Metabolism of Plasmodium bergheistar, open: III. Carbon dioxide fixation and role of pyruvate and dicarboxylic acids

Formation of C4 dicarboxylic acids in Plasmodium berghei by carbon dioxide fixation reaction has been demonstrated by the use of labeled NaH14CO3. The reactions require glucose, which may be required not only as an energy source but also to contribute to the formation of pyruvate in the process of carbon dioxide fixation. Intracellular concentration of pyruvate may play an important role in the metabolism of P. berghei; an increased intracellular level of pyruvate seems to be a prerequisite before some of these reactions could be detected. The distribution of the label indicates extensive randomization of amino acids and suggests an extensive cycling of the amino acid and organic acid pools of the parasites. This investigation formed part of the thesis submitted in 1965 for the doctoral degree at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 12, India, and was supported in part by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India.

Reactions of tetrahalogeno-1,2-benzoquinones. Part III. Reaction of tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone with tetralones and naphthols: Pathway to the condensates

With a view to understanding the mechanism of the formation of 6-methoxy-2,2-(tetrachloro--phenylenedioxy)-naphthalen-1 (2H)-one (IIIa) in the reaction of 6-methoxy-1-tetralone (Ia) with tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone (II), the reaction of (II) with various tetralones and naphthols has been studied. Reaction with either α-tetralone or α-naphthol gives 2,2-(tetrachloro-o-phenylenedioxy)naphthalen-1 (2H)-one (IIIb), whereas reaction with either β-tetralone or β-naphthol gives a mixture of (IIIb) and ,1-(tetrachloro-o-phenylenedioxy)-naphthalen-2 (1H)-one (IX), with the former predominating. Further, reactions of (II) with 7-methoxy-3,4-dihydrophenanthren- 1 (2H)-one and m-methoxyphenol gave respectively 7-methoxy- ,2-(tetrachloro-o- phenylenedioxy)phenanthren-1 (2H)-one (VII) and 3-methoxy-6,6-(tetrachloro-o- phenylenedioxy)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one (VIII). Structures of all these compounds have been proved on the basis of i.r. and n.m.r. data. The pathway to the formation of the condensates (III) is discussed.

An Empirical Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Volatility Models for Nordic Stock Returns

This paper examines how volatility in financial markets can preferable be modeled. The examination investigates how good the models for the volatility, both linear and nonlinear, are in absorbing skewness and kurtosis. The examination is done on the Nordic stock markets, including Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Different linear and nonlinear models are applied, and the results indicates that a linear model can almost always be used for modeling the series under investigation, even though nonlinear models performs slightly better in some cases. These results indicate that the markets under study are exposed to asymmetric patterns only to a certain degree. Negative shocks generally have a more prominent effect on the markets, but these effects are not really strong. However, in terms of absorbing skewness and kurtosis, nonlinear models outperform linear ones.

Quinone studies. Part III. Metal ion-catalysed oxidation of halophenols and halonaphthols by peroxidisulphate

Oxidation of representative halophenols and halonaphthols by peroxidisulphate has been examined. The influence of metallic ions, viz. Cu2+, Fe3+, Ag+, on the above reaction has been studied. Cu2+ ion-catalyzed oxidation gives halo-1, 4-quinones in excellent yield. Potassium bis(biureto)cuprate(III) complex also oxidises halophenols to halo-1, 4-quinones.

Impedance parameters and the state-of-charge. III. Zinc-manganese dioxide and magnesium-manganese dioxide dry batteries

The problem of non-destructive determination of the state-of-charge of zinc- and magnesium-manganese dioxide dry batteries is examined experimentally from the viewpoint of internal impedance and open-circuit voltage at equilibrium. It is shown that the impedance is mainly charge-transfer controlled at relatively high states-of-charge and progressively changes over to diffusion control as the state-of-charge decreases in the case of zinc-manganese dioxide dry batteries. On the other hand, the impedance is mainly diffusion controlled for undischarged batteries but becomes charge-transfer controlled as soon as there is some discharge in the case of magnesium-manganese dioxide batteries. It is concluded that the determination of state-of-charge is not possible for both types of batteries by the measurement of impedance parameters due to film-induced fluctuations of these parameters. The measurement of open-circuit voltage at equilibrium can be used as a state-of-charge indicator for Zn-MnO2 batteries but not for Mg-MnO2 batteries.

