986 resultados para Coffea arabica L.
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En 1992, la Unin Nicaragense de Cafetaleros (UNICAFE), el proyecto CATIE IPM y la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), iniciaron un trabajo de manejo selectivo de malezas en caf ( Coffea arabica L.) orientado en como los producto res y extensionistas pueden tomar decisiones. Al inicio el objetivo principal era reducir la competencia entre las malezas y el caf, mas tarde se agregaron dos objetivos ms que fue el de reducir la competencia entre las mismas malezas y proteger el suelo del impacto de las lluvias y de la erosin hdrica. Para conocer el comportamiento de las malezas de cobertura en cafetales de Nicaragua, primero se realizaron experimen tos utilizando parcelas pequeas, luego el estudio se contino en parcelas grandes demostrativas. Estos estudios permitieron decidir un mtodo de muestreo para cuantificar las malezas y las coberturas el cual se conoce como punta de zapato. El resultado de los primeros experimentos indica que el manejo selectivo de las malezas tuvo un gran valor prctico al reducir la competencia entre malezas de cobertura y malezas dainas y al mantener una cobertura en el suelo reduciendo as la prdida del mismo sin afectar los rendimientos de caf.
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La implementacin de prcticas agroecolgicas en plantaciones de caf (Coffea arabica L.), es vital para el mantenimiento y aumento de la fertilidad de los suelos y el manejo sostenible del sistema. Este estudio se realiz de junio de 2009 a enero de 2010 en el Jardn Botnico y en el Centro Experimental Campos Azules, en Masatepe, Nicaragua, ubicados entre los 1154 de latitud norte y 86 09 de longitud oeste. El propsito fue evaluar dos prcticas agroecolgicas y un manejo convencional en el cultivo de caf sobre la fertilidad fsica, qumica y biolgica del suelo. Se utiliz un arreglo unifactorial en diseo bloques completo al azar (BCA)con tres repeticiones. El tratamiento agroecolgico uno consisti en la aplicacin de 2.27 kg de pulpa de caf ms 1.82 kg de gallinaza por planta y aspersiones mensuales de dos litros de biofermentado con manejo mecnico y selectivo de los rboles de sombra y arvenses. En el segundo tratamiento agroecolgico, se aplic 2.27 kilogramos de pulpa de caf por planta con igual manejo de rboles de sombra y arvenses que el agroecolgico uno. En ambos tratamientos agroecologicos, las especies arbreas fueron guaba [Inga laurina(Sw.) Willd] y genzaro [Samanea saman (Jacq) Merr., J. Wash]. El manejo convencional consisti en la aplicacin de 318 kg ha-1de fertilizante sinttico, aplicando 25% en forma de urea al 46% y el restante 75% a travs de la frmula 12-30-10 y 27-09-18 en tres aplicaciones durante la poca lluviosa, as como dos aplicaciones foliares de microelementos y, herbicidas para el manejo de arvenses. Las variables fueron densidad aparente, porosidad, retencin de agua, materia orgnica, nitrgeno total, carbono orgnico, pH, capacidad de intercambio catinico, diversidad de macrofauna del suelo, cuantificacin de bacterias y hongos. No existen diferencias entre los componentes de la fertilidad fsica y qumica del suelo, sin embargo, los sistemas con prcticas agroecolgicas registran mayor porosidad y retencin de humedad, y menor densidad aparente; as como valores ms altos de materia orgnica, capacidad de intercambio catinico, carbono orgnico, nitrgeno total, pH e ndices de diversidad de macrofauna. No se registra diferencia en las poblaciones de bacterias, pero s de hongos en el perodo lluvioso. El rendimiento acumulado de caf no difier e pero existe una tendencia en el sistema agroecolgico uno al incremento e incluso a superar al manejo convencional. Los resultados sugieren que la implementacin de prcticas agroecolgicas contribuye de manera sustancial con la fertilidad global del suelo.
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El presente estudio se realiz en las comunidades de Nueva Esperanza y Buena Vista, que se encuentran dentro del rea protegida Reserva Natural Tepec-Xomolth La Patasta, pertenecientes al municipio de Las Sabanas, departamento de Madriz, con el propsito de evaluar las condiciones de vida de las Unidades Familiares Productivas en ambas comunidades y su relacin con los recursos existentes en la reserva natural. La metodologa se desarroll en tres fases: La fase I de seleccin de los instrumentos y herramientas metodolgicas requerida para el diagnstico rural participativo, diseo de encuestas (etnobotnica, forestal, vegetal y etnozoolgica); la fase II de campo consisti en el desarroll del Diagnstico Rpido Participativo, recorrido-transecto, elaboracin de mapa de la finca y censo de problemas; y en la fase III se analiza toda la informacin de las encuestas socioeconmicas, ndice de calidad de vida de las viviendas, y de las encuestas ambientales, que sirven de base en la elaboracin de propuestas bsicas para la implementacin de un plan de manejo de las unidades familiares productivas. La informacin recabada de las 164 unidades familiares productivas (61 en Nueva Esperanza y 103 en Buena Vista) indica que el ndice de calidad de vida de las viviendas (ICVV) es considerado en el rango de bajo nivel de vida. La edad del 80% de la poblacin en ambas comunidades es inferior a los 40 aos y con una tasa promedio de analfabetismo, superior a la media nacional. La mayora de los pobladores se dedican a la agricultura, siendo el 70% de ellos catalogados como pequeos productores; comercializan en su mayora maz (Zea mays L), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L) y caf (Coffea arabica L), 20 especies frutales y 15 tipos de hortalizas. En la fauna sobresalen aves (34%), reptiles (9%), anfibios (4%) y mamferos (53%). La vegetacin es muy variada, se identificaron 39 especies forestales, 40 especies vegetales silvestres y domesticas de variado usos (madera, lea, medicinales y otros). La propuesta bsica de manejo del rea protegida incluye cinco componentes (estudio de lnea base, manejo del recurso suelo, recurso agua, priorizacin de reas fragmentadas y fincas demostrativas).
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Households in much of the tropics depend for their livelihoods on the variety and continued production of food and other products that are provided by their own farms. In such systems, maintenance of agrobiodiversity and ensuring food security are important for the well being of the population. The enset-coffee agroforestry homegardens of Southern Ethiopia that are dominated by two native perennial crops, Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and Enset (Enset ventricosum Welw. Cheesman), are examples of such agricultural systems. This study was conducted in Sidama administrative zone of Southern Ethiopia to determine the factors that influence the diversity and composition of crops in the systems. Data were collected from 144 sample homegardens selected from four districts. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to relate indices of crop diversity and area share of major crops with the physical and socioeconomic factors. The study revealed that socioeconomic factors, mainly proximity to markets, affected negatively crop species richness. The production area of the main crops enset and coffee decreased with increasing proximity to market and road while that of maize and khat increased. At household level, farm size had a significant effect on area share of enset and coffee. As farm size increased the share of the cash crop, coffee increased but that of the staple, enset declined. Enset, which is the backbone of the system in terms of food security, is declining on small farms and the share of monoculture maize system is increasing. The trend towards declining agrobiodiversity, and reduction in the production area of the main perennial crops and their gradual replacement with monoculture fields could make the systems liable to instability and collapse. As these sites are high potential agricultural areas, intensification can be achieved by integrating high-value and more productive crops, such as fruits, spices and vegetables, while maintaining the integrated and complex nature of the systems.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnolgico (CNPq)
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The growth of the coffee fruit is highly dependent on physiological and environmental factors. Environmental factors that most influence the yield of coffee during the critical growth stages are the minimum and maximum temperatures of air, which are affected by solar radiation and depend on the apparent path of the sun. This research work correlated dry mass versus fresh mass, and, fresh and dry mass as function of days after flowering of fruit coffee cv. Obata IAC 1669-20 planted in three different alignments based on the apparent trajectory of the sun, in Jaboticabal, SP. The planting was aligned according to the apparent path of the sun. There were three treatments with four replications, a total of twelve plots, each plot with one hundred plants of coffee, each treatment corresponded to an alignment of planting. The three alignments used showed no differences with respect the average fresh and dry mass. The growth rate of fruit, in fresh weight, was higher in the exponential phase, and in dry mass was higher in the linear stage. The dry weight (DW) can be estimated from the fresh weight (FW) using the model: DW = A1*exp(FW/t1). The sigmoidal model that represents the fruit growth in of coffee plants in fresh and/or dry mass in terms of days after flowering (DAF) was: FW(DW) = A2+[(A1-A2)/(1+exp(DAF-x0)/dx)].
