Implications of obesity for tendon structure, ultrastructure and biochemistry: A study on Zucker rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Intermolecular interactions and characterization of the novel factor Xa exosite involved in macromolecular recognition and inhibition: Crystal structure of human Gla-domainless factor Xa complexed with the anticoagulant protein NAPc2 from the hematophagous nematode Ancylostoma caninum

NAPc2, an anticoagulant protein from the hematophagous nematode Ancylostoma caninum evaluated in phase-II/IIa clinical trials, inhibits the extrinsic blood coagulation pathway by a two step mechanism, initially interacting with the hitherto uncharacterized factor Xa exosite involved in macromolecular recognition and subsequently inhibiting factor VIIa (K-i = 8.4 pM) of the factor VIIa/tissue factor complex. NAPc2 is highly flexible, becoming partially ordered and undergoing significant structural changes in the C terminus upon binding to the factor Xa exosite. In the crystal structure of the ternary factor Xa/NAPc2/selectide complex, the binding interface consists of an intermolecular antiparallel beta-sheet formed by the segment of the polypeptide chain consisting of residues 74-80 of NAPc2 with the residues 86-93 of factor Xa that is additional maintained by contacts between the short helical segment (residues 67-73) and a turn (residues 26-29) of NAPc2 with the short C-terminal helix of factor Xa (residues 233-243). This exosite is physiologically highly relevant for the recognition and inhibition of factor X/Xa by macromolecular substrates and provides a structural motif for the development of a new class of inhibitors for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and angioplasty. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structure and optical properties of [Ba1-xY2x/3](Zr0.25Ti0.75)O-3 powders

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uma nova abordagem para interpretação de anomalias gravimétricas regionais e residuais aplicada ao estudo da organização crustal: exemplo da Região Norte do Piauí e Noroeste do Ceará

A interpretação de anomalias gravimétricas é de grande importância no estudo de feições geológicas que ocorrem na crosta terrestre. Esta interpretação é, no entanto, dificultada pelo fato das anomalias gravimétricas serem resultantes da soma total dos efeitos produzidos por todos os contrastes de densidades de subsuperfície. Desse modo, com o intuito de separar efeitos de feições mais profundas de efeitos de feições mais rasas, bem como a caracterização da geometria desses dois conjuntos de feições, apresentamos um método de separação das componentes regional e residual do campo e a subsequente interpretação de cada componente. A separação regional-residual de dados gravimétricos é efetuada através da aproximação do campo regional por um polinômio ajustado ao campo observado por um método robusto. Este método é iterativo e usa como aproximação inicial a solução obtida através do ajuste polinomial pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. O método empregado minimiza a influência de observações contendo forte contribuição do campo residual no ajuste do campo regional. A componente regional obtida a partir da separação regional-residual é transformada em um mapa de distâncias verticais em relação a um nível de referência. Esta transformação compreende duas etapas. A primeira consiste na obtenção da continuação para baixo da componente regional, que é pressuposta ser causada por uma interface suave separando dois meios homogêneos, representando a interface crosta-manto, cujo contraste de densidade é supostamente conhecido. A segunda consiste na transformação do mapa de continuação para baixo em um mapa de distâncias verticais entre o nível de continuação (tomado como nível de referência) e a interface. Este método apresenta duas dificuldades. A primeira está ligada à instabilidade, havendo portanto a necessidade do emprego de um estabilizador o que acarreta a perda de resolução das feições que se desejam mapear. A segunda, inerente ao método gravimétrico, consiste na impossibilidade da determinação das profundidades absolutas da interface em cada ponto, bastando entretanto o conhecimento da profundidade absoluta em um ponto, através de informação independente, para que todas as outras profundidades absolutas sejam conhecidas. A componente residual obtida a partir da separação regional-residual é transformada em um mapa de contrastes de densidade aparente. Esta transformação consiste no cálculo do contraste de densidade de várias fontes prismáticas através de uma inversão linear pressupondo que as fontes reais estejam das a uma placa horizontal, com contrastes de densidade variando apenas nas direções horizontais. O desempenho do método de separação regional-residual apresentado foi avaliado, através de testes empregando dados sintéticos, fornecendo resultados superiores em relação aos métodos dos mínimos quadrados e da análise espectral. O método de interpretação da componente regional teve seu desempenho avaliado em testes com dados sintéticos onde foram produzidos mapeamentos de interfaces bem próximas das estruturas reais. O limite de resolução das feições que se desejam mapear depende não só do grau do polinômio ajustante, como também da própria limitação inerente ao método gravimétrico. Na interpretação da componente residual é necessário que se postule ou tenha informação a priori sobre a profundidade do topo e espessura da placa onde as fontes estão supostamente confinadas. No entanto, a aplicação do método em dados sintéticos, produziu estimativas razoáveis para os limites laterais das fontes, mesmo na presença de fontes interferentes, e pressupondo-se valores para profundidade do topo e espessura da placa, diferentes dos valores verdadeiros. A ambiguidade envolvendo profundidade do topo, espessura e densidade pode ser visualizada através de gráficos de valores de densidade aparente contra profundidade do topo presumida para a placa para vários valores postulados para a espessura da placa. Estes mesmos gráficos permitem, pelo aspecto das curvas, a elaboração de uma interpretação semi-quantitativa das profundidades das fontes reais. A seqüência dos três métodos desenvolvidos neste trabalho foi aplicada a dados gravimétricos da região norte do Piauí e noroeste do Ceará levando a um modelo de organização crustal que compreende espessamentos e adelgaçamentos crustais associados a um evento compressivo que possibilitou a colocação de rochas densas da base da crosta a profundidades rasas. Este modelo ê compatível com os dados geológicos de superfície. É ainda sugerida a continuidade, por mais 200 km em direção a sudoeste, do Cinturão de Cisalhamento Noroeste do Ceará por sob os sedimentos da Bacia do Parnaíba, com base nas evidências fornecidas pela interpretação da anomalia residual. Embora esta seqüência de métodos tenha sido desenvolvida com vistas ao estudo de feições crustais de porte continental, ela também pode ser aplicada ao estudo de feições mais localizadas como por exemplo no mapeamento do relevo do embasamento de/bacias sedimentares onde os sedimentos são cortados por rochas intrusivas mais densas.

