Science drives horticulture's progress and profit

Horticultural science linked with basic studies in biology, chemistry, physics and engineering has laid the foundation for advances in applied knowledge which are at the heart of commercial, environmental and social horticulture. In few disciplines is science more rapidly translated into applicable technologies than in the huge range of man’s activities embraced within horticulture which are discussed in this Trilogy. This chapter surveys the origins of horticultural science developing as an integral part of the 16th century “Scientific Revolution”. It identifies early discoveries during the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries which rationalized the control of plant growth, flowering and fruiting and the media in which crops could be cultivated. The products of these discoveries formed the basis on which huge current industries of worldwide significance are founded in fruit, vegetable and ornamental production. More recent examples of the application of horticultural science are used in an explanation of how the integration of plant breeding, crop selection and astute marketing highlighted by the New Zealand industry have retained and expanded the viability of production which supplies huge volumes of fruit into the world’s markets. This is followed by an examination of science applied to tissue and cell culture as an example of technologies which have already produced massive industrial applications but hold the prospect for generating even greater advances in the future. Finally, examples are given of nascent scientific discoveries which hold the prospect for generating horticultural industries with considerable future impact. These include systems modeling and biology, nanotechnology, robotics, automation and electronics, genetics and plant breeding, and more efficient and effective use of resources and the employment of benign microbes. In conclusion there is an estimation of the value of horticultural science to society.

Rural property size drives patterns of upland and riparian forest retention in a tropical deforestation frontier

Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia accounts for a disproportionate global scale fraction of both carbon emissions from biomass burning and biodiversity erosion through habitat loss. Here we use field- and remote-sensing data to examine the effects of private landholding size on the amount and type of forest cover retained within economically active rural properties in an aging southern Amazonian deforestation frontier. Data on both upland and riparian forest cover from a survey of 300 rural properties indicated that 49.4% (SD = 29.0%) of the total forest cover was maintained as of 2007. and that property size is a key regional-scale determinant of patterns of deforestation and land-use change. Small properties (<= 150 ha) retained a lower proportion of forest (20.7%, SD = 17.6) than did large properties (>150 ha; 55.6%, SD = 27.2). Generalized linear models showed that property size had a positive effect on remaining areas of both upland and total forest cover. Using a Landsat time-series, the age of first clear-cutting that could be mapped within the boundaries of each property had a negative effect on the proportion of upland, riparian, and total forest cover retained. Based on these data, we show contrasts in land-use strategies between smallholders and largeholders, as well as differences in compliance with legal requirements in relation to minimum forest cover set-asides within private landholdings. This suggests that property size structure must be explicitly considered in landscape-scale conservation planning initiatives guiding agro-pastoral frontier expansion into remaining areas of tropical forest. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fragmentation drives tropical forest fragments to early successional states: A modelling study for Brazilian Atlantic forests

Land use leads to massive habitat destruction and fragmentation in tropical forests. Despite its global dimensions the effects of fragmentation on ecosystem dynamics are not well understood due to the complexity of the problem. We present a simulation analysis performed by the individual-based model FORMIND. The model was applied to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one of the world`s biodiversity hot spots, at the Plateau of Sao Paulo. This study investigates the long-term effects of fragmentation processes on structure and dynamics of different sized remnant tropical forest fragments (1-100 ha) at community and plant functional type (PFT) level. We disentangle the interplay of single effects of different key fragmentation processes (edge mortality, increased mortality of large trees, local seed loss and external seed rain) using simulation experiments in a full factorial design. Our analysis reveals that particularly small forest fragments below 25 ha suffer substantial structural changes, biomass and biodiversity loss in the long term. At community level biomass is reduced up to 60%. Two thirds of the mid- and late-successional species groups, especially shade-tolerant (late successional climax) species groups are prone of extinction in small fragments. The shade-tolerant species groups were most strongly affected; its tree number was reduced more than 60% mainly by increased edge mortality. This process proved to be the most powerful of those investigated, explaining alone more than 80% of the changes observed for this group. External seed rain was able to compensate approximately 30% of the observed fragmentation effects for shade-tolerant species. Our results suggest that tropical forest fragments will suffer strong structural changes in the long term, leading to tree species impoverishment. They may reach a new equilibrium with a substantially reduced subset of the initial species pool, and are driven towards an earlier successional state. The natural regeneration potential of a landscape scattered with forest fragments appears to be limited, as external seed rain is not able to fully compensate for the observed fragmentation-induced changes. Our findings suggest basic recommendations for the management of fragmented tropical forest landscapes. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Entropy Drives an Attached Water Molecule from the C- to N-Terminus on Protonated Proline

Results from infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and kinetics of singly hydrated, protonated proline indicate that the water molecule hydrogen bonds preferentially to the formally neutral carboxylic acid at low temperatures and at higher temperatures to the protonated N-terminus, which bears the formal charge. Hydration isomer populations obtained from IRPD kinetic data as a function of temperature are used to generate a van`t Hoff plot that reveals that C-terminal binding is enthalpically favored by 4.2-6.4 kJ/mol, whereas N-terminal binding is entropically favored by 31-43 J/(mol K), consistent with a higher calculated barrier for water molecule rotation at the C-terminus.