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A cochonilha Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) suga a seiva dos botes florais e frutos do cafeeiro, atacando as rosetas desde a florao at a colheita. Embora seja relatada h alguns anos na cafeicultura, so escassas as informaes sobre o desenvolvimento dessa cochonilha em cafeeiros. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar alguns aspectos biolgicos da fase ninfal de P. citri em plantas de caf. Ovos dessa cochonilha foram retirados de uma criao em laboratrio, isolados em placas de Petri contendo discos foliares de Coffea arabica L., das cultivares Acai Cerrado, Mundo Novo e Catua Vermelho e de C. canephora Pierre & Froenher, cultivar Apoat. As placas foram mantidas em cmara climatizada a 25 1C, 70 10% de umidade relativa e 12h de fotofase. Constatou-se que a cultivar Catua Vermelho foi a que proporcionou maior durao do perodo ninfal das fmeas, porm, no foram constatadas diferenas na mortalidade. Essa cochonilha se desenvolveu satisfatoriamente em todas as cultivares de caf estudadas e os resultados no mostraram diferenas claras de susceptibilidade.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnolgico (CNPq)
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This work was carried out to study the development of populations of the genus Planococcus in different plant species, aiming at the verification of host specificity. The mealybugs Planococcus minor were obtained from cocoa plants (Theobroma cacao L.) and coffee crop (Coffea canephora L.), and Planococcus citri from citrus seedlings (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Single eggs were transferred to Petri dishes containing leaf discs of cocoa (T. cacao cultivar Catongo), coffee (Coffea arabica L. cultivar Mundo Novo) and citrus (C. sinensis cultivar Pera Rio). They were maintained on a water-agar slide at 1%, with the abaxial surface turned upwards. The dishes were sealed with a PVC plastic film and kept in climatized chambers regulated at 25 [plus or minus] 1[degrees] C, 70 [plus or minus] 10% RH and 12 hours of photophase. For the mealybugs coming from cocoa plants, the citrus substrate prolonged the nymphal development of the males (26.0 days). In the nymphal period of females and males coming from coffee plants, the coffee substrate allowed a shorter duration of that period (19.2 and 21.3 days, respectively) and, in addition to having providing a longer longevity to the females (59.1 days). The highest rates of mortality were obtained when they were reared on the cocoa substrate, regardless of the host plant from which they were originally collected, and when kept on citrus, for insects collected on coffee plants. P. citri and P. minor have higher preference for coffee substrate regardless of the original host, thus showing partial host specificity.
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Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants had the pollination process of their flowers studied in three coffee producing regions in Brazil: the first in Ribeirao Preto, state of So Paulo, in September of 2004, the second in Carmo do Paraiba, in the state of Minas Gerais, in October of 2006, and, the third, in Altinopolis, state of So Paulo, in September of 2007. In all these locations the coffee variety used was the 'Catuai Vermelho'. The pollinator species visiting the flowers, the frequency with which the flowers were visited by the insects, and the type of material collected by them ( nectar and/or pollen) were determined by counts taking place at the first 10 minutes of each hour from 7:00 AM till 6:00 PM during the months mentioned above. To estimate the fructification percentage, 25 branches were identified with color threads and protected with wire frames covered with a nylon fabric to prevent them from being visited by insects. Another group of 25 branches was similarly identified but remained without any covering so that their flowers were thus freely visited by insects. on the average, the most frequent pollinator was the Africanized bee Apis mellifera (73.7%) followed by the bee Trigona spinipes (14.5%), and Tetragonisca angustula (9.5%). The Africanized bee collected nectar and pollen to almost the same extent: 58.5% of the first and 41.5% of the second. To collect nectar, that species increased its visiting frequency up to 1:00 PM. To collect pollen, A. mellifera visited the flowers up to 1:00 PM with frequency peaks between 8:00 and 9:00 AM. T. spinipes collected pollen (58,5%) and nectar (41.5%). T. angustula collected only pollen. The branches freely visited by insects produced 181 grains on the average whereas those covered with the nylon fabric produced only 81 grains, this meaning a reduction of 55.25% in grain production. Coffee grains produced on the freely visited branches had a mean weight (1.13 g) significantly superior to that of those produced on the covered branches (0.94 g).
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An unsatisfactory profitability has led to the gradual decline of the coffee plantations in So Paulo. Among the alternatives that arise for solving this problem, two stand out: the irrigation of crops and certification of properties. Even in areas considered suitable for cultivation of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.), the use of irrigation can promote an increase in grain yield. In addition, the product certification promotes their differentiation in the market and can improve the economic results of the activity. This study aimed to evaluate the development and productivity of coffee crops subjected to irrigation or not, comparing economic data in the marketing of coffee certified or not, under the conditions of the mid-west region of So Paulo state. The field experimental design was in randomized blocks with two treatments (with and without drip irrigation) and ten repetitions. The costs of production and profitability by selling the final product were calculated. The irrigation increased the development and productivity of coffee. The return on investment took place after the third harvest. Irrigation combined with the sale of certified coffee provided financial balance 1,192% higher than the coffee is not irrigated and non-certified.
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Considerando-se a escassez de informaes sobre o beneficiamento mecanizado de sementes de caf, realizou-se este trabalho para estudar seus efeitos na qualidade fisiolgica das sementes de caf arbica. Um lote de sementes de 'Catua Amarelo IAC 62' foi submetido ao de mquina de pr-limpeza, mquina de ventiladores e peneiras e mesa densimtrica, em diversas combinaes, e as sementes foram avaliadas quanto germinao e ao vigor (envelhecimento acelerado, emergncia de plntulas, altura e massa de matria seca de plntulas e mudas). O teor de gua das sementes tambm foi determinado. Utilizou-se o delineamento estatstico de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeties, e o teste de Tukey a 5% para comparao de mdias. Concluiu-se que: a) a qualidade fisiolgica das sementes foi aprimorada medida que o lote passou por equipamentos especficos no beneficiamento, culminando com a melhor qualidade na seqncia operacional em que o lote foi submetido ao da mquina de ventiladores e peneiras e mesa densimtrica; b) a mesa densimtrica, associada mquina de ventiladores e peneiras, foi o equipamento que proporcionou a melhor separao de materiais que interferem negativamente na qualidade fisiolgica das sementes; c) as sementes maiores e/ou mais pesadas tiveram qualidade fisiolgica superior, e as sementes mocas gradas, qualidade fisiolgica similar das sementes chatas gradas; d) o descarte das fraes do lote constitudas por sementes pequenas ou de menor densidade possibilitou a obteno de lotes homogneos e com alta qualidade fisiolgica, favorecendo a obteno de mudas mais vigorosas.
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
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O clorofilmetro (SPAD-502, Minolta) um aparelho porttil que permite obteno do ndice relativo de clorofila (IRC) de modo simples, rpido e no destrutivo no prprio campo, o qual se correlaciona com a concentrao de N em vrias culturas, e que pode tornar mais rpida a correo de deficincia, otimizando a utilizao da fertirrigao. Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar se o IRC pode ser indicativo do estado nutricional em N, podendo auxiliar no ajuste da fertirrigao nitrogenada durante o ciclo do cafeeiro. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Botucatu, SP, em rea com cafeeiros do cultivar Catua Vermelho, com dois anos, no espaamento de 2,5 x 0,8 m e irrigado por gotejamento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repeties, aplicando-se um tratamento sem adubao, mas com irrigao, e mais quatro tratamentos utilizando fertirrigao com 33, 66, 100 e 133 % da dose de N recomendada, parcelada semanalmente (52,8; 105,6; 160,0; e 212,7 kg ha-1, respectivamente). O IRC aumentou linearmente com as doses de N, e a produtividade correlacionou-se significativamente com o IRC, do florescimento at a colheita, porm no com a concentrao de N foliar. Os IRCs nos cafeeiros com maior produtividade foram de 81,5 a 83,2 (florescimento e incio de expanso dos frutos), de 76,2 a 78,3 (expanso dos frutos), de 68,3 a 69,8 (incio da granao), de 64,0 a 65,9 (na granao) e de 61,7 a 62,7 unidades SPAD (na maturao). O clorofilmetro pode ser utilizado para definir a probabilidade de resposta ao N no decorrer do ciclo do cafeeiro.
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
