Os Liames de Solidariedade entre o Estado e as Organizações de Economia Solidária na Luta contra Pobreza nas Comunidades Rurais em Cabo Verde

La thèse a comme but comprendre, à la lumière du paradigme du don et de la perspective théorique de l’économie solidaire, la nature des relations de coopération entre l’Etat et les Associations Communautaires de Développement, dans le cadre de la lutte contre la pauvreté dans les communautés rurales au Cap Vert. L’objet principal de l’étude est le Programme de la Lutte Contre la Pauvreté et, particulièrement, son (Sous)Programme de la Lutte Contre la Pauvreté au milieu rural. Le PLPR, par sa conception de pauvreté, méthodologie et stratégie d’intervention décentralisé au sein des Associations Communautaires de Développement et respectives communautés, s’est révélé comme le modèle qui illustre mieux comment les deux modalités de solidarité démocratique, réciprocité et redistribution, s’interragent et participent d’un processus dynamique de génération, construction et multiplication d’initiatives et d’expériences d’économie solidaires; d’ampliation et approfondissement du processus de démocratisation de l’Etat et d’approximation de la gestion publique des communautés rurales pauvres. Subsidiairement, le paradigme du don, particulièrement, le concept de solidarité démocratique, nous a forcé à proposer un autre regard sur l’économie (conventionnelle) du Cap Vert, à partir de la réflexion et analyse sur la relation entre l’Etat et la diaspora capverdienne, propagée autour du monde, comme hypothèse dont les liens culturelles et d’identités qui existent entre l’Etat et la Diaspora constituent la motivation principale des émigrants pour envoyer, régulièrement, leurs revenues au Cap Vert. De son côté, à partir des relations de coopération entre l’Etat capverdien et ses traditionnels partenaires internationaux de développement, nous avons formulé l’hypothèse dont l’Aide Publique au Développement consiste en un système international de redistribution de ressources publiques au Cap Vert, (dons aux étrangers), pour faire face aux défis de la lutte pour l’éradication de la pauvreté et de la promotion du développement socioéconomique, représentant ainsi, comme l’équivalent empirique du concept de solidarité distributive international.

A Motivação de Viagem como Critério de Segmentação do Mercado Turístico da Ilha de São Vicente

A segmentação de mercado é uma técnica que os profissionais de marketing utilizam para dividir o mercado em segmentos, tendo em vista a criação de estratégias para satisfazer os clientes. Este estudo visa identificar e caracterizar os segmentos do mercado turístico da ilha de São Vicente – Cabo Verde com base nas motivações de viagem. Para a concretização deste estudo recorreu-se a uma revisão da literatura referente à segmentação de mercado em geral e à do mercado turístico em específico, às motivações de viagem, e à delimitação da actividade turística. Desta forma, foram colhidos subsídios que permitiram a elaboração de um modelo de segmentação com base nas motivações de viagem dos visitantes para que se pudesse identificar os segmentos do mercado de turismo da ilha de São Vicente. Aplicou-se um questionário a uma amostra de 200 turistas internacionais que estavam de visita a ilha de São Vicente entre os dias 20 de Agosto e 21 de Outubro de 2013. A partir dos dados recolhidos, fez-se uma análise de clusters onde foram identificados três segmentos que receberam as denominações de “Cultos”, “Diáspora” e “Aventureiros” de acordo com as suas respectivas motivações de viagem. Na análise das diferenças entre os segmentos constatou-se que, o segmento “Cultos” são os que viajam para conhecer outras pessoas e outras culturas e visitar pontos turísticos. Por sua vez, a “Diaspora” são os que viajam por motivos de estar com amigos e familiares. E por último, o “Aventureiros” viajam para experimentar coisas novas, interagir com residentes locais, apreciar paisagem, contacto com a natureza, sair da rotina diária, conhecer outras pessoas e outras culturas, visitar pontos turísticos e conhecer gastronomia local.

