Small Cities, Neoliberal Governance and Sustainable Development in the Global South : A Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda

Development and environmental issues of small cities in developing countries have largely been overlooked although these settlements are of global demographic importance and often face a "triple challenge"; that is, they have limited financial and human resources to address growing environmental problems that are related to both development (e.g., pollution) and under-development (e.g., inadequate water supply). Neoliberal policy has arguably aggravated this challenge as public investments in infrastructure generally declined while the focus shifted to the metropolitan "economic growth machines". This paper develops a conceptual framework and agenda for the study of small cities in the global south, their environmental dynamics, governance and politics in the current neoliberal context. While small cities are governed in a neoliberal policy context, they are not central to neoliberalism, and their (environmental) governance therefore seems to differ from that of global cities. Furthermore, "actually existing" neoliberal governance of small cities is shaped by the interplay of regional and local politics and environmental situations. The approach of urban political ecology and the concept of rural-urban linkages are used to consider these socio-ecological processes. The conceptual framework and research agenda are illustrated in the case of India, where the agency of small cities in regard to environmental governance seems to remain limited despite formal political decentralization.

Conceptual framework for strengthening exercises to prevent hamstring strains

High-speed running accounts for the majority of hamstring strains in many sports. The terminal swing phase is believed to be the most hazardous as the hamstrings are undergoing an active lengthening contraction in a long muscle length position. Prevention-based strength training mainly focuses on eccentric exercises. However, it appears crucial to integrate other parameters than the contraction type. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present a conceptual framework based on six key parameters (contraction type, load, range of motion, angular velocity, uni-/bilateral exercises, kinetic chain) for the hamstring's strength exercise for strain prevention. Based on the biomechanical parameters of sprinting, it is proposed to use high-load eccentric contractions. The movement should be performed at a slow to moderate angular velocity and focused at the knee joint, while the hip is kept in a large flexion position in order to reach a greater elongation stress of the hamstrings than in the terminal swing phase. In this way, we believe that, during sprinting, athletes would be better trained to brake the knee extension effectively in the whole range of motion without overstretch of the hamstrings. Finally, based on its functional application, unilateral open kinetic chain should be preferred.

Las competencias desde la perspectiva informacional: apuntes introductorios a nivel terminológico y conceptual, escenarios e iniciativas

En la actualidad, las organizaciones tienen que enfrentar los cambios en la tecnología, adecuarse a la nueva organización del trabajo y lograr ventajas en el mercado. Para ello, las competencias de los individuos juegan un papel vital, y su gestión se convierte en factor clave para la supervivencia de las mismas. Este enfoque de competencias laborales y/o profesionales, unido a la sociedad de hoy, llamada de la información hace imprescindible las competencias informacionales. Para poder llevar a cabo un estudio aplicado sobre éstas es preciso contar con un acervo teórico-conceptual. A partir de ello, este trabajo tiene como objetivos mostrar, tomando en cuenta primeramente el concepto de competencias, qué se entiende por competencias informacionales a nivel terminológico y conceptual; demostrar, mediante los diferentes escenarios, cómo las competencias informacionales se imponen; y mostrar mediante las distintas iniciativas cómo cada vez resulta más importante su gestión. El trabajo se basa en el análisis documental.

Information literacy - historical and conceptual bases: constructing meanings

Recent years have witnessed the increasing interest in studies focused on information literacy, which is reflected mainly in the number of publications on the subject and goes beyond the fields of Librarianship and Information Science. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to offer an outlook, historical and conceptual, of international researches on information literacy, trying to show some of the different ramifications which the discussion on the subject has exhibited in past few years in countries where its process of legitimation is already well established, in order to illuminate possible areas of research and action for the librarian professional. This research indicates that if the initial studies on this topic tended to be devoted to conceptualize it, discussing its relevance and determine the skills and knowledge related to information literacy, in the last decade can be noticed a proliferation of researches aimed at describing initiatives or proposing models in areas beyond the usual field such as Medical Sciences, Law, Politics or Computers, among others. The first results of this research refer to a philosophical and educational perspective of information literacy, which suggests the need for deeper understanding and characterization of information literacy in four dimensions: technical, aesthetic, ethical and political, serving both to competence as to information.

Cáncer y precáncer bucal: evolución conceptual

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión bibliográfica actualizada sobre lesiones precancerosas y cáncer de la mucosa oral, presentando datos epidemiológicos correspondientes a España y Portugal. Por otro lado, se justifica el papel fundamental y la responsabilidad del odontólogo/estomatólogo en el diagnóstico precoz y la prevención de esta patología.

La succión del pulgar: evolución conceptual

Dentro de la etiopatogenia de las maloclusiones y entre los hábitos orales, tenemos la succión digital, y el dedo pulgar con mayor frecuencia, como una de las formas más influyentes en la deformación maxilar y maloclusión subsiguiente. En este artículo se hace un repaso de las diferentes teorías que, a lo largo de la historia, han ido ilustrando las opiniones de los diferentes autores, tanto a favor como en contra del hábito de succión del pulgar.

