CAN CHINA USE ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES INSTEAD OF COAL TO PROVIDE MORE ELECTRICITY BY 2030?

Following the rapid growth of China's economy, energy consumption, especially electricity consumption of China, has made a huge increase in the past 30 years. Since China has been using coal as the major energy source to produce electricity during these years, environmental problems have become more and more serious. The research question for this paper is: "Can China use alternative energies instead of coal to produce more electricity in 2030?" Hydro power, nuclear power, natural gas, wind power and solar power are considered as the possible and most popular alternative energies for the current situation of China. To answer the research question above, there are two things to know: How much is the total electricity consumption in China by 2030? And how much electricity can the alternative energies provide in China by 2030? For a more reliable forecast, an econometric model using the Ordinary Least Squares Method is established on this paper to predict the total electricity consumption by 2030. The predicted electricity coming from alternative energy sources by 2030 in China can be calculated from the existing literature. The research results of this paper are analyzed under a reference scenario and a max tech scenario. In the reference scenario, the combination of the alternative energies can provide 47.71% of the total electricity consumption by 2030. In the max tech scenario, it provides 57.96% of the total electricity consumption by 2030. These results are important not only because they indicate the government's long term goal is reachable, but also implies that the natural environment of China could have an inspiring future.

Sistema de comunicaciones para una planta fotovoltaica

Las plantas solares fotovoltaicas, que son cada vez más habituales en nuestra sociedad, necesitan contar con un sistema de comunicaciones que permita la monitorización continua del funcionamiento de los diferentes equipos así como el control remoto de los mismos y la regulación de la producción. En este Proyecto se ha estudiado la estructura eléctrica y constructiva de una planta fotovoltaica genérica, prestando especial atención a los requerimientos que debe reunir el sistema de comunicaciones. El diseño del sistema de comunicaciones se ha realizado sobre una planta solar ficticia aún sin construir analizando su estructura sobre plano y aproximando la topología de red que se necesita implementar. Partiendo de esta estructura y de las cualidades de este tipo de instalaciones se ha realizado un análisis de las tecnologías disponibles, optando por una solución inalámbrica mixta, utilizando enlaces WiMAX y WiFi, manteniendo tecnología cableada únicamente para interconexión cercana de equipos. Esta elección se ha realizado con la intención de dotar a la planta de un sistema fiable, robusto y flexible sin descuidar el factor económico; para eso se ha cuidado la selección de equipamiento, su disposición en la planta y su configuración básica de funcionamiento. A partir de la solución definitiva se ha obtenido un presupuesto económico de la instalación. Se ha completado el diseño mediante simulaciones radioeléctricas, para asegurar un correcto funcionamiento de los diferentes enlaces. The photovoltaic solar power plants, which are becoming more common in our society, need a communications system that allowing continuous monitoring of the operation of the different devices as well as their remote control and regulation of the production. In this Project, electrical structure and construction of a generic photovoltaic solar plant have been studied, paying special attention to the essential requirements which must be fulfilled by the communication system. The communication system design is was carried out assuming that photovoltaic solar plant is fictitious and before its construction, analysing its structure over site plan and approximating the net topology in order to implement it. The analysis of the available technologies was performed basing on this structure as well as the qualities of this kind of facilities. As a result, a wireless mix option with WIMAX and WiFi links was chosen, using cable technology only to the close interconnection between equipments. This choice was made with the intention of giving the plant with a reliable, robust and flexible system without neglecting the economic factor, so that, the selection of equipment, the layout at the plant and operating basic configuration have been paid great attention. From the final solution is obtained a financial budget of the facility. Design is completed by radioelectric simulations to ensure the operation of the several links properly.

Magnetic self-field effects on current collection by an ionospheric bare tether

It was recently suggested that the magnetic field created by the current of a bare tether strongly reduces its own electron-collection capability when a magnetic separatrix disconnecting ambient magnetized plasma from tether extends beyond its electric sheath. It is here shown that current reduction by the self-field depends on the ratio meterizing bias and current profiles along the tether (Lt tether length, characteristic length gauging ohmic effects) and on a new dimensionless number Ks involving ambient and tether parameters. Current reduction is weaker the lower Ks and L*/ Lt, which depend critically on the type of cross section: Ks varies as R5/3, h2/3R, and h2/3 1/4 width for wires, round tethers conductive only in a thin layer, and thin tapes, respectively; L* varies as R2/3 for wires and as h2/3 for tapes and round tethers conductive in a layer (R radius, h thickness). Self-field effects are fully negligible for the last two types of cross sections whatever the mode of operation. In practical efficient tether systems having L*/Lt low, maximum current reduction in case of wires is again negligible for power generation; for deorbiting, reduction is <1% for a 10 km tether and 15% for a 20 km tether. In the reboost mode there are no effects for Ks below some threshold; moderate effects may occur in practical but heavy reboost-wire systems that need no dedicated solar power.

