Bioestimulação de célula-tronco mesenquimal de rato sob ação da luz contínua e pulsátil de 630 nm utilizando LED

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Ethics of a Co-regulatory Model for Farm Animal Welfare Research

Standards for farm animal welfare are variously managed at a national level by government-led regulatory control, by consumer-led welfare economics and co-regulated control in a partnership between industry and government. In the latter case the control of research to support animal welfare standards by the relevant industry body may lead to a conflict of interest on the part of researchers, who are dependent on industry for continued research funding. We examine this dilemma by reviewing two case studies of research published under an Australian co-regulated control system. Evidence of unsupported conclusions that are favourable to industry is provided, suggesting that researchers do experience a conflict of interest that may influence the integrity of the research. Alternative models for the management of research are discussed, including the establishment of an independent research management body for animal welfare because of its public good status and the use of public money derived from taxation, with representation from government, industry, consumers, and advocacy groups.

Hemofilia A em cão: relato de caso

Hemophilia A is an X-linked inherited disorder characterized by a Factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency, being therefore transmitted by female dogs to their offspring. Since it is a secondary hemostatic defect, the main clinical signs are hematomas and deep hemorrhage in body cavities, muscles and joints. A four-month-old male Boxer was presented to the Veterinary Hospital at the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science in Botucatu with excessive bleeding due to an incision made three days prior by another veterinarian to drain a local hematoma. Laboratory results showed platelet count within the reference range, as well as prolonged whole blood clotting and activated partial thromboplastin times. FVIII activity was 0,96%, which characterizes the most severe degree of hemophilia A.

Quality and safety of oils and fats obtained as co-products or by-products of the food chain and destined to animal production

The aim of the first part of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of trans fatty acid- (TFA), contaminant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)- and oxidation productenriched diets on the content of TFA and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in meat and liver of both poultry and rabbit. The enriched feedings were prepared with preselected fatty co-and by-products that contained low and high levels of TFA (low, palm fatty acid distillate; high, hydrogenated palm fatty acid distillate), environmental contaminants (dioxins and PCBs) (two different fish oils), PAH (olive oil acid oils and pomace olive oil from chemical refining, for low and high levels) and oxidation products (sunflower-olive oil blend before and after frying), so as to obtain single feedings with three enrichment degrees (high, medium and low) of the compound of interest. This experimental set-up is a part of a large, collaborative European project (http://www.ub.edu/feedfat/), where other chemical and health parameters are assessed. Lipids were extracted, methylated with diazomethane, then transmethylated with 2N KOH/methanol and analyzed by GC and silver-ion TLC-GC. TFA and CLA were determined in the fats, the feedings, meat and liver of both poultry and rabbit. In general, the level of TFA and CLA in meat and liver mainly varied according to those originally found in the feeding fats. It must be pointed out, though, that TFA and CLA accumulation was different for the two animal species, as well as for the two types of tissues. The TFA composition of meat and liver changes according to the composition of the oils added to the feeds with some differences between species. Chicken meat with skin shows higher TFA content (2.6–5.4 fold) than rabbit meat, except for the “PAH” trial. Chicken liver shows higher TFA content (1.2–2.1 fold) than rabbit liver, except for the “TRANS” and “PAH” trials. In both chicken and rabbit meats, the TFA content was higher for the “TRANS” trial, followed by the “DIOXIN” trial. Slight differences were found on the “OXIDATION” and “PAH” trends in both types of meats. In both chicken and rabbit livers, the TFA content was higher for the “TRANS” trial, followed by those of the “PAH”, “DIOXