891 resultados para Ca2 cycling
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In cardiomyocytes, calcium (Ca2+) release units comprise clusters of intracellular Ca2+ release channels located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and hypertension is well established as a cause of defects in calcium release unit function. Our objective was to determine whether endurance exercise training could attenuate the deleterious effects of hypertension on calcium release unit components and Ca2+ sparks in left ventricular myocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Male Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (4 months of age) were divided into 4 groups: normotensive (NC) and hypertensive control (HC), and normotensive (NT) and hypertensive trained (HT) animals (7 rats per group). NC and HC rats were submitted to a low-intensity treadmill running protocol (5 days/week, 1 h/day, 0% grade, and 50-60% of maximal running speed) for 8 weeks. Gene expression of the ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) and FK506 binding protein (FKBP12.6) increased (270%) and decreased (88%), respectively, in HC compared to NC rats. Endurance exercise training reversed these changes by reducing RyR2 (230%) and normalizing FKBP12.6 gene expression (112%). Hypertension also increased the frequency of Ca2+ sparks (HC=7.610.26 vs NC=4.790.19 per 100 m/s) and decreased its amplitude (HC=0.2600.08 vs NC=0.3240.10 ΔF/F0), full width at half-maximum amplitude (HC=1.050.08 vs NC=1.260.01 m), total duration (HC=11.510.12 vs NC=14.970.24 ms), time to peak (HC=4.840.06 vs NC=6.310.14 ms), and time constant of decay (HC=8.680.12 vs NC=10.210.22 ms). These changes were partially reversed in HT rats (frequency of Ca2+ sparks=6.260.19 m/s, amplitude=0.2820.10 ΔF/F0, full width at half-maximum amplitude=1.140.01 m, total duration=13.340.17 ms, time to peak=5.430.08 ms, and time constant of decay=9.430.15 ms). Endurance exercise training attenuated the deleterious effects of hypertension on calcium release units of left ventricular myocytes.
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Four groups of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were acclimated to 2, 10, and 18e, and to a diurnal temperature cycle (100 4C). To evaluate the influence of cycling temperatures in terms of an immediate as opposed to acclimatory response various ventilatory-cardiovascular rate functions were observed for trout, either acclimated to cycling temperatures or acclimated to constant temperatures and exposed to a diurnal temperature cycle for the first time (10 4C for trout acclimated to 10C; 18+ 4C for trout acclimated to l8e). Gill resistance and the cardiac to ventilatory rate ratio were then calculated. Following a post preparatory recovery period of 36 hr, measurements were made over a 48 hour period with the first 24 hours being at constant temperature in the case of statically-acclimated fish followed by 24 hours under cyclic temperature conditions. Trout exhibited marked changes in oxygen consumption (Vo ) with temp- 2 erature both between acclimation groups, and in response to the diurnal temperature cycle. This increase in oxygen uptake appears to have been achieved by adjustment of ventilatory and, to some extent, cardiovascular activity. Trout exhibited significant changes in ventilatory rate (VR), stroke volume (Vsv), and flow (VG) in response to temperature. Marked changes in cardiac rate were also observed. These findings are discussed in relation to their importance in convective oxygen transport via water and blood at the gills and tissues. Trout also exhibited marked changes in pressure waveforms associated with the action of the resp; ratory pumps with temperature. Mean differenti a 1 pressure increased with temperature as did gill resistance and utilization. This data is discussed in relation to its importance in diffusive oxygen transport and the conditions for gas exchange at the gills. With one exception, rainbow trout were able to respond to changes in oxygen demand and availability associated with changes in temperature by means of adjustments in ventilation, and possibly pafusion, and the conditions for gas exchange at the gills. Trout acclimated to 18C, however, and exposed to high cyclic temperatures, showed signs of the ventilatory and cardiovascular distress problems commonly associated with low circulating levels of oxygen in the blood. It appears these trout were unable to fully meet the oxygen requirements associated with c~ling temperatures above 18C. These findings were discussed in relation to possible limitations in the cardiovascular-ventilatory response at high temperatures. The response of trout acclimated to cycling temperatures was generally similar to that for trout acclimated to constant temperatures and exposed to cycling temperatures for the first time. This result suggested that both groups of fish may have been acclimated to a similar thermal range, regardless of the acclimation regime employed. Such a phenomenon would allow trout of either acclimation group to respond equally well to the imposed temperature cycle. Rainbow trout showed no evidence of significant diurnal rhythm in any parameters observed at constant temperatures (2, 10, and 18 C), and under a 12/12 light-dark photoperiod regime. This was not taken to indicate an absence of circadian rhythms in these trout, but rather a deficiency in the recording methods used in the study.