Mixed ligand cobalt(III) complexes of tetradentate N,N′-ethylenebis(acetylacetonimine) and flexidentate isonitroso-β-diketones and isonitrosomonoketones

A series of mixed ligand cobalt(III) complexes having the general formula Co(EA)X [where EA = dianion of N,N′-ethylenebis(acetylacetonimine) and X = anion of isonitroso-acetylacetone, IAA; isonitrosobenzoylacetone, IBA; isonitrosodibenzoylmethane, IDBM; isonitrosoethylacetoacetate, IEA; isonitrosoacetoacetanillide, IAN; isonitrosoethylmethylketone, IEMK; isonitrosobenzylmethylketone, IBMK and isonitrosopropiophenone, IPP] have been synthesised and characterised. A facial-cis-β structure (cis with respect to the coordinated two oxygen atoms of EA) with N,N,N,O,O,O ligational environment has been assigned for the complexes. The characterisation of the complexes has been based upon chemical analysis, electrical conductivity, magnetic moment, IR, PMR and electronic spectra.

Singlet quenching of tetraphenylporphyrin and its metal derivatives by iron(III) coordination compounds

The quenching of fluorescence of the free-base tetraphenylporphyrin, H2TPP, and its metal derivatives, MgTPP and ZnTPP by diverse iron(III) complexes, [Fe(CN)6]3−, Fe(acac)3, [Fe(mnt)2]−, Fe(Salen)Cl, [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2−·, FeTPPCl and [Fe(Cp)2]+ has been studied both in homogeneous medium (CH3CN) and micellar media, SDS., CTAB and Triton X-100. The quenching efficiencies are analysed in terms of diffusional encounters and it has been possible to separate static quenching components. The quenching constants are dependent on the nature of the ligating atoms around iron(III) and also on the extent of π-conjugation of the ligands. The quenching mechanism has been investigated using steady-state irradiation experiments. Evidence for oxidative quenching by iron(III) complexes was obtained, though the spin multiplicities of the excited electronic states of iron(III) complexes permit both energy and electron transfer mechanisms for quenching of the singlet excited state of the porphyrins.

Reaction of spironaphthalenones with hydroxylamine: Part III. A novel mechanism for the formation of products and trapping of an intermediate.

A mechanism involving the intermediacy of nitrene 5, formed from the oxime of spironaphthalenone 1 by acid catalysed dehydration, has been proposed to explain the formation of pyrrolotropones/pyrrolo esters from spironaphthalenones. The initially formed nitrene rearranges to the isopyrrole 6, which either undergoes sigmatropic migration to the pyrrolotropone 2 or adds alcohol to form the pyrrolo ester depending on substitution at 1′ position. The isopyrrole intermediate 6 has been trapped as a Diels-Alder adduct 8.

Rearrangements in the cerium(IV) and manganese(III) oxidations of substituted naphthalenes and the nih shift mechanism

Ceric ammonium sulphate oxidation of 1- and 1,4- disubstituted naphthalenes gives 2- and/or 2,3- disubstituted 1,4- naphthoquinones through migration of substituents (D, Br, Ph). Similar rearrangements are also observed in the manganese(III) oxidation and also in the anodic oxidation of these substrates. The results are consistent with the proposal that these oxidations go through the formation of radical cation followed by reaction with H2O and further oxidation of the radical to the carbocationic intermediate on the way to the corresponding 1,4-naphthoquinone. Oxidation of 1,4-diphenylnaphthalene gives 2,3-diphenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone or 4-hydroxy- 2,4- diphenyl - 1(4)R - naphthalenone. The results are in accordance with the conclusion that such rearrangements do not require prior formation of arene oxide intermediates, originally proposed for the NM shift mechanism.