Electrodynamic tethers for spacecraft propulsion

Relatively short electrodynamic tethers can use solar power to "push" against a planetary magnetic field to achieve propul sion without expenditure of propellant. The groundwork has been laid for this type of propulsion. Recent important milestones include retrieval of a tether in space (TSS-1, 1992), successful deployment of a 20-km-long tether in space (SEDS-1, 1993), and operation of an electrodynamic tether with tether current driven in both directions (PMG, 1993). The planned Propulsive Small Expendable Deployer System (ProSEDS) experiment will use the flight-proven Small Expendable Deployer System (SEDS) to deploy a 5-km bare copper tether from a Delta II upper stage to achieve -0,4 N drag thrust, thus deorbiting the stage, The experiment will use a predominantly "bare" tether for current collection in lieu of the endmass collector and insulated tether approach used on previous missions, Theory and ground-based plasma chamber testing indicate that the bare tether is a highly efficient current collector. The flight experiment is a precursor to utilization of the technology on the International Space tation (JSS) for reboost and the electrodynamic tether pper stage demonstration misión which will be capable of orbit raising, lowering, and inclination changes—all using electrodynamic thrust. In addition, the use of this type of propulsion may be attractive for future missions to Jupiter.

Diseño de receptor de torre central para generación directa de vapor con perfil de potencia variable longitudinal y transversalmente

En este estudio se ha realizado el diseño de un receptor de una central de Torre Central de energía solar para generación directa de vapor, mediante el uso de métodos numéricos, con un perfil de potencia incidente variable longitudinal y transversalmente. Para ello se ha dividido la geometría del receptor según el método de diferencias finitas, y se ha procedido a resolver las ecuaciones del balance de energía. Una vez resuelto el sistema de ecuaciones se dispone de la distribución de temperaturas en el receptor y se puede proceder a analizar los resultados así como a calcular otros datos de interés. ABSTRACT In this study it has been made a Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plant’s Receiver design for direct steam production, by using numerical methods, with a variable longitudinally and transversely income solar power profile. With this propose, the receiver’s geometry has been divided using the finite difference method, and the energy balance equations have been solved. Once the equations system has been solved, the receiver´s temperature distribution is known, and you can analyze the results as well as calculate other interesting data.

Stoichiometry in Context: Inquiry-Guided Problems of Chemistry for Encouraging Critical Thinking in Engineering Students

This paper focuses on examples of educational tools concerning the learning of chemistry for engineering students through different daily life cases. These tools were developed during the past few years for enhancing the active role of students. They refer to cases about mineral water, medicaments, dentifrices and informative panels about solar power, where an adequate quantitative treatment through stoichiometry calculations allows the interpretation of data and values announced by manufacturers. These cases were developed in the context of an inquiry-guided instruction model. By bringing tangible chemistry examples into the classroom we provide an opportunity for engineering students to apply this science to familiar products in hopes that they will appreciate chemistry more, will be motivated to study concepts in greater detail, and will connect the relevance of chemistry to everyday life.

Desarrollo de un sistema de almacenamiento térmico para la central termosolar Astexol 2

En este proyecto se elabora la ingeniería básica de un sistema de almacenamiento térmico para la central termosolar Astexol 2 (Badajoz, España). Para ello, primeramente se decidió que el sistema térmico de almacenamiento a diseñar fuera indirecto de dos tanques con sales fundidas. Una vez seleccionado el tipo de almacenamiento adecuado, se seleccionó la capacidad de almacenamiento óptima, en base a unos objetivos establecidos para la instalación del TES en Astexol 2. Finalmente, se procedió con el diseño de los equipos principales y con la realización de los planos de implantación y de los PFD’s (diagramas de flujo) y P&ID’s (diagramas de instrumentación y control) del sistema de almacenamiento. ABSTRACT This project includes the basic engineering of a thermal storage system for the concentrating solar power plant Astexol 2 (Badajoz, Spain). First of all, it was decided that the type of thermal storage system to design had to be an indirect two-tank molten salt thermal storage system. Once the proper type of storage system was chosen, the optimum storage capacity was selected, according to the main aims designated for the thermal storage system installation in Astexol 2.Finally, the design of the main equipment of the thermal storage system was done, together with the elaboration of the associated plot plans, PFD’s (Process Flow Diagrams) and P&ID’s (Process and Instrumentation Diagrams).

Integración técnica y económica de energías renovables, en un sistema eléctrico liberalizado, a partir de vectores energéticos

El objetivo de la tesis es estudiar la bondad del almacenamiento de energía en hidrógeno para minorar los desvíos de energía respecto a su previsión de parques eólicos y huertas solares. Para ello se ha partido de datos de energías horarias previstas con 24 h de antelación y la energía real generada. Se ha procedido a dimensionar la planta de hidrógeno, a partir de una modelización de la operación de la misma, teniendo siempre como objetivo la limitación de los desvíos. Posteriormente, se ha procedido a simular la operación de la planta con dos objetivos en mente, uno limitar los desvíos y por otro lado operar la planta como una central de bombeo, generando hidrógeno en horas valle y generando electricidad en horas punta. Las dos simulaciones se han aplicado a tres parques eólicos de diferentes potencias, y a una huerta solar fotovoltaica. Se ha realizado un estudio económico para determinar la viabilidad de las plantas dimensionadas, obteniendo como resultado que no son viables a día de hoy y con la estimación de precios considerada, necesitando disminuir considerablemente los costes, dependiendo fuertemente de la bondad de los métodos de previsión de viento. Por último se ha estudiado la influencia de la disminución de los desvíos generados sobre una red tipo de 30 nudos, obteniendo como resultado, que si bien no disminuyen sensiblemente los extra costes generados en regulación, sí que mejora la penetración de las energías renovables no despachables en la red. Se observa disminuyen los vertidos eólicos cuando se usa la planta de hidrógeno. ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to study the benefit of hydrogen energy storage to minimize energy deviations of Wind Power and Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plants compared to its forecast. To achieve this goal, first of all we have started with hourly energy data provided 24 h in advance (scheduled energy), and real generation (measured energy). Secondly, It has been sized the hydrogen plant, from a modeling of its working mode, always keeping the goal in mind of limiting energy imbalances. Subsequently, It have been simulated the plant working mode following two goals, one, to limit energy imbalances and secondly to operate the plant as a pumping power plant, generating hydrogen-in valley hours and generating electricity at peak hours. The two simulations have been applied to three wind power plants with different installed power capacities, and a photovoltaic solar power plant. It has been done an economic analysis in order to determine the viability of this sized plants, turning out not viable plants today with the estimated prices considered, requiring significantly lower costs, depending heavily on the reliability of the Wind Power forecast methods. Finally, It has been studied the influence of decreasing measured imbalances (of energy) in a 30 grid node, resulting that, while it not reduces significantly the extra costs generated by reserve power, it does improve the penetration of non-manageable renewable energy on the grid, by reducing the curtailments of power of these plants.

Inorganic Photovoltaics - Planar and Nanostructured Devices

Since its invention in the 1950s, semiconductor solar cell technology has evolved in great leaps and bounds. Solar power is now being considered as a serious leading contender for replacing fossil fuel based power generation. This article reviews the evolution and current state, and potential areas of near future research focus, of leading inorganic materials based solar cells, including bulk crystalline, amorphous thin-films, and nanomaterials based solar cells. Bulk crystalline silicon solar cells continue to dominate the solar power market, and continued efforts at device fabrication improvements, and device topology advancements are discussed. III-V compound semiconductor materials on c-Si for solar power generation are also reviewed. Developments in thin-film based solar cells are reviewed, with a focus on amorphous silicon, copper zinc tin sulfide, cadmium telluride, as well as nanostructured Cadmium telluride. Recent developments in the use of nano-materials for solar power generation, including silicon and gallium arsenide nanowires, are also reviewed.