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:ofiedian lethal temperatures ( LT50' s ) were determined for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, acclimated for a minimum of 21 days at 5 c onstant temperatures between 4 and 20 0 C. and 2 diel temperature fluctuations ( sinewave curves of amplitudes 4 and 7 0 C. about a mean temperature of 12 0 C. ) . Twenty-four-, 48-, and 96-hour LT50 estimates were c alculated f ollowing standard flow-through aquatic bioassay techniques and probi t transformation of mortality data. The phenomenon of delayed thermal mortality was also investigated. Shifts in upper incipient lethal temperature occurred as a result of previous thermal conditioning. It was shown that increases in constant acclimation temperature result in proportional l inear increases in thermal tolerances. The increase i n estimated 96-hour LT50's was approximately 0.13 0 c. X 1 0 C:1 between 8 and 20 0 C. The effect of acclimation to both cyclic temperature regimes was an increase in LT50 to values between the mean and maximum constant equivalent daily temperatures of the cycles. Twenty-four-, 48-, and 96-hour LT50 estimates of both cycles corresponded approximately to the LT50 values of the 16 0 C. c onstant temperature equivalent . This increase i n thermal tolerance was further demonstrated by the delayed thermal mortality experiments . Cycle amplitudes appeared to i nfluence thermal resistance through alterations in initi al mortality since mortality patterns characteristic of base temperature acclimations re-appeared after approximately 68 hours exposure to test temperatures for the 12 + 4 0 C. group, whereas mortality patterns stabilized and remained constant for a period greater than 192 hours with the larger therma l cycle ( 12 + 7 0 C. ). NO s ignificant corre lations between s pecimen weight and time-to-death was apparent. Data are discussed in relation to the establishment of thermal criteria for important commercial and sport fishes , such as the salmonids , as is the question whether previously reported values on lethal temperature s may have been under estimated.
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Central Governor Model (CGM) suggests that perturbations in the rate of heat storage (AS) are centrally integrated to regulate exercise intensity in a feed-forward fashion to prevent excessive thermal strain. We directly tested the CGM by manipulating ambient temperature (Tam) at 20-minute intervals from 20C to 35C, and returning to 20C, while cycling at a set rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The synchronicity of power output (PO) with changes in HS and Tam were quantified using Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Averages analysis. PO fluctuated irregularly but was not significantly correlated to changes in thermo physiological status. Repeated measures indicated no changes in lactate accumulation. In conclusion, real time dynamic sensation of Tam and integration of HS does not directly influence voluntary pacing strategies during sub-maximal cycling at a constant RPE while non-significant changes in blood lactate suggest an absence of peripheral fatigue.
