complicadas geometrías y el empleo de nuevos materiales. En general estas estructuras son esbeltas, ligeras y poco amortiguadas, lo que en ocasiones ha generado problemas de vi-braciones al paso de peatones una vez puestas en servicio. Las normativas actuales son cada vez más sensibles a esta problemática, recomendando diseños cuyas frecuencias naturales deben estar alejadas de los rangos de frecuencia de paso típicos de los peatones y fijando límites de confort en forma de valores máximos de aceleración permitidos, asegurándose así un correcto comportamiento de la estructura. En el presente artículo se analiza esta problemática desde un punto de vista práctico. Para ello se muestran los puntos clave de las normativas y guías de diseño de pasarelas que se pueden encontrar actualmente en la bibliografía, se presentan las técnicas que habitualmente se emplean en el análisis dinámico experimental de estas estructuras, y se comentan las soluciones a las que generalmente se recurre para mejorar su comportamiento dinámico. Por último, se muestran los trabajos llevados a cabo por el Centro Tecnológico CARTIF en colaboración con las Universidades de Valladolid y Castilla-La Mancha en la pasarela peatonal del Museo de la Ciencia de Valladolid. Estos trabajos incluyen: (1) el estudio dinámico de los tres vanos metálicos de dicha pasarela, (2) el diseño e implementación de un amortiguador de masa sintonizado en el vano más sensible a las vibraciones, (3) la implementación de un amortiguador de masa activo utilizando un excitador electrodinámico, y (4) el desarrollo de pruebas para la verificación del estado de servicio de la pasarela. In the last years, a wide number of footbridges have been built as demand response of more direct pathways in cities. These structures have lower building requirements as compared with standard bridges. This circumstance has facilitated the development of new structural design with complex geometries and innovative materials. As a result, these structures may be slender, light and low damped, leading to vibration problems once in service. The current codes take into account this problem, and recommend designs with natural frequencies away from the typical pedestrian pacing rates and fix comfort limits to guarantee the serviceability of the structure.This paper studies this problem from a practical point of view. Thus, the key points of codes and footbridges guidelines are showed, the typical experimental dynamic analysis techniques are presented, and the usual solutions adopted to improve the dynamic performance of these structures are discussed. Finally, the works carried out on the Valladolid Science Museum Footbridge by Centro Tecnológico CARTIF in collaboration with the Universities of Valladolid and Castilla-La Mancha are showed. These works include: (1) the dynamic study of the three steel spans of the footbridge, (2) the design and implementation of a tuned mass damper in the liveliest span, (3) the implementation of an active mass damper using an electrodynamic shaker, and (4) the development of field tests to assess the serviceability of such span.

Morphological analysis of the mammalian postcranium: A developmental perspective

The past two decades have greatly improved our knowledge of vertebrate skeletal morphogenesis. It is now clear that bony morphology lacks individual descriptive specification and instead results from an interplay between positional information assigned during early limb bud deployment and its “execution” by highly conserved cellular response programs of derived connective tissue cells (e.g., chondroblasts and osteoblasts). Selection must therefore act on positional information and its apportionment, rather than on more individuated aspects of presumptive adult morphology. We suggest a trait classification system that can help integrate these findings in both functional and phylogenetic examinations of fossil mammals and provide examples from the human fossil record.

Proactive and reactive inhibition during overt and covert actions. An electrical neuroimaging study.

