Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1)

The Climatological Database for the World's Oceans: 1750-1854 (CLIWOC) project, which concluded in 2004, abstracted more than 280,000 daily weather observations from ships' logbooks from British, Dutch, French, and Spanish naval vessels engaged in imperial business in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These data, now compiled into a database, provide valuable information for the reconstruction of oceanic wind field patterns for this key period that precedes the time in which anthropogenic influences on climate became evident. These reconstructions, in turn, provide evidence for such phenomena as the El Ni��o-Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Of equal importance is the finding that the CLIWOC database the first coordinated attempt to harness the scientific potential of this resource represents less than 10 percent of the volume of data currently known to reside in this important but hitherto neglected source.

Sne��my c��eske�� od leta 1526 az�� po nas��i dobu.

Czech, German, and Latin.

Public address sets AN/TIQ-2, AN/TIQ-2A and AN/TIQ-2B.

Includes index.

Some equitably 2-colourable cycle decompositions of multipartite graphs

Let G be a graph in which each vertex has been coloured using one of k colours, say c(1), c(2),..., c(k). If an m-cycle C in G has x(i) vertices coloured c(i), i = 1, 2,..., k, and vertical bar x(i) - x(j)vertical bar

Involutivity and Symple Waves in R^2

A strictly hyperbolic quasi-linear 2��2 system in two independent variables with C2 coefficients is considered. The existence of a simple wave solution in the sense that the solution is a 2-dimensional vector-valued function of the so called Riemann invariant is discussed. It is shown, through a purely geometrical approach, that there always exists simple wave solution for the general system when the coefficients are arbitrary C^2 functions depending on both, dependent and independent variables.

Catalytic reactions with palladium supported on mesocellular foam : Applications in hydrogenation, isomerization, and C-C bond forming reactions

The major part of this thesis concerns the development of catalytic methodologies based on palladium nanoparticles immobilized on aminopropyl-functionalized siliceous mesocellular foam (Pd0-AmP-MCF). The catalytic activity of the precursor to the nanocatalyst, PdII-AmP-MCF is also covered by this work. In the first part the application of Pd0-AmP-MCF in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions and transfer hydrogenation of alkenes under microwave irradiation is described. Excellent reactivity was observed and a broad range of substrates were tolerated for both transformations. The Pd0-AmP-MCF exhibited high recyclability as well as low metal leaching in both cases. The aim of the second part was to evaluate the catalytic efficiency of the closely related PdII-AmP-MCF for cycloisomerization of various acetylenic acids. The catalyst was able to promote formation of lactones under mild conditions using catalyst loadings of 0.3 - 0.5 mol% at temperatures of up to 50 oC in the presence of Et3N. By adding 1,4-benzoquinone to the reaction, the catalyst could be recycled four times without any observable decrease in the activity. The selective arylation of indoles at the C-2 position using Pd-AmP-MCF and symmetric diaryliodonium salts is presented in the third part. These studies revealed that Pd0-AmP-MCF was more effective than PdII-AmP-MCF for this transformation. Variously substituted indoles as well as diaryliodonium salts were tolerated, giving arylated indoles in high yields within 15 h at 20 - 50 oC in H2O. Only very small amounts of Pd leaching were observed and in this case the catalyst exhibited moderate recyclability. The final part of the thesis describes the selective hydrogenation of the C=C in different ��,��-unsaturated systems. The double bond was efficiently hydrogenated in high yields both under batch and continuous-flow conditions. High recyclability and low metal leaching were observed in both cases.