Evaluation of the PV cell operation temperature in the process of fast switching to open-circuit mode

A procedure for measuring the overheating temperature (ΔT ) of a p-n junction area in the structure of photovoltaic (PV) cells converting laser or solar radiations relative to the ambient temperature has been proposed for the conditions of connecting to an electric load. The basis of the procedure is the measurement of the open-circuit voltage (VO C ) during the initial time period after the fast disconnection of the external resistive load. The simultaneous temperature control on an external heated part of a PV module gives the means for determining the value of VO C at ambient temperature. Comparing it with that measured after switching OFF the load makes the calculation of ΔT possible. Calibration data on the VO C = f(T ) dependences for single-junction AlGaAs/GaAs and triple-junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge PV cells are presented. The temperature dynamics in the PV cells has been determined under flash illumination and during fast commutation of the load. Temperature measurements were taken in two cases: converting continuous laser power by single-junction cells and converting solar power by triple-junction cells operating in the concentrator modules.

Developing Autonomous Microgrids: A Theoretical Case Study

Microgrids are autonomously operated, geographically clustered electricity generation and distribution systems that supply power in closed system settings; they are highly compatible with renewable energy sources and distributed generation technologies. Mocrogrids are currently a serially underutilized and underappreciated commodity in the energy infrastructure portfolio worldwide. To demonstrate feasibility under poor conditions (little renewable energy potential and high demand) this capstone project develops a theoretical case study in which a renewable microgrid is employed to power rural communities of southern Montgomery County, Arkansas. Utilizing commercially manufactured 1.5-megawatt wind turbines and a 1-megawatt solar panel generation system, 4-megawatts of lithium ion battery storage, and demand response technology, a microgrid is designed that supplies 235 households with reliable electricity supply.

Sustainable Energy Plan for a Small Island Economy: St. Vincent & the Grenadines

This paper defines a sustainable energy plan to provide the basis for renewable energy initiatives that will increase energy security, reduce negative economic impacts and provide a cleaner environment. The hotel, agriculture, transportation, construction, utility, government and private sectors will play pivotal roles in achieving targets and will see significant gains. Government policies, educational campaigns and financial incentives will be required to facilitate and encourage renewable energy development and entrepreneurship. Utilization of solar energy, energy conservation measures and the use of efficient and alternative fuel vehicles by the commercial/industrial and private sectors will be crucial in meeting targets. The utility company will be charged with developing large scale renewable energy applications and with improving efficiency of the electrical system.

Proceedings of the Ocean Thermal Conversion (OTEC) Biofouling and Corrosion Symposium, October 10-12, 1977, Seattle, Washington /

Mode of access: Internet.

A greenhouse integrating desalination, water saving and rainwater harvesting for use in salt-affected inland regions

This study proposes a new type of greenhouse for water re-use and energy saving for agriculture in arid and semi-arid inland regions affected by groundwater salinity. It combines desalination using reverse osmosis (RO), re-use of saline concentrate rejected by RO for cooling, and rainwater harvesting. Experimental work was carried at GBPUAT, Pantnagar, India. Saline concentrate was fed to evaporative cooling pads of greenhouse and found to evaporate at similar rates as conventional freshwater. Two enhancements to the system are described: i) A jet pump, designed and tested to use pressurized reject stream to re-circulate cooling water and thus maintain uniform wetness in cooling pads, was found capable of multiplying flow of cooling water by a factor of 2.5 to 4 while lifting water to a head of 1.55 m; and ii) Use of solar power to drive ventilation fans of greenhouse, for which an electronic circuit has been produced that uses maximum power-point tracking to maximize energy efficiency. Re-use of RO rejected concentrate for cooling saves water (6 l d-1 m-2) of greenhouse floor area and the improved fan could reduce electricity consumption by a factor 8.

Practical design considerations of cascaded hybrid battery storage systems

The high cost of batteries has led to investigations in using second-life ex-transportation batteries for grid support applications. Vehicle manufacturers currently all have different specifications for battery chemistry, arrangement of cells, capacity and voltage. With anticipated new developments in battery chemistry which could also affect these parameters, there are, as yet, no standards defining parameters in second life applications. To overcome issues relating to sizing and to prevent future obsolescence for the rest of the energy storage system, a cascaded topology with an operating envelope design approach has been used to connect together modules. This topology offers advantages in terms of system reliability. The design methodology is validated through a set of experimental results resulting in the creation of surface maps looking at the operation of the converter (efficiency and inductor ripple current). The use of a pre-defined module operating envelope also offers advantages for developing new operational strategies for systems with both hybrid battery energy systems and also hybrid systems including other energy sources such as solar power.