Response inhibition is the ability to suppress inadequate but automatically activated, prepotent or ongoing response tendencies. In the framework of motor inhibition, two distinct operating strategies have been described: “proactive” and “reactive” control modes. In the proactive modality, inhibition is recruited in advance by predictive signals, and actively maintained before its enactment. Conversely, in the reactive control mode, inhibition is phasically enacted after the detection of the inhibitory signal. To date, ample evidence points to a core cerebral network for reactive inhibition comprising the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the basal ganglia (BG). Moreover, fMRI studies showed that cerebral activations during proactive and reactive inhibition largely overlap. These findings suggest that at least part of the neural network for reactive inhibition is recruited in advance, priming cortical regions in preparation for the upcoming inhibition. So far, proactive and reactive inhibitory mechanisms have been investigated during tasks in which the requested response to be stopped or withheld was an “overt” action execution (AE) (i.e., a movement effectively performed). Nevertheless, inhibitory mechanisms are also relevant for motor control during “covert actions” (i.e., potential motor acts not overtly performed), such as motor imagery (MI). MI is the conscious, voluntary mental rehearsal of action representations without any overt movement. Previous studies revealed a substantial overlap of activated motor-related brain networks in premotor, parietal and subcortical regions during overtly executed and imagined movements. Notwithstanding this evidence for a shared set of cerebral regions involved in encoding actions, whether or not those actions are effectively executed, the neural bases of motor inhibition during MI, preventing covert action from being overtly performed, in spite of the activation of the motor system, remain to be fully clarified. Taking into account this background, we performed a high density EEG study evaluating cerebral mechanisms and their related sources elicited during two types of cued Go/NoGo task, requiring the execution or withholding of an overt (Go) or a covert (MI) action, respectively. The EEG analyses were performed in two steps, with different aims: 1) Analysis of the “response phase” of the cued overt and covert Go/NoGo tasks, for the evaluation of reactive inhibitory control of overt and covert actions. 2) Analysis of the “preparatory phase” of the cued overt and covert Go/NoGo EEG datasets, focusing on cerebral activities time-locked to the preparatory signals, for the evaluation of proactive inhibitory mechanisms and their related neural sources. For these purposes, a spatiotemporal analysis of the scalp electric fields was applied on the EEG data recorded during the overt and covert Go/NoGo tasks. The spatiotemporal approach provide an objective definition of time windows for source analysis, relying on the statistical proof that the electric fields are different and thus generated by different neural sources. The analysis of the “response phase” revealed that key nodes of the inhibitory circuit, underpinning inhibition of the overt movement during the NoGo response, were also activated during the MI enactment. In both cases, inhibition relied on the activation of pre-SMA and rIFG, but with different temporal patterns of activation in accord with the intended “covert” or “overt” modality of motor performance. During the NoGo condition, the pre-SMA and rIFG were sequentially activated, pointing to an early decisional role of pre-SMA and to a later role of rIFG in the enactment of inhibitory control of the overt action. Conversely, a concomitant activation of pre-SMA and rIFG emerged during the imagined motor response. This latter finding suggested that an inhibitory mechanism (likely underpinned by the rIFG), could be prewired into a prepared “covert modality” of motor response, as an intrinsic component of the MI enactment. This mechanism would allow the rehearsal of the imagined motor representations, without any overt movement. The analyses of the “preparatory phase”, confirmed in both overt and covert Go/NoGo tasks the priming of cerebral regions pertaining to putative inhibitory network, reactively triggered in the following response phase. Nonetheless, differences in the preparatory strategies between the two tasks emerged, depending on the intended “overt” or “covert” modality of the possible incoming motor response. During the preparation of the overt Go/NoGo task, the cue primed the possible overt response programs in motor and premotor cortex. At the same time, through preactivation of a pre-SMA-related decisional mechanism, it triggered a parallel preparation for the successful response selection and/or inhibition during the subsequent response phase. Conversely, the preparatory strategy for the covert Go/NoGo task was centred on the goal-oriented priming of an inhibitory mechanism related to the rIFG that, being tuned to the instructed covert modality of the motor performance and instantiated during the subsequent MI enactment, allowed the imagined response to remain a potential motor act. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate a substantial overlap of cerebral networks activated during proactive recruitment and subsequent reactive enactment of motor inhibition in both overt and covert actions. At the same time, our data show that preparatory cues predisposed ab initio a different organization of the cerebral areas (in particular of the pre-SMA and rIFG) involved with sensorimotor transformations and motor inhibitory control for executed and imagined actions. During the preparatory phases of our cued overt and covert Go/NoGo tasks, the different adopted strategies were tuned to the “how” of the motor performance, reflecting the intended overt and covert modality of the possible incoming action.