Global carbon budget 2013

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ± 1 σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003–2012), EFF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC yr − 1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr − 1, S OCEAN 2.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, and S LAND 2.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr − 1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, 2.2 % above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, GATM was 5.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr − 1, SOCEANwas 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1, and assuming an ELU Cof 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1 (based on the 2001–2010 average), SLAND was 2.7 ± 0.9 GtC yr − 1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003–2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 con- centration reached 392.52 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1 % (1.1–3.1 %) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61 % above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 535 ± 55 GtC for 1870–2013, about 70 % from EFF (390 ± 20 GtC) and 30 % from ELUC (145 ± 50 GtC). This paper also documents any changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget from previous budgets (Le Quéré et al., 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

Discapacidad, cultura física y eugenesia en la revista Viva Cien Años (1934-1945)

Si intentamos conocer qué propuestas de cultura física predominaban en Argentina en los inicios del siglo XX para sujetos con discapacidad, encontramos esta condición asociada a otras características consideradas indeseables en la población con base en teorías eugenésicas. Diversas corrientes ideológicas abrazaban la idea de una reproducción cualitativa de la población, inspiradas en la vertiente de eugenesia francesa neolamarckiana y del italiano N. Pende. Es sobre todo en los años 30, con el nacionalismo católico en el poder de facto, que se articularon de manera sistemática algunas tecnologías eugenésicas para prevenir la degeneración de la raza, en pos de la construcción de una "raza argentina" sana y fuerte que pudiera ser sustento del "ser nacional?, proponiendo un activo papel del Estado y una creciente medicalización de la población. Algunas tecnologías biopolíticas educacionales y sanitarias de corte eugenésico propuestas por entonces pueden rastrearse en revistas como El Monitor de la Educación Común, o los Anales de la AABEMS. Aquí me propongo examinar en la revista Viva Cien Años, publicación de divulgación sobre temas de salud que comenzó a editarse en 1934, qué representaciones sociales iban forjando en el imaginario colectivo los profesionales de la salud acerca de los sujetos con discapacidades, y qué propuestas de cultura física planteaban en relación con determinada idea de sujeto deseable y de anormalidad