Photocytotoxicity and DNA photocleavage activity of La(III) and Gd(III) complexes of phenanthroline bases

Lanthanide(II) complexes La(B)(acac)(3)] (1-3) and Gd(B)(acac)(3)] (4-6), where B is a N,N-donor phenanthroline base, viz., 1,10-phenanthroline (phen in 1, 4), dipyrido3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq in 2, 5) and dipyrido3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz in 3, 6), have been prepared and characterized. The Gd(111) complexes 4 6 are structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The complexes display GdO6N2 coordination with the ligands showing bidentate chelating mode of bonding. The complexes are non-electrolytic in aqueous DMF and exhibit ligand-centered absorption bands in the UV region. The dppz complexes show a band at 380 nm in DMF. The La(111) complexes are diamagnetic. The Gd(III) complexes are paramagnetic with magnetic moment that corresponds to seven unpaired electrons. The Complexes are avid binders to calf thymus DNA giving K-b values in the range of 4.7 x 10(4) 6.1 x 10(5) M-1 with a relative binding order: 3, 6 (dppz) > 2, 5 (dpq) > 1, 4 (phen). The binding data suggest DNA surface and/or groove binding nature of the complexes. The dpq and dppz complexes efficiently cleave SC DNA to its nicked circular form in UV-A light of 365 nm via formation of both singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) and hydroxyl radical (HO center dot) species. The dppz complexes 3 and 6 exhibit significant PDT effect in He La cervical cancer cells giving respective IC50 value of 460(+/- 50) and 530(+/- 30) nM in UV-A light of 365 rim, and are essentially non-toxic in dark with an IC50 value of >100 mu M. The dppz ligand alone is cytotoxic in dark and UV-A light. A significant decrease in the dark toxicity of the dppz base is observed on binding to the Ln(III) ion while retaining its photocytotoxicity.

Photo-induced DNA cleavage activity and remarkable photocytotoxicity of lanthanide(III) complexes of a polypyridyl ligand

Lanthanide(III) complexes [Ln(pyphen)(acac)(2)(NO3)] (1, 2), [Ln(pydppz)(acac)(2)(NO3)] (3, 4) and [La(pydppz)(anacac)(2)(NO3)] (5), where Ln is La(III) (in 1, 3, 5) and Gd(III) (in 2, 4), pyphen is 6-(2-pyridyl)-1,10-phenanthroline, pydppz is 6-(2-pyridyl)-dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine, anacac is anthracenylacetylacetonate and acac is acetylacetonate, were prepared, characterized and their DNA photocleavage activity and photocytotoxicity studied. The crystal structure of complex 2 displays a GdO6N3 coordination. The pydppz complexes 3-5 show an electronic spectral band at similar to 390 nm in DMF. The La(III) complexes are diamagnetic, while the Gd(III) complexes are paramagnetic with seven unpaired electrons. The molar conductivity data suggest 1 : 1 electrolytic nature of the complexes in aqueous DMF. They are avid binders to calf thymus DNA giving K-b in the range of 5.4 10(4)-1.2 x 10(6) M-1. Complexes 3-5 efficiently cleave supercoiled DNA to its nicked circular form in UV-A light of 365 nm via formation of singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) and hydroxyl radical (HO center dot) species. Complexes 3-5 also exhibit significant photocytotoxic effect in HeLa cancer cells giving respective IC50 value of 0.16(+/- 0.01), 0.15(+/- 0.01) and 0.26 +/-(0.02) mu M in UV-A light of 365 nm, while they are less toxic in dark with an IC50 value of >3 mu M. The presence of an additional pyridyl group makes the pydppz complexes more photocytotoxic than their dppz analogues. FACS analysis of the HeLa cells treated with complex 4 shows apoptosis as the major pathway of cell death. Nuclear localization of complex 5 having an anthracenyl moiety as a fluorophore is evidenced from the confocal microscopic studies.

Evaluation of DNA binding, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of mononuclear Co(III) complexes of 2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzoh]quinoline-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones

Four new 2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzoh]quinoline-3-carbaldehyde N-substituted thiosemicarbazone ligands (H-2-LR, where R = H, Me, Et or Ph) and their corresponding new cobalt(III) complexes have been synthesized and characterized. The structures of the complexes 2 and 3 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The interactions of the new complexes with DNA were investigated by absorption, emission and viscosity studies which indicated that the complexes bind to DNA via intercalation. Antioxidant studies of the new complexes showed that the significant antioxidant activity against DPPH radical. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity of complexes 1-4 against A549 cell line was assayed which showed higher cytotoxic activity with lower IC50 values indicating their efficiency in killing the cancer cells even at very low concentrations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Iron(III) benzhydroxamates of dipicolylamines for photocytotoxicity in red light and cellular imaging