IRELAND AND LATIN AMERICA: A CULTURAL HISTORY

According to Declan Kiberd, “postcolonial writing does not begin only when the occupier withdraws: rather it is initiated at that very moment when a native writer formulates a text committed to cultural resistance.” The Irish in Latin America – a continent emerging from indigenous cultures, colonisation, and migrations – may be regarded as colonised in Ireland and as colonisers in their new home. They are a counterexample to the standard pattern of identities in the major English-speaking destinations of the Irish Diaspora. Using literary sources, the press, correspondence, music, sports, and other cultural representations, in this thesis I search the attitudes and shared values signifying identities among the immigrants and their families. Their fragmentary and wide-ranging cultures provide a rich context to study the protean process of adaptation to, or rejection of, the new countries. Evolving from oppressed to oppressors, the Irish in Latin America swiftly became ingleses. Subsequently, in order to join the local middle classes they became vaqueros, llaneros, huasos, and gauchos so they could show signs of their effective integration to the native culture, as seen by the Latin American elites. Eventually, some Irish groups separated from the English mainstream culture and shaped their own community negotiating among Irishness, Englishness, and local identities in Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, Cuba, and other places in the region. These identities were not only unmoored in the emigrants’ minds but also manoeuvred by the political needs of community and religious leaders. After reviewing the major steps and patterns of Irish migration to Latin America, the thesis analyses texts from selected works, offers a version of how the settlers became Latin Americans or not, and elucidates the processes by which a new Irish-Latin American hybrid was created.

Ferran Canyameres, la creació de l'Editorial Albor i la, fàbrica Simenon

En plena ocupació alemanya de França, amb la intel·lectualitat catalana fraccionada entre els escriptors de l’interior i els de l’exili, i aquests últims encara repartits entre els diversos països que van acollir la diàspora republicana, l’escriptor Ferran Canyameres va tenir la idea de crear una editorial popular per acostar al public lector de Catalunya l’obra de l’inoblidable creador del comissari Maigret

Le ballon ne tourne pas rond en Afrique: les effets pervers d'une "extraversion dépendante"

Les dirigeants du football africain ont abandonné les politiques protectionnistes pour bâtir des sélections nationales performantes. Ils s'orientent vers des stratégies libérales qui favorisent le départ de joueurs à l'étranger et leur rapatriement pour les matches de l'équipe nationale. De plus en plus systématiquement, les footballeurs d'origine africaine ayant grandi en Europe sont « récupérés ». Si le recours à la « diaspora » permet de compenser le gâchis de talents résultant de la faiblesse de la formation locale de footballeurs, cette pratique empêche le football national de se structurer. The managers of African football have abandoned their protectionist policies in order to build up high-performing national teames. They are adopting liberal strategies fostering the departure of players abroad and their repatriation for national team matches. Footballers of African origin who have grown up in Europe are increasingly often being "retrieved". Although this recourse to the "diaspora" offsets the waste of talent brought about by the shortcomings of local training for footballers, this practice puts a brake on the structuring of national football.

Marooned plants : vernacular naming practices in the Mascarene Islands

This article explores possible histories of plant exchanges and plant naming tied to the slave trade between East Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. The subsequent 'marronnage' of slaves on these islands - their escape from captivity, sometimes to live in mountain hideouts - continues to inspire cultural references. Inspired by the use of the adjective 'marron/marronne' for a number of plants on Reunion Island, we compile evidence of plant exchanges and plant naming from ecological records, historical accounts and the use of descriptive, emotive or symbolic vernacular names as clues for deepening our knowledge of historical societies and environments. The evidence from the Mascarenes opens a window into the role of the African diaspora in plant introduction, diffusion, domestication and cultivation. We document that maroons relied on a variety of wild, escaped and cultivated plants for their subsistence. We also highlight the role of marronnage in the popular and literary imaginary, with the result that many plants are named 'marron/marrone' in a metaphorical sense. Finally, we identify a few plants that may have been transported, cultivated, or encouraged in one way or another by maroons. Along the way, we reflect on the pitfalls and opportunities of such interdisciplinary work.