Avaliação da influência do eletrojato equatorial na interpretação de dados magnetotelúrico bidimensionais

O campo magnetotelúrico em regiões equatoriais viola a condição de ondas planas por causa de uma fonte fortemente concentrada na direção E-W na ionosfera, denominada eletrojato equatorial. No presente trabalho, procurou-se analisar a resposta magnetotelúrica de fontes que simulam o efeito do eletrojato equatorial. Foram considerados dois tipos de fontes para simular o eletrojato: uma linha infinita de corrente e uma distribuição gaussiana de densidade de corrente em relação a uma das coordenadas horizontais. A resistividade aparente foi obtida através da relação de Cagniard e comparada com os resultados de ondas planas. É mostrada também a comparação entre a fase da impedância na superfície, para os três tipos de fontes (ondas planas, eletrojato gaussiano e linha de corrente). O problema de meios com heterogeneidades laterais foi resolvido em termos de campos secundários, sendo as equações diferenciais solucionadas através da técnica de elementos finitos bidimensionais. Os resultados mostram que o eletrojato tem pouca influência nas respostas (resistividade aparente e fase) de estruturas geológicas rasas. Entretanto, a influência pode ser considerável nas estruturas profundas (maior que 5000 m), principalmente se suas resistividades são altas (maior que 100 Ω.m). Portanto, a influência do eletrojato equatorial deve ser considerada na interpretação de dados magnetotelúricos de bacias sedimentares profundas ou no estudo da crosta terrestre.

Deep learning architecture for gesture recognition

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Continental degassing of He-4 by surficial discharge of deep groundwater

Radiogenic He-4 is produced by the decay of uranium and thorium in the Earths mantle and crust. From here, it is degassed to the atmosphere(1-5) and eventually escapes to space(1,5,6). Assuming that all of the He-4 produced is degassed, about 70% of the total He-4 degassed from Earth comes from the continental crust(2,-5,7). However, the outgoing flux of crustal He-4 has not been directly measured at the Earths surface(2) and the migration pathways are poorly understood(2-4,7,8). Here we present measurements of helium isotopes and the long-lived cosmogenic radio-isotope Kr-81 in the deep, continental-scale Guarani aquifer in Brazil and show that crustal He-4 reaches the atmosphere primarily by the surficial discharge of deep groundwater. We estimate that He-4 in Guarani groundwater discharge accounts for about 20% of the assumed global flux from continental crust, and that other large aquifers may account for about 33%. Old groundwater ages suggest that He-4 in the Guarani aquifer accumulates over half- to one-million-year timescales. We conclude that He-4 degassing from the continents is regulated by groundwater discharge, rather than episodic tectonic events, and suggest that the assumed steady state between crustal production and degassing of He-4, and its resulting atmospheric residence time, should be re-examined.

Fingerprints of short-range and long-range structure in BaZr1-xHfxO3 solid solutions: an experimental and theoretical study

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Electrical transport mechanisms and structure of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated nanocrystalline Ga1-xMnxAs films

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Problem of the statistical model in deep inelastic scattering phenomenology

Recent deep inelastic data leads to an up-down quark asymmetry of the nucleon sea. Explanations of the flavour asymmetry and the di-lepton production in proton-nucleus collisions call for a temperature T ≈ 100 MeV in a statistical model. This T may be conjectured as being due to the Fulling-Davies-Unruh effect. But it is not possible to fit the structure function itself.

Macrofaunal succession in sediments around kelp and wood falls in the deep NE Pacific and community overlap with other reducing habitats

Sunken parcels of macroalgae and wood provide important oases of organic enrichment at the deep-sea floor, yet sediment community structure and succession around these habitat islands are poorly evaluated. We experimentally implanted 100-kg kelp falls and 200 kg wood falls at 1670 m depth in the Santa Cruz Basin to investigate (1) macrofaunal succession and (2) species overlap with nearby whale-fall and cold-seep communities over time scales of 0.25-5.5 yr. The abundance of infaunal macrobenthos was highly elevated after 0.25 and 0.5 yr near kelp parcels with decreased macrofaunal diversity and evenness within 0.5 m of the falls. Apparently opportunistic species (e.g., two new species of cumaceans) and sulfide tolerant microbial grazers (dorvilleid polychaetes) abounded after 0.25-0.5 yr. At wood falls, opportunistic cumaceans become abundant after 0.5 yr, but sulfide tolerant species only became abundant after 1.8-5.5 yr, in accordance with the much slower buildup of porewater sulfides at wood parcels compared with kelp falls. Species diversity decreased significantly over time in sediments adjacent to the wood parcels, most likely due to stress resulting from intense organic loading of nearby sediments (up to 20-30% organic carbon). Dorvilleid and ampharetid polychaetes were among the top-ranked fauna at wood parcels after 3.0-5.5 yr. Sediments around kelp and wood parcels provided low-intensity reducing conditions that sustain a limited chemoautrotrophically-based fauna. As a result, macrobenthic species overlap among kelp, wood, and other chemosynthetic habitats in the deep NE Pacific are primarily restricted to apparently sulfide tolerant species such as dorvilleid polychaetes, opportunistic cumaceans, and juvenile stages of chemosymbiont containing vesicomyid bivalves. We conclude that organically enriched sediments around wood falls may provide important habitat islands for the persistence and evolution of species dependent on organic- and sulfide-rich conditions at the deep-sea floor and contribute to beta and gamma diversity in deep-sea ecosystems. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Trophic structure on the West Antarctic Peninsula shelf: Detritivory and benthic inertia revealed by delta(13)C and delta(15)N analysis

Summer bloom-derived phytodetritus settles rapidly to the seafloor on the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) continental shelf, where it appears to degrade relatively slowly, forming a sediment ""food bank"" for benthic detritivores. We used stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes to examine sources and sinks of particulate organic material (POM) reaching the WAP shelf benthos (550-625 m depths), and to explore trophic linkages among the most abundant benthic megafauna. We measured delta(13)C and delta(15)N values in major megafaunal taxa (n = 26) and potential food sources, including suspended and sinking POM, ice algae, sediment organic carbon, phytodetritus, and macrofaunal polychaetes. The range in delta(13)C values (> 14 parts per thousand) of suspended POM was considerably broader than in sedimentary POC, where little temporal variability in stable isotope signatures was observed. While benthic megafauna also exhibited a broad range of VC values, organic carbon entering the benthic food web appeared to be derived primarily from phytoplankton production, with little input from ice algae. One group of organisms, primarily deposit-feeders, appeared to rely on fresh phytodetritus recovered from the sediments, and sediment organic material that had been reworked by sediment microbes. A second group of animals, including many mobile invertebrate and fish predators, appeared to utilize epibenthic or pelagic food resources such as zooplankton. One surface-deposit-feeding holothurian (Protelpidia murrayi) exhibited seasonal variability in stable isotope values of body tissue, while other surface- and subsurface-deposit-feeders showed no evidence of seasonal variability in food source or trophic position. Detritus from phytoplankton blooms appears to be the primary source of organic material for the detritivorous benthos; however, seasonal variability in the supply of this material is not mirrored in the sediments, and only to a minor degree in the benthic fauna. This pattern suggests substantial inertia in benthic-pelagic coupling, whereby the sediment ecosystem integrates long-term variability in production processes in the water column above. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Biogeochemistry of a deep-sea whale fall: sulfate reduction, sulfide efflux and methanogenesis

Deep-sea whale falls create sulfidic habits Supporting chemoautotrophic communities, but microbial processes underlying the formation Of Such habitats remain poorly evaluated. Microbial degradation processes (sulfate reduction, methanogenesis) and biogeochemical gradients were studied in a whale-fall habitat created by a 30 t whale carcass deployed at 1675 m depth for 6 to 7 yr on the California margin. A variety of measurements were conducted including photomosaicking, microsensor measurements, radio-tracer incubations and geochemical analyses. Sediments were Studied at different distances (0 to 9 in) from the whale fall. Highest microbial activities and steepest vertical geochemical gradients were found within 0.5 m of the whale fall, revealing ex situ sulfate reduction and in vitro methanogenesis rates of up to 717 and 99 mmol m(-2) d(-1), respectively. In sediments containing whale biomass, methanogenesis was equivalent to 20 to 30%, of sulfate reduction. During in vitro sediment studies, sulfide and methane were produced within days to weeks after addition of whale biomass, indicating that chemosynthesis is promoted at early stages of the whale fall. Total sulfide production from sediments within 0.5 m of the whale fall was 2.1 +/- 3 and 1.5 +/- 2.1 mol d(-1) in Years 6 and 7, respectively, of which similar to 200 mmol d(-1) were available as free sulfide. Sulfate reduction in bones was much lower, accounting for a total availability of similar to 10 mmol sulfide d(-1). Over periods of at least 7 yr, whale falls can create sulfidic conditions similar to other chemosynthetic habitats Such as cold seeps and hydrothermal vents.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL AND FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE AMPHIPOD COMMUNITIES OFF SANTOS, SOUTHWESTERN ATLANTIC

The amphipod fauna was employed to investigate a bottom environmental gradient in the continental shelf adjacent to Santos Bay. The constant flow of less saline water from the estuarine complex of the Santos and Sao Vicente rivers besides the seasonal intrusion of the cold saline South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) bring a highly dynamic water regime to the area. Density, distribution, diversity and functional structure of the communities were studied on a depth gradient from 10 to 100 m on two cruises in contrasting seasons, winter 2005 and summer 2006. Twenty-one sediment samples were taken with a 0.09m(2) box corer. Temperature and salinity were measured at each station and an additional surface sediment sample was obtained with the box corer for granulometric and chemical analyses. Sixty species were collected on each survey and higher density values were found in summer. A priori one-way Analysis of Similarities (ANOSIM) indicated the existence of three different groups of amphipods related to the depth gradient: the Coastal group, the Mixed Zone group and the Deep Zone group. The Coastal Zone in both cruises was inhabited by a community presenting low diversity and density, besides high dominance of the infaunal tube-dweller Ampelisca paria; the area around 30 m presented the highest values of all the ecological indicators and the species showed several life styles; the outer area, situated between 50 and 100 m depth in the SACW domain, presented a community characterized by lower diversity and high biomass and density values. A season-depth ANOSIM showed the influence of depth and season for the Coastal and Mixed Zone groups whereas no seasonal difference was obtained for the Deep Zone group. The synergistic effect of the SACW and depth in the first place, followed by physical changes in substrate, seem to be the main factors controlling the fauna's distribution. In addition, the estuarine waters from Santos Bay apparently had no effect on the establishment of the environmental gradient observed on the adjacent shelf. Diversity, distribution, functional groups and trophic conditions of superficial sediments are discussed in the light of the main oceanographic processes present on the southern Brazilian shelf.

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE SAILFIN DORY Zenopsis conchifer (LOWE, 1852) CAUGHT BY DEEP-SEA TRAWLING FISHERY OFF SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Biological aspects of sailfin dory, Zenopsis conchifer, were studied from 839 individuals obtained from deep-sea commercial bottom trawling off southern Brazil at depths up to 526 m in 2002 and 2003. Samples included fish from 101 mm Lt and 15 g up to 640 mm Lt and 2,9 g. The sex-ratio was 50% at 150 mm Lt and between 300-350 mm Lt, with females outnumbering males in the remaining size classes. Reproductive activity seems to peak between July and August ( austral winter). Size at attainment of 50% maturity (Lt(50)) was 311 mm Lt in females. The mean length and maturity of the specimens increased with depth, suggesting that larger fish concentrate in deeper waters.