Benzhydroxamate (BHA) iron(III) complexes Fe(BHA)(L)ClICI (I, 2)], where L is (phenyl)dipicolylamine (phdpa in I) and (pyrenyl)dipicolylamine (pydpa in 2), were prepared and their photocytotoxicity in visible (400-700 nm) and red (600-720 nm) light was studied. Complex 1 was structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The complexes have high-spin iron(III) centers. Complex 2, with a pyrenyl fluorophore, was used for cellular imaging, showing both mitochondrial and nuclear localization in the fluorescence microscopic study. The complex exhibited photocytotoxicity in red light in HeLa cancer cells, giving IC50 value of 24.4(+/- 0.4) pM, but remained essentially non-toxic in the dark. The involvement of reactive oxygen species and an apoptotic nature of cell death were observed from the cellular studies. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Significant photocytotoxic effect of an iron(III) complex of a Schiff base ligand derived from vitamin B-6 and thiosemicarbazide in visible light

Iron(III)-Schiff base complexes, namely, Fe(tsc-py)(2)](NO3) (1), Fe(tsc-acpy)(2)](NO3) (2) and Fe(tsc-VB6)(2)](NO3) (3), where tsc-py, tsc-acpy and tsc-VB6 are the respective Schiff bases derived from thiosemicarbazide (tsc) and pyridine-2-aldehyde (tsc-py), 2-acetyl pyridine (tsc-acpy) and vitamin B-6 (pyridoxal, tsc-VB6), have been prepared, structurally characterized and their photocytotoxicity studied in cancer HeLa cells. The single crystal X-ray structures of the complexes 1 and 2 show a distorted octahedral geometry formed by the FeN4S2 core. The low-spin and 1 : 1 electrolytic complexes display a broad absorption band in the visible region. Complexes 1 and 2, without any VB6 moiety are not cytotoxic under light or dark conditions. Complex 3 is significantly photocytotoxic under visible light of 400-700 nm giving an IC50 value of 22.5 mu M in HeLa cells with no dark toxicity (IC50 > 100 mu M). The photo-induced cell death is attributable to apoptotic pathways involving photo-assisted generation of intracellular ROS. The observed photocytotoxicity of complex 3 could be the result of its better photosensitizing property combined with its enhanced uptake into cancer cells via a VB6 transporting membrane carrier (VTC) mediated diffusion pathway due to the presence of the VB6 moiety compared to the two non-vitamin B-6 analogues, complexes 1 and 2.

Iron(III) Complexes of a Pyridoxal Schiff Base for Enhanced Cellular Uptake with Selectivity and Remarkable Photocytotoxicity

Iron(III) complexes of pyridoxal (vitamin B6, VB6) or salicylaldehyde Schiff bases and modified dipicolylamines, namely, Fe(B)(L)](NO3) (15), where B is phenyl-N,N-bis((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)methanamine (phbpa in 1), (anthracen-9-yl)-N,N-bis((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)methanamine (anbpa in 2, 4) and (pyren-1-yl)-N,N-bis((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)methanamine (pybpa in 3, 5) (H2L1 is 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(((2-hydroxyphenyl)imino)methyl)-2-methylp yridine (13) and H2L2 is 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl-imino)methyl]phenol), were prepared and their uptake in cancer cells and photocytotoxicity were studied. Complexes 4 and 5, having a non-pyridoxal Schiff base, were prepared to probe the role of the pyridoxal group in tumor targeting and cellular uptake. The PF6 salt (1a) of complex 1 is structurally characterized. The complexes have a distorted six-coordinate FeN4O2 core where the metal is in the +3 oxidation state with five unpaired electrons. The complexes display a ligand to metal charge transfer band near 520 and 420 nm from phenolate to the iron(III) center. The photophysical properties of the complexes are explained from the time dependent density functional theory calculations. The redox active complexes show a quasi-reversible Fe(III)/Fe(II) response near -0.3 V vs saturated calomel electrode. Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit remarkable photocytotoxicity in various cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.4 to 5 mu M with 10-fold lower dark toxicity. The cell death proceeded by the apoptotic pathway due to generation of reactive oxygen species upon light exposure. The nonvitamin complexes 4 and 5 display 3-fold lower photocytotoxicity compared to their VB6 analogues, possibly due to preferential and faster uptake of the vitamin complexes in the cancer cells. Complexes 2 and 3 show significant uptake in the endoplasmic reticulum, while complexes 4 and 5 are distributed throughout the cells without any specific localization pattern.