The zebrafish spil promoter drives myeloid-specific expression in stable transgenic fish

The spi1 (pu.1) gene has recently been identified as a useful marker of early myeloid cells in zebrafish. To enhance the versatility of this organism as a model for studying myeloid development, the promoter of this gene has been isolated and characterized. Transient transgenesis revealed that a 5.3 kilobase promoter fragment immediately upstream of the spi1 coding sequence was sufficient to drive expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in injected embryos in a manner that largely recapitulated the native spi1 gene expression pattern. This fragment was successfully used to produce a germ line transgenic line of zebrafish with EGFP-expressing myeloid cells. These TG(spi1:EGFP)pA301 transgenic zebrafish represent a valuable tool for further studies of myeloid development and its perturbation.

Strategy not tactics drives aggregate planning

The aggregate planning model supposedly shows how manufacturers cope with seasonally biased sales. Unfortunately, industry has failed to embrace any of the sophisticated algorithms that were developed to solve the corresponding resources allocation problem. This paper reveals why such methods have proven so unattractive. Aggregate planning is a chimera. In practice, planners construct the master production schedule directly, in line with a preferred production strategy. A “chase” plan is the most popular choice. When this option proves infeasible, management plumps for another predetermined strategy. The resultant stockpiling brings certain financial risks. However, companies take various measures to reduce their exposure.

Power demand and energy usage of container crane - comparison between AC and DC drives

The electrical data of two quay cranes, one has a DC drive system and the other has an AC drive system, in actual working conditions at a container terminal are measured and presented in this paper. Peak demand, energy usage, power factor and power quality are examined and compared.

What drives long-distance movements in the nomadic Grey Teal Anas gracilis in Australia?

In contrast to northern temperate environments, where day length and temperature changes are obvious proximate cues for movement to resource-rich breeding habitats, the cues for movement used by birds in an often resource-poor, stochastic environment are less obvious. We recorded long-distance movements of 23 Grey Teal Anas gracilis using satellite telemetry for up to 879 days and examined the relationship between those movements and environmental factors, such as heavy rainfall and flooding, at the destination site. We identified 32 long-distance [> 150 km) movements that met our criterion for minimally interrupted flight between origin and destination. Thirteen of these flights coincided with rainfall and/or flooding events up to 1050 km from the origin. However, some ducks moved without any clear beneficial conditions at the destination onto small wetlands in regions with little surface water. The data suggest that there are two types of long-distance movement - ranging and directed. These flights occurred over distances up to 1200 km across the arid inland. The rates and distances of movement suggest that long-distance movements of Grey Teal entail high energy costs as in waterfowl elsewhere. We conclude that the proximate controls of directIn contrast to northern temperate environments, where day length and temperature changes are obvious proximate cues for movement to resource-rich breeding habitats, the cues for movement used by birds in an often resource-poor, stochastic environment are less obvious. We recorded long-distance movements of 23 Grey Teal Anas gracilis using satellite telemetry for up to 879 days and examined the relationship between those movements and environmental factors, such as heavy rainfall and flooding, at the destination site. We identified 32 long-distance (> 150 km) movements that met our criterion for minimally interrupted flight between origin and destination. Thirteen of these flights coincided with rainfall and/or flooding events up to 1050 km from the origin. However, some ducks moved without any clear beneficial conditions at the destination onto small wetlands in regions with little surface water. The data suggest that there are two types of long-distance movement – ranging and directed. These flights occurred over distances up to 1200 km across the arid inland. The rates and distances of movement suggest that long-distance movements of Grey Teal entail high energy costs as in waterfowl elsewhere. We conclude that the proximate controls of directed movements need not be very different from those of their temperate counterparts.ed movements need not be very different from those of their temperate counterparts.

What drives technology innovation among the emerging Chinese enterprises?

In the light of rapid development of technology/knowledge intensive firms arising from the emerging economy of China in recent time, this paper is aimed at developing an analytical framework, based on the institutional theory and resource-based view, to evaluate the drivers and antecedents of technology innovation among Chinese emerging multinational enterprises (MNEs). Use of case study approach, the study examined two large Chinese enterprises in Wuhan and found that a linear sequential pattern of technology innovation did not apply. In contrast, two enterprises investigated tended to combine several types of innovation (strategic cost, organisational and operational innovation) to manage their internal capabilities and other organisational activities and routines to change, learn, adapt and create technology innovation. Our finding in this study also suggests that the key factor for Chinese firms to be innovative is more internally driven by several human resource management strategies that helped build technological capabilities effectively. Main implications of this study are that organisational human resource managers, technology and system designers should work together to design and develop enterprise management systems conducive to enhance both technology and human creativity for emerging Chinese multinational enterprises.