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Le diabte est une maladie mtabolique qui se caractrise par une rsistance linsuline des tissus priphriques et par une incapacit des cellules pancratiques scrter les niveaux dinsuline appropris afin de compenser pour cette rsistance. Pour mieux comprendre les mcanismes dficients dans les cellules des patients diabtiques, il est ncessaire de comprendre et de dfinir les mcanismes impliqus dans le contrle de la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose. Dans les cellules pancratiques, le mtabolisme du glucose conduit la production de facteurs de couplage mtabolique, comme lATP, ncessaires la rgulation de lexocytose des vsicules dinsuline. Le mcanisme par lequel la production de lATP par le mtabolisme oxydatif du glucose dclenche lexocytose des vsicules dinsuline est bien dcrit dans la littrature. Cependant, il ne peut lui seul rguler adquatement la scrtion dinsuline. Le malonyl-CoA et le NADPH sont deux autres facteurs de couplage mtaboliques qui ont t suggrs afin de relier le mtabolisme du glucose la rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline. Les mcanismes impliqus demeurent cependant tre caractriss. Le but de la prsente thse tait de dterminer limplication des navettes du pyruvate, dcoulant du mtabolisme mitochondrial du glucose, dans la rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline. Dans les cellules , les navettes du pyruvate dcoulent de la combinaison des processus danaplrose et de cataplrose et permettent la transduction des signaux mtaboliques provenant du mtabolisme du glucose. Dans une premire tude, nous nous sommes intresss au rle de la navette pyruvate/citrate dans la rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose, puisque cette navette conduit la production dans le cytoplasme de deux facteurs de couplage mtabolique, soit le malonyl-CoA et le NADPH. De plus, la navette pyruvate/citrate favorise le flux mtabolique travers la glycolyse en roxydation le NADH. Une tude effectue prcdemment dans notre laboratoire avait suggr la prsence de cette navette dans les cellules pancratique. Afin de tester notre hypothse, nous avons cibl trois tapes de cette navette dans la ligne cellulaire pancratique INS 832/13, soit la sortie du citrate de la mitochondrie et lactivit de lATP-citrate lyase (ACL) et lenzyme malique (MEc), deux enzymes cls de la navette pyruvate/citrate. Linhibition de chacune de ces tapes par lutilisation dun inhibiteur pharmacologique ou de la technologie des ARN interfrant a corrl avec une rduction significative de la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose. Les rsultats obtenus suggrent que la navette pyruvate/citrate joue un rle critique dans la rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose. Paralllement notre tude, deux autres groupes de recherche ont suggr que les navettes pyruvate/malate et pyruvate/isocitrate/-ctoglutarate taient aussi importantes pour la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose. Ainsi, trois navettes dcoulant du mtabolisme mitochondrial du glucose pourraient tre impliques dans le contrle de la scrtion dinsuline. Le point commun de ces trois navettes est la production dans le cytoplasme du NADPH, un facteur de couplage mtabolique possiblement trs important pour la scrtion dinsuline. Dans les navettes pyruvate/malate et pyruvate/citrate, le NADPH est form par MEc, alors que lisocitrate dshydrognase (IDHc) est responsable de la production du NADPH dans la navette pyruvate/isocitrate/-ctoglutarate. Dans notre premire tude, nous avions dmontr limportance de lexpression de ME pour la scrtion adquate dinsuline en rponse au glucose. Dans notre deuxime tude, nous avons test limplication de IDHc dans les mcanismes de rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose. La diminution de lexpression de IDHc dans les INS 832/13 a stimul la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose par un mcanisme indpendant de la production de lATP par le mtabolisme oxydatif du glucose. Ce rsultat a ensuite t confirm dans les cellules disperses des lots pancratiques de rat. Nous avons aussi observ dans notre modle que lincorporation du glucose en acides gras tait augmente, suggrant que la diminution de lactivit de IDHc favorise la redirection du mtabolisme de lisocitrate travers la navette pyruvate/citrate. Un mcanisme de compensation travers la navette pyruvate/citrate pourrait ainsi expliquer la stimulation de la scrtion dinsuline observe en rponse la diminution de lexpression de IDHc. Les travaux effectus dans cette deuxime tude remettent en question limplication de lactivit de IDHc, et de la navette pyruvate/isocitrate/-ctoglutarate, dans la transduction des signaux mtaboliques reliant le mtabolisme du glucose la scrtion