"Voyage through death/to life upon these shores": the living dead of the Middle Passage

While historical studies of the Atlantic slave trade have amply demonstrated the magnitude of slave mortality during the Middle Passage, only recently have they started to examine how the captives might have endured and coped with this traumatic experience. Although it constitutes a major topos in African diasporic culture, the Middle Passage has only occasionally been represented directly and in details in novels and in films. This article examines three recent narratives of the Middle Passage, Fred D'Aguiar's novel Feeding the Ghosts (1998), Guy Deslauriers's film Passage du milieu (2000), and Stephanie Smallwood's historical study Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora (2007). Beyond their individual poetic, aesthetic, and scholarly qualities, what is most striking about these three texts is that they all use the figure of the living dead in order to explore the captives' experience of the transatlantic journey. If the ghastly quality of the living dead powerfully captures the life-threatening material and physical conditions the captives endured on the voyage, its dual, liminal character also allows D'Aguiar, Deslauriers, and Smallwood to represent the metaphysical, psychological, social, and cultural journey they were forced to undertake. Through their use of the trope of the living dead, these three texts show that if death is indeed a central aspect of the experience of the Middle Passage, it impacts the captives in ways that go well beyond the issue of mortality.

Elevated hypertension risk for African-origin populations in biracial societies : Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study.

OBJECTIVES: Blood pressures in persons of African descent exceed those of other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Whether this trait is attributable to the genetic factors in African-origin populations, or a result of inadequately measured environmental exposures, such as racial discrimination, is not known. To study this question, we conducted a multisite comparative study of communities in the African diaspora, drawn from metropolitan Chicago, Kingston, Jamaica, rural Ghana, Cape Town, South Africa, and the Seychelles. METHODS: At each site, 500 participants between the age of 25 and 49 years, with approximately equal sex balance, were enrolled for a longitudinal study of energy expenditure and weight gain. In this study, we describe the patterns of blood pressure and hypertension observed at baseline among the sites. RESULTS: Mean SBP and DBP were very similar in the United States and South Africa in both men and women, although among women, the prevalence of hypertension was higher in the United States (24 vs. 17%, respectively). After adjustment for multiple covariates, relative to participants in the United States, SBP was significantly higher among the South Africans by 9.7 mmHg (P < 0.05) and significantly lower for each of the other sites: for example, Jamaica: -7.9 mmHg (P = 0.06), Ghana: -12.8 mmHg (P < 0.01) and Seychelles: -11.1 mmHg (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: These data are consistent with prior findings of a blood pressure gradient in societies of the African diaspora and confirm that African-origin populations with lower social status in multiracial societies, such as the United States and South Africa, experience more hypertension than anticipated based on anthropometric and measurable socioeconomic risk factors.

S'inscrire dans l'espace public en tant que musulman en Suisse

En Suisse, comme dans de nombreux pays européens, l'exigence d'une représentation musulmane impose une forme d'inscription dans l'espace public d'acteurs emblématiques de l'islam. Cette contribution entend éclairer les différentes contraintes institutionnelles qui poussent les musulmans à s'inscrire différemment dans l'espace public. On distingue d'une part, une tendance s'efforçant d'apparaître dans l'espace public comme une structure confessionnelle garant de la communitas islamica. Elle est composée de communautés de la diaspora qui ont obtenu des accords auprès de la Confédération et de communautés qui se fédèrent au niveau cantonal pour constituer une représentation auprès des autorités de régulation religieuse. D'autre part, des acteurs parviennent à imposer leurs exigences d'un homo islamicus idéalisé en s'inscrivant pleinement dans l'espace médiatique au risque de prétériter la « représentation » chèrement acquise par des acteurs institutionnels