Anàlisi dels coneixements intuïtius i del canvi conceptual en infants de parvulari, sobre els animals que viuen el seu entorn

En aquest projecte es reflexiona sobre l’ensenyament de les ciències al parvulari i com els infants aprenent conceptes relacionats amb el regne animal. La ciència escolar classifica la gran diversitat d’espècies que formen aquest regne en dos grans blocs, els vertebrats i els invertebrats, però en els patrons que ens ofereixen els animals per descobrir a ull nu aquestes particularitats són molt complexes d’observar. La visió que tenen els infants de parvulari sobre els animals del seu entorn sovint és molt allunyada de la realitat i els alumnes es creen concepcions alternatives per entendre els animals que observen. En l’estudi es realitza un recull de dades, a l’inici i el final d’una unitat didàctica, analitzant les representacions i les diferents formes de classificació dels animals de l’entorn que utilitzen els infants. Les conclusions són una reflexió sobre el perquè d’aquests coneixements alternatius i la manera de com aconseguir un canvi conceptual.

Per un patrimoni conceptual de J.-J. Rousseau

Més enllà de les controvèrsies sobre l’obra de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, el cert és que la seva obra i la mitologia que al seu entorn s’ha construït formen part del que podríem anomenar el patrimoni conceptual de la pedagogia.1 Escrits i idees, matèria i pensament, però també proposta i resposta, formarien, per tant, l’elenc dels elements a l’entorn de la seva figura als quals s’ha atorgat valor. Tres elements que, en si mateixos, representen una aportació a la pedagogia, tant per allò que s’esdevingué com per les reaccions que provocà. De tal manera que bé podem afirmar que aquest autor esdevé com un dels fonaments de la memòria pedagògica. En aquest sentit, no és estrany que, en ocasió del tricentenari del seu naixement, hagin estat diverses les iniciatives per a la difusió de la seva biografia, del seu pensament i, també, del deixant que les seves propostes han tingut.

Place branding : a conceptual and theoretical framework

Within the context of rising competition between territories, identity has become the most important element of recognition, differentiation and commodification in the communicative process within which cities, regions and countries position themselves. Geographical spaces thus compete in terms of this identity, which is then subjected to fierce comparison and competition (Nogué, 1999; Anholt, 2007a). The territorial brand thus entails the reinvention of places through a process of brand construction (branding) based on the promotion of the individual and collective identities of geographical spaces; these identities, in turn, are imbued with the intangible factors associated with their respective territorial identities.

MR connectomics: a conceptual framework for studying the developing brain.

THE COMBINATION OF ADVANCED NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES AND MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPLEX NETWORK SCIENCE, HAVE GIVEN BIRTH TO A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING THE BRAIN: "connectomics." This framework provides the ability to describe and study the brain as a dynamic network and to explore how the coordination and integration of information processing may occur. In recent years this framework has been used to investigate the developing brain and has shed light on many dynamic changes occurring from infancy through adulthood. The aim of this article is to review this work and to discuss what we have learned from it. We will also use this body of work to highlight key technical aspects that are necessary in general for successful connectome analysis using today's advanced neuroimaging techniques. We look to identify current limitations of such approaches, what can be improved, and how these points generalize to other topics in connectome research.

La "bientraitance", exploration du concept et essai d'utilisation en santé publique: une expérience à Fribourg (Suisse). ["Bientraitance": conceptual exploration and an example of its application in public health: an experience from Fribourg, Switzerland]

Since the year 2000, the concept of "bientraitance" (for which no equivalent term has yet emerged in either the English or German language) has gained widespread credence among educators, sociologists and health professionals in France and Belgium. This concept emphasizes a constructive approach to care and education rather than merely one of prevention of disasters. Applied in public health, and in particular to mental health promotion, the use of the concept of "bientraitance" can help promote both effectiveness and meaning in the design and planning of community interventions. The article presents an example of an intervention for children and adolescents in Fribourg, Switzerland. The underpinning hypothesis is that the children and youth groups (such as sports clubs, artistic and cultural associations, scouts and guides) represent largely untapped, or under-tapped, informal health resources with a favourable cost-effectiveness profile. "Bientraitance" criteria are used in selecting certain associations offering structured extracurricular group educational activities and collective out-of-school (or after school) programmes. Support is provided to the organisations selected for recruiting new members, in particular those with potentially lower levels of access, for example disabled children or new migrants. The results will be evaluated for the impact of participation in various out-of-school activities on health and health determinants from a prospective and comparative perspective. This paper shows how the concept of "bientraitance" can be useful in the development of a public health intervention.

Pintoresco : Evaluación de los procesos de aprendizaje conceptual

El documento recoge los hitos del desarrollo de Pintoresco, una aplicación orientada a la evaluación de los procesos de aprendizaje conceptual que se examinan a partir de su uso por usuario ordinario. La aplicación permite obtener datos del proceso de aprendizaje conceptual en un contexto en que la estructura interna de las clases en que se produce una partición no depende de las propiedades específicas de los patrones de estímulo que son distintos para cada usuario sino de la forma lógica de la propia partición.

La Formación de la imagen turística inducida: un modelo conceptual

Teniendo en cuenta que la imagen turística ha sido reconocida como uno de los elementos más influyentes para la competitividad de los destinos turísticos, el principal objetivo de este artículo es construir un marco conceptual que muestre la influencia de la red relacional del destino en su imagen emitida. En este contexto, se asume que la imagen tu rística es una construcción social resultante de lainteracción de los distintos agentes que intervienen en el destino turístico (administraciones públicas, instituciones locales, empresas turísticas, etc.); y se propone un modelo teórico para mostrar los efectos de la red relacional del destino turístico en la calidad de la imagen turística creada en términos de conocimiento generado y, por tanto, en su competitividad