As vers��es portuguesas da GMFM-66 B&C e da GMFM-66 IS

A Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) �� a medida de ouro para avaliar altera����es na fun����o motora ao longo do tempo ou em resposta a uma interven����o em crian��as com Paralisia Cerebral (PC) (Russell D. , Rosenbaum, Avery, & Lane, 2002). Uma das barreiras �� utiliza����o mais frequente da GMFM �� o seu tempo de administra����o, que dura entre 40 a 60 minutos. Para responder �� necessidade de vers��es mais reduzidas da GMFM mas sem perder o seu car��cter discriminativo e altamente sens��vel �� mudan��a, foram publicadas as vers��es Gross Motor Function Measure- Item Sets (GMFM-66 IS) e a Gross Motor Function Measure Basal and Ceiling (GMFM-66-B&C), tornando a avalia����o da fun����o motora menos morosa, e assim melhorando a sua aplicabilidade. A GMFM-66 IS baseia-se num algoritmo para determinar quais os itens a serem avaliados e a GMFM-66 B&C tem como abordagem os efeitos de ch��o e teto de acordo com as idades e n��veis do Sistema de Classifica����o da Fun����o Motora Grosseira (SCFMG) (Brutton & Bartlett, 2011). O objetivo deste estudo foi criar as vers��es portuguesas da GMFM-IS e GMFM-B&C. Tratou-se de um estudo de natureza metodol��gica, descritivo, longitudinal em crian��as com PC, dividido em duas fases: 1. Tradu����o e adapta����o cultural e lingu��stica da GMFM-66 IS e da GMFM-66 B&C; 2. Estudo de valida����o com an��lise da fiabilidade (coer��ncia interna, reprodutibilidade e fiabilidade inter-observador), validade e poder de resposta. A amostra em estudo foi constitu��da por 100 crian��as com PC com idades compreendidas entre os 2 e os 12 anos, representativa de todos os 5 n��veis do Sistema de Classifica����o da Fun����o Motora Global. As vers��es portuguesas da GMFM-66-IS e da GMFM-66-B&C apresentam equival��ncia conceptual e sem��ntica com as vers��es originais revelando f��cil aplicabilidade. Demonstrou-se que as vers��es reduzidas portuguesas da GMFM apresentam muito boa consist��ncia interna, com valores globais do Alfa de Cronbach de 0,998, muito boa concord��ncia entre os avaliadores (ICC de 0,998 para a GMFM-66-B&C e de 0,999 para a GMFM-66-IS), e com valores de fiabilidade intra-observador excelentes (ICC de 0,999 para a GMFM-66-B&C e de 1,000 para a GMFM-66-IS). Quanto ao poder de resposta os resultados n��o foram t��o expressivos, provavelmente comprometidos por uma amostra demasiado pequena. As vers��es portuguesas da GMFM-66-IS e da GMFM-66-B&C revelaram ter caracter��sticas psicom��tricas adequadas �� sua aplica����o em PC, necessitando, no entanto, de mais investiga����o relativamente �� sua capacidade de detetar mudan��a como resultado de interven����es.

Dielectron Mass Spectra From Au+au Collisions At ���[s(nn)]=200������gev.

We report the STAR measurements of dielectron (e(+)e(-)) production at midrapidity (|y(ee)|<1) in Au+Au collisions at ���[s(NN)]=200������GeV. The measurements are evaluated in different invariant mass regions with a focus on 0.30-0.76 (��-like), 0.76-0.80 (��-like), and 0.98-1.05 (��-like) ������GeV/c(2). The spectrum in the ��-like and ��-like regions can be well described by the hadronic cocktail simulation. In the ��-like region, however, the vacuum �� spectral function cannot describe the shape of the dielectron excess. In this range, an enhancement of 1.77��0.11(stat)��0.24(syst)��0.33(cocktail) is determined with respect to the hadronic cocktail simulation that excludes the �� meson. The excess yield in the ��-like region increases with the number of collision participants faster than the �� and �� yields. Theoretical models with broadened �� contributions through interactions with constituents in the hot QCD medium provide a consistent description of the dilepton mass spectra for the measurement presented here and the earlier data at the Super Proton Synchrotron energies.

Abrasion wear resistance of different artificial teeth opposed to metal and composite antagonists

One of the most important properties of artificial teeth is the abrasion wear resistance, which is determinant in the maintenance of the rehabilitation's occlusal pattern. OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study aims to evaluate the abrasion wear resistance of 7 brands of artificial teeth opposed to two types of antagonists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven groups were prepared with 12 specimens each (BIOLUX & BL, TRILUX & TR, BLUE DENT & BD, BIOCLER & BC, POSTARIS & PO, ORTHOSIT & OR, GNATHOSTAR & GN), opposed to metallic (M & nickel-chromium alloy), and to composite antagonists (C & Solidex indirect composite). A mechanical loading device was used (240 cycles/min, 4 Hz speed, 10 mm antagonist course). Initial and final contours of each specimen were registered with aid of a profile projector (20x magnification). The linear difference between the two profiles was measured and the registered values were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Regarding the antagonists, only OR (M = 10.45 �� 1.42 ��m and C = 2.77 �� 0.69 ��m) and BC (M = 6.70 �� 1.37 ��m and C = 4.48 �� 0.80 ��m) presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Best results were obtained with PO (C = 2.33 �� 0.91 ��m and M = 1.78 �� 0.42 ��m), followed by BL (C = 3.70 �� 1.32 ��m and M = 3.70 �� 0.61 ��m), statistically similar for both antagonists (p>0.05). Greater result variance was obtained with OR, which presented the worse results opposed to Ni-Cr (10.45 �� 1.42 ��m), and results similar to the best ones against composite (2.77 �� 0.69 ��m). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that the antagonist material is a factor of major importance to be considered in the choice of the artificial teeth to be used in the prosthesis.

Comparative study of intermaxillary relationships of manual and swallowing methods

This study compared the mandibular displacement from three methods of centric relation record using an anterior jig associated with (A) chin point guidance, (B) swallowing (control group) and (C) bimanual manipulation. Ten patients aged 25-39 years were selected if they met the following inclusion criteria: complete dentition (up to the second molars), Angle class I and absence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and diagnostic casts showing stability in the maximum intercuspation (MI) position. Impressions of maxillary and mandibular arches were made with an irreversible hydrocolloid impression material. Master casts of each patient were obtained, mounted on a microscope table in MI as a reference position and 5 records of each method were made per patient. The mandibular casts were then repositioned with records interposed and new measurements were obtained. The difference between the two readings allowed measuring the displacement of the mandible in the anteroposterior and lateral axes. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. There was no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) among the three methods for measuring lateral displacement (A=0.38 �� 0.26, B=0.32 �� 0.25 and C=0.32 �� 0.23). For the anteroposterior displacement (A=2.76 �� 1.43, B=2.46 �� 1.48 and C=2.97 �� 1.51), the swallowing method (B) differed significantly from the others (p<0.05), but no significant difference (p>0.05) was found between chin point guidance (A) and bimanual manipulation (C). In conclusion, the swallowing method produced smaller mandibular posterior displacement than the other methods.

Condi����es de atmosfera controlada para p��ssegos "maciel" colhidos em dois est��dios de matura����o

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de duas temperaturas e condi����es de atmosfera controlada (AC) sobre a conserva����o de p��ssegos da cultivar Maciel, colhidos em dois est��dios de matura����o. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: armazenamento refrigerado (AR) na temperatura de +0,5&deg;C; AR na temperatura de -0,5&deg;C; 2,0kPa O2 + 4,0kPa CO2 em -0,5&deg;C; 1,0kPa O2 + 3,0kPa CO2 em -0,5&deg;C; 2,0kPa O2 + 6,0kPa CO2 em -0,5&deg;C. As avalia����es foram realizadas ap��s 60 dias de armazenamento e mais dois e quatro dias de exposi����o dos frutos �� temperatura de 20&ordm;C. Na an��lise realizada ap��s dois meses de armazenamento, mais dois dias a 20&deg;C, verificou-se que os frutos submetidos a 2,0kPa de O2 + 4,0 kPa de CO2 apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa em rela����o aos demais tratamentos, sendo que a mesma n��o foi influenciada pelo est��dio de matura����o. Os s��lidos sol��veis totais foram maiores em frutos com est��dio de matura����o maduro independente da condi����o de armazenamento. A ocorr��ncia de podrid��es e escurecimento interno da polpa n��o foi influenciada pelo est��dio de matura����o. No entanto, a condi����o de AC de 1,0 kPa de O2 + 3,0kPa de CO2 proporcionou o menor percentual de podrid��es e escurecimento interno da polpa em rela����o aos demais tratamentos. Na avalia����o realizada aos quatro dias de exposi����o a 20&deg;C, os frutos colhidos no est��dio maduro estavam completamente podres, independente da condi����o de armazenamento praticada.

The acute effects of varying strength exercises bouts on 5km running

This study investigated if there were acute interference effects of strength exercises on subsequent continuous and intermittent 5Km aerobic exercises. Eleven physically active males (23.1 +/- 3.1 yrs, 1.75 +/- 0.07 m, 70.5 +/- 8.8 kg, and 58.2 +/- 8.3 VO(2)max) performed the following experimental sessions: A) 5 sets of 5 RM on the leg press followed by a 5km run performed continuously (average velocity of the first and second ventilatory thresholds, nu Delta 50), B) 5 sets of 5 RM on the leg press followed by a 5km run performed intermittently (1 min run at the nu VO(2)max : 1 min of rest); C) 2 sets of 15 RM on the leg press followed by a 5km continuous run; and D) 2 sets of 15 RM on the leg press followed by a 5km intermittent run. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rate of perceived exertion, and VO(2) at the first and the fifth km were considered for statistical purposes. There were no significant effects of both strength bouts on any of the variables associated with endurance performance (p > 0.05). It seems that both maximum and strength endurance bouts do not acutely impair aerobic performance.