dinsuline. La navette pyruvate/citrate est la seule des navettes du pyruvate conduire la production du malonyl-CoA dans le cytoplasme des cellules . Le malonyl-CoA rgule le mtabolisme des acides gras en inhibant la carnitine palmitoyl transfrase 1, lenzyme limitante dans loxydation des acides gras. Ainsi, llvation des niveaux de malonyl-CoA en rponse au glucose entrane une redirection du mtabolisme des acides gras vers les processus destrification puis de lipolyse. Plus prcisment, les acides gras sont mtaboliss travers le cycle des triglycrides/acides gras libres (qui combinent les voies mtaboliques destrification et de lipolyse), afin de produire des molcules lipidiques signaltiques ncessaires la modulation de la scrtion dinsuline. Des tudes effectues prcdemment dans notre laboratoire ont dmontr que lactivit lipolytique de HSL (de langlais hormone-sensitive lipase) tait importante, mais non suffisante, pour la rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline. Dans une tude complmentaire, nous nous sommes intresss au rle dune autre lipase, soit ATGL (de langlais adipose triglyceride lipase), dans la rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose et aux acides gras. Nous avons dmontr que ATGL est exprim dans les cellules pancratiques et que son activit contribue significativement la lipolyse. Une rduction de son expression dans les cellules INS 832/13 par RNA interfrant ou son absence dans les lots pancratiques de souris dficientes en ATGL a conduit une rduction de la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose en prsence ou en absence dacides gras. Ces rsultats appuient lhypothse que la lipolyse est une composante importante de la rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline dans les cellules pancratiques. En conclusion, les rsultats obtenus dans cette thse suggrent que la navette pyruvate/citrate est importante pour la rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline en rponse au glucose. Ce mcanisme impliquerait la production du NADPH et du malonyl-CoA dans le cytoplasme en fonction du mtabolisme du glucose. Cependant, nos travaux remettent en question limplication de la navette pyruvate/isocitrate/-ctoglutarate dans la rgulation de la scrtion dinsuline. Le rle exact de IDHc dans ce processus demeure cependant tre dtermin. Finalement, nos travaux ont aussi dmontr un rle pour ATGL et la lipolyse dans les mcanismes de couplage mtabolique rgulant la scrtion dinsuline.
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Differentes tudes ont montr que la sensibilit au Ca2+ du canal KCa3.1, un canal potassique indpendant du voltage, tait confre par la protine calmoduline (CaM) lie de faon constitutive au canal. Cette liaison impliquerait la rgion C-lobe de la CaM et un domaine de $\ikca$ directement reli au segment transmembranaire S6 du canal. La CaM pourrait galment se lier au canal de faon Ca2+ dpendante via une interaction entre un domaine de KCa3.1 du C-terminal (CaMBD2) et la rgion N-lobe de la CaM. Une tude fut entreprise afin de dterminer la nature des rsidus responsables de la liaison entre le domaine CaMBD2 de KCa3.1 et la rgion N-lobe de la CaM et leur rle dans le processus d'ouverture du canal par le Ca2+. Une structure 3D du complexe KCa3.1/CaM a d'abord t gnre par modlisation par homologie avec le logiciel MODELLER en utilisant comme rfrence la structure cristalline du complexe SK2.2/CaM (PDB: 1G4Y). Le modle ainsi obtenu de KCa3.1 plus CaM prvoit que le segment L361-S372 dans KCa3.1 devrait tre responsable de la liaison dpendante du Ca2+ du canal avec la rgion N-lobe de la CaM via les rsidus L361 et Q364 de KCa3.1 et E45, E47 et D50 de la CaM. Pour tester ce modle, les rsidus dans le segment L361-S372 ont t muts en Cys et l'action du MTSET+ (charg positivement) et MTSACE (neutre) a t mesure sur l'activit du canal. Des enregistrements en patch clamp en configuration ``inside-out`` ont montr que la liaison du ractif charg MTSET+ au le mutant Q364C entrane une forte augmentation du courant, un effet non observ avec le MTSACE. De plus les mutations E45A et E47A dans la CaM, ont empch l'augmentation du courant initi par MTSET+ sur le mutant Q364C. Une analyse en canal unitaire a confirm que la liaison MTSET+ Q364C cause une augmentation de la probabilit d'ouverture de KCa3.1 par une dstabilisation de l'tat ferm du canal. Nous concluons que nos rsultats sont compatibles avec la formation de liaisons ioniques entre les complexes chargs positivement Cys-MTSET+ la position 364 de KCa3.1 et les rsidus chargs ngativement E45 et E47 dans la CaM. Ces donnes confirment qu'une stabilisation lectrostatique des interactions CaM/KCa3.1 peut conduire une augmentation de la probabilit d'ouverture du canal en conditions de concentrations saturantes de Ca2+.
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Contexte : Les interventions sur l'environnement bti relies au transport peuvent contribuer l'augmentation de la pratique de l'activit physique. En tant quintervention, les programmes de vlos en libre-service (PVLS) peuvent contribuer lutilisation du vlo. BIXI (nom qui fusionne les mots BIcyclette et taXI) est un programme de vlos en libre-service implant Montral, au Canada, en mai 2009. Le programme BIXI met la disposition des gens 5050 vlos 405 bornes dancrage. Objectif : L'objectif gnral de cette thse est d'tudier l'impact d'un programme de vlos en libre-service sur lutilisation du vlo. Les objectifs spcifiques de la thse sont de : 1) Estimer la prvalence populationnelle et identifier des variables environnementales, sociodmographiques et comportementales associes lutilisation des vlos en libre-service. 2) Estimer limpact populationnel de limplantation des vlos en libre-service sur lutilisation du vlo et les contributions respectives de lutilisation du vlo pour des fins utilitaires et rcratives lutilisation totale du vlo. 3) Estimer limpact local de limplantation des vlos en libre-service sur lutilisation du vlo. Mthodes : Un devis populationnel transversal avec mesures rptes. Des enqutes ont t ralises au moment du lancement du programme de vlos en libre-service (4 mai au 10 juin, 2009), la fin de la premire anne dimplantation (8 octobre au 12 dcembre, 2009), et la fin de la deuxime anne dimplantation (8 novembre au 12 dcembre, 2010). Les chantillons se composaient de 2001 (ge moyen = 49,4 annes, 56,7 % de femmes), 2502 (ge moyen = 47,8 ans, 61,8 % de femmes) et 2509 (ge moyen = 48,9 annes, 59,0 % de femmes) adultes chaque priode de mesure respectivement. Rsultats : Globalement, les rsultats dmontrent le potentiel des PVLS pour augmenter lutilisation du vlo. Les rsultats suggrent que prs de 128 744 habitants ou 8,1 % de la population adulte ont utilis les vlos BIXI au moins une fois dans la premire saison. Aprs deux ans dimplantation, ceux qui sont exposs BIXI dans leur milieu rsidentiel avaient une probabilit significativement plus leve dutiliser le vlo par rapport ceux non exposs. Par contre, il n'y avait aucun impact local de limplantation du programme BIXI sur lutilisation du vlo. Conclusions : Limplantation d'un PVLS Montral a augment la probabilit dutiliser le vlo chez les individus habitant prs d'une borne d'ancrage. Mots cls : programme de vlos en libre-service, exprience naturelle, sant des populations.
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Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology
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In this paper we study the evolution of the kinetic features of the martensitic transition in a Cu-Al-Mn single crystal under thermal cycling. The use of several experimental techniques including optical microscopy, calorimetry, and acoustic emission, has enabled us to perform an analysis at multiple scales. In particular, we have focused on the analysis of avalanche events (associated with the nucleation and growth of martensitic domains), which occur during the transition. There are significant differences between the kinetics at large and small length scales. On the one hand, at small length scales, small avalanche events tend to sum to give new larger events in subsequent loops. On the other hand, at large length scales the large domains tend to split into smaller ones on thermal cycling. We suggest that such different behavior is the necessary ingredient that leads the system to the final critical state corresponding to a power-law distribution of avalanches.
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Magnetic nanocomposites containing iron oxide particles embedded in a polymer matrix have been synthesized using the method of ion exchange. They have been characterized by using low temperature and room temperature magnetic measurements and Mo ssbauer spectroscopy. The iron content in these samples has also been determined. The results have been analysed and explained. The physical and chemical properties of these nanocomposite materials are different from those of the bulk. Some of the unique properties of these materials find application in information storage, color imaging, ferrofluids and magnetic refrigeration
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Little is known about nutrient fluxes as a criterion to assess the sustainability of traditional irrigation agriculture in eastern Arabia. In this study GIS-based field research on terraced cropland and groves of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) was conducted over 2 years in two mountain oases of northern Oman to determine their role as hypothesized sinks for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). At Balad Seet 55% of the 385 fields received annual inputs of 100500 kg N ha^-1 and 26% received 5001400 kg N ha^-1. No N was applied to 19% of the fields which were under fallow. Phosphorus was applied annually at 190 kg ha^-1 on 46% of the fields, whereas 27% received 90210 kg ha^-1. No K was applied to 27% of the fields, 32% received 1300 kg K ha^-1, and the remaining fields received up to 1400 kg ha^-1. At Maqta N-inputs were 61277 kg ha^-1 in palm groves and 112225 kg ha^-1 in wheat (Triticum spp.) fields, respective P inputs were 940 and 1429 kg ha^-1, and K inputs were 98421 and 113227 kg ha^-1. For cropland, partial oasis balances (comprising inputs of manure, mineral fertilizers, N2-fixation and irrigation water, and outputs of harvested products) were similar for both oases, with per hectare surpluses of 131 kg N, 37 kg P, and 84 kg K at Balad Seet and of 136 kg N, 16 kg P and 66 kg K at Maqta. This was despite the fact that N2-fixation by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), estimated at up to 480 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 with an average total dry matter of 22 t ha^-1, contributed to the cropland N-balance only at the former site. Respective palm grove surpluses, in contrast were with 303 kg N, 38 kg P, and 173 kg K ha^-1 much higher at Balad Seet than with 84 kg N, 14 kg P, and 91 kg K ha^-1 at Maqta. The data show that both oases presently are large sinks for nutrients. Potential gaseous and leaching losses could at least partly be controlled by a decrease in nutrient input intensity and careful incorporation of manure.
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Little is known about plant biodiversity, irrigation management and nutrient fluxes as criteria to assess the sustainability of traditional irrigation agriculture in eastern Arabia. Therefore interdisciplinary studies were conducted over 4 yrs on flood-irrigated fields dominated by wheat (Triticum spp.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in two mountain oases of northern Oman. In both oases wheat landraces consisted of varietal mixtures comprising T. aestivum and T. durum of which at least two botanical varieties were new to science. During irrigation cycles of 6-9 days on an alfalfa-planted soil, volumetric water contents ranged from 30-13%. For cropland, partial oasis balances (comprising inputs of manure, mineral fertilizers, N2-fixation and irrigation water, and outputs of harvested products) were similar for both oases, with per hectare annual surpluses of 131 kg N, 37 kg P and 84 kg K at Balad Seet and of 136 kg N, 16 kg P and 66 kg K at Maqta. Respective palm grove surpluses, in contrast were with 303 kg N, 38 kg P, and 173 kg K ha^-1 yr^-1 much higher at Balad Seet than with 84 kg N, 14 kg P and 91 kg K ha^-1 yr^-1 at Maqta. The results show that the sustainability of these irrigated landuse systems depends on a high quality of the irrigation water with low Na but high CaCO3, intensive recycling of manure and an elaborate terrace structure with a well tailored water management system that allows adequate drainage.
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Recycling nutrients form sanitary wastes back into agricultural ecosystems offers an option to alleviate soil depletion in regions where the use of mineral fertiliser is limited. Exemplary nutrient and water cycling approaches, including collection, treatment and use of human urine, are established at Valley View University (VVU) in Greater Accra, Ghana. Concerns have been recently raised in regard to fate and impact of pharmaceutical residues in soils and interlinked environment. To evaluate in how far emerging knowledge can be transposed onto VVU, urban and rural environments in Greater Accra, spatial disease occurrence and drug consumption patterns were studied. Malaria has been found to represent the most severe health burden in Ghana, but there is also a high prevalence of infectious diseases. Drugs consumed in great quantities and in respect to their residual loads potentially problematic in the environment belong to therapeutic groups of: antibiotics, analgesics, drugs for diabetes, antimalarials, cardiovascular drugs and anthelmintics. Drug consumption revealed to be highest in urban and lowest in rural areas. At VVU the range of consumed drugs is comparable to urban areas except for the negligible use of diabetes and cardiovascular medication as well as contraceptives.
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Like elsewhere also in Kabul, Afghanistan urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) has often been accused of being resource inefficient and unsustainable causing negatives externalities to community health and to the surroundings. These arise from the inappropriate management and use of agricultural inputs, including often pesticides and inter-city wastes containing heavy metal residues and pathogens. To address these concerns, parallel studies with the aims of quantification of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) horizontal and vertical fluxes; the assessment of heavy metal and pathogen contaminations of UPA produce, and an economic analysis of cereal, vegetable and grape production systems conducted for two years in UPA of Kabul from April 2008 to October 2009. The results of the studies from these three UPA diverse production systems can be abridged as follows: Biennial net balances in vegetable production systems were positive for N (80 kg ha-1 ), P (75 kg ha-1) and C (3,927 kg ha-1), negative for K (-205 kg ha-1), whereas in cereal production systems biennial horizontal balances were positive for P (20 kg ha-1 ) and C (4,900 kg ha-1) negative for N (-155 kg ha-1) and K (-355 kg ha-1) and in vineyards corresponding values were highly positive for N (295 kg ha-1), P (235 kg ha-1), C (3,362 kg ha-1) and slightly positive for K (5 kg ha-1). Regardless of N and C gaseous emissions, yearly leaching losses of N and P in selected vegetable gardens varied from 70 - 205 kg N ha-1 and 5 - 10 kg P ha-1. Manure and irrigation water contributed on average 12 - 79% to total Inputs of N, P, K and C, 10 - 53% to total inputs of C in the gardens and fields. The elevated levels of heavy metal and pathogen loads on fresh UPA vegetables reflected contamination from increasing traffic in the city, deposits of the past decades of war, lacking collection and treatment of raw inter-city wastes which call for solutions to protect consumer and producer health and increase reliability of UPA productions. A cost-revenue analysis of all inputs and outputs of cereal, vegetable and grapes production systems over two years showed substantial differences in net UPA household income. To confirm these results, more detailed studies are needed, but tailoring and managing the optimal application of inputs to crop needs will significantly enhance farmers better revenues as will as environmental and produce quality.
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Este manual se convierte en una gua fcil y prctica para la utilizacin del programa de ejercitacin denominado Ciclismo saludable bajo techo. Con un lenguaje accesible, permite a las personas profundizar en la tcnica de trabajo aerbico en sala ms difundida en el mundo del acondicionamiento fsico, o fitness, y del ejercicio. Hace aos sentimos la necesidad de realizar un manual que simplificara el entendimiento de esta tcnica utilizada por entrenadores personales, educadores fsicos y fisioterapeutas, con el fin de fortalecer la concepcin del movimiento humano, el autocuidado en las personas y la ejercitacin como factores que mejoran la salud y la calidad de vida teniendo como referente las caractersticas y necesidades especficas de la poblacin colombiana.
