Les jeunes face au marché du travail en France: entre difficultés d´insertion et stratégies de pénétration

En une génération, entre 1975 et 1995, le paysage du marché du travail auquel les jeunes font face a radicalement changé.

Entre a vulnerabilidade e a exclusão : pessoas portadoras de deficiência física face à nova questão social

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a situação de exclusão social gerada pela nova ordem político-econômica global, para com as pessoas portadoras de deficiência e, em especial, na Colômbia. A presente análise, mais do que ratificar um estado de exclusão definido pelo estigma social, pretende reinscrever a trajetória desse grupo na dinâmica mais ampla que configura a nova questão social. Busca-se, então, entender o modo pelo qual os circuitos e mecanismos criados pelo Estado liberal, em nome da eficiência econômica, acabaram recriando novas formas de desigualdade e riscos de exclusão que afetam os membros desse grupo. Especial destaque é dado aos debates e controvérsias levantados em torno da dialética exclusão/integração em sua relação com os critérios médicos de avaliação funcional, a natureza do Estado e as políticas públicas. Na especificidade do Estado colombiano, é analisada a ambição e os limites do programa governamental Política de Prevenção e Atenção as Pessoas Portadoras de Deficiência.

Real-World Social Cognition: Context Effects in Face and Threat Processing

As borne out by everyday social experience, social cognition is highly dependent on context, modulated by a host of factors that arise from the social environment in which we live. While streamlined laboratory research provides excellent experimental control, it can be limited to telling us about the capabilities of the brain under artificial conditions, rather than elucidating the processes that come into play in the real world. Consideration of the impact of ecologically valid contextual cues on social cognition will improve the generalizability of social neuroscience findings also to pathology, e.g., to psychiatric illnesses. To help bridge between laboratory research and social cognition as we experience it in the real world, this thesis investigates three themes: (1) increasing the naturalness of stimuli with richer contextual cues, (2) the potentially special contextual case of social cognition when two people interact directly, and (3) a third theme of experimental believability, which runs in parallel to the first two themes. Focusing on the first two themes, in work with two patient populations, we explore neural contributions to two topics in social cognition. First, we document a basic approach bias in rare patients with bilateral lesions of the amygdala. This finding is then related to the contextual factor of ambiguity, and further investigated together with other contextual cues in a sample of healthy individuals tested over the internet, finally yielding a hierarchical decision tree for social threat evaluation. Second, we demonstrate that neural processing of eye gaze in brain structures related to face, gaze, and social processing is differently modulated by the direct presence of another live person. This question is investigated using fMRI in people with autism and controls. Across a range of topics, we demonstrate that two themes of ecological validity — integration of naturalistic contextual cues, and social interaction — influence social cognition, that particular brain structures mediate this processing, and that it will be crucial to study interaction in order to understand disorders of social interaction such as autism.