Heat and chemical stress modulate the expression of the alpha-RYR gene in broiler chickens

The biological cause of Pork Stress syndrome, which leads to PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat, is excessive release of Ca(2+) ions, which is promoted by a genetic mutation in the ryanodine receptors (RyR) located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the skeletal muscle cells. We examined the relationship between the formation of PSE meat under halothane treatment and heat stress exposure in chicken alpha RYR hot spot fragments. Four test groups were compared: 1) birds slaughtered without any treatment, i.e., the control group (C); 2) birds slaughtered immediately after halothane treatment (H); 3) birds slaughtered immediately after heat stress treatment (HS), and 4) birds exposed to halothane and to heat stress (H+HS), before slaughtering. Breast muscle mRNA was extracted, amplified by RT-PCR, and sequenced. PSE meat was evaluated using color determination (L*value). The most common alteration was deletion of a single nucleotide, which generated a premature stop codon, resulting in the production of truncated proteins. The highest incidence of nonsense transcripts came with exposure to halothane; 80% of these abnormal transcripts were detected in H and H+HS groups. As a consequence, the incidence of abnormal meat was highest in the H+HS group (66%). In HS, H, and C groups, PSE meat developed in 60, 50, and 33% of the samples, respectively. Thus, halothane apparently modulates alpha RYR gene expression in this region, and synergically with exposure to heat stress, causes Avian Stress syndrome, resulting in PSE meat in broiler chickens.

Renal hypothermia: Experience in pigs and clinical trial

Purpose: This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of two methods of inducing renal hypothermia through laparoscopy in pigs and humans. Materials and Methods: Twelve pigs were divided into four groups of three animals each. Both kidneys of the animals in Groups A, B, and C were submitted to pelvic irrigation with cold saline (4 degrees C) for 20 minutes, with flow rates of 5 mL/min, 10 mL/min, and 15 mL/min, respectively. In Group D renal hypothermia was induced by intracorporeal ice slush applied to the surface for 20 minutes. All maneuvers were performed laparoscopically and renal cortex temperature was measured by a thermocouple needle. Five human patients also underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy due to renal cell carcinoma. In one case renoprotection was induced by retrograde endoscopic cold saline perfusion at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. In the remaining four patients we induced renal hypothermia via laparoscopic application of ice slush. The renal temperature of the human patients was also monitored using a thermocouple needle. Results: In the pigs, at 20 minutes of renal pelvis perfusion the mean renal temperature, the temperature drop, and saline flow per gram of kidney were: Group A, -29.5 degrees C +/- 1.1 (-6.3 degrees C; 0.10 mL); Group B, -22.8 degrees C +/- 1.1 (-13.1 degrees C; 0.22 mL); and Group C, -21.1 degrees C +/- 0.9 (-14.9 degrees C; 0.31 mL). In Group D the mean renal cortex temperature at 20 minutes was 13.6 degrees C +/- 1.2, a drop of -22.5 degrees C. There were striking differences among the groups (P < 0.0001). The laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was uneventful in all five human patients. The lowest renal cortex temperature was 32.5 degrees C, seen in the patient who submitted to pelvic irrigation with cold saline, and the mean temperature drop was 19.1 degrees C +/- 2.5 degrees C in the patients who submitted to ice slush-induced renal hypothermia. Conclusions: Induction of renal hypothermia using intracorporeal ice slush confers lower kidney temperatures than endoscopically-induced cold saline perfusion.

Simplified Mathematical Model for an Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor Treating Lipid-Rich Wastewater Subject to Rising Organic Loading Rates

This study proposes a simplified mathematical model to describe the processes occurring in an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR) treating lipid-rich wastewater. The reactor, subjected to rising organic loading rates, contained biomass immobilized cubic polyurethane foam matrices, and was operated at 32 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C, using 24-h batch cycles. In the adaptation period, the reactor was fed with synthetic substrate for 46 days and was operated without agitation. Whereas agitation was raised to 500 rpm, the organic loading rate (OLR) rose from 0.3 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) . L(-1) . day(-1) to 1.2 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1). The ASBBR was fed fat-rich wastewater (dairy wastewater), in an operation period lasting for 116 days, during which four operational conditions (OCs) were tested: 1.1 +/- 0.2 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1) (OC1), 4.5 +/- 0.4 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1) (OC2), 8.0 +/- 0.8 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1) (OC3), and 12.1 +/- 2.4 g COD . L(-1) . day(-1) (OC4). The bicarbonate alkalinity (BA)/COD supplementation ratio was 1:1 at OC1, 1:2 at OC2, and 1:3 at OC3 and OC4. Total COD removal efficiencies were higher than 90%, with a constant production of bicarbonate alkalinity, in all OCs tested. After the process reached stability, temporal profiles of substrate consumption were obtained. Based on these experimental data a simplified first-order model was fit, making possible the inference of kinetic parameters. A simplified mathematical model correlating soluble COD with volatile fatty acids (VFA) was also proposed, and through it the consumption rates of intermediate products as propionic and acetic acid were inferred. Results showed that the microbial consortium worked properly and high efficiencies were obtained, even with high initial substrate concentrations, which led to the accumulation of intermediate metabolites and caused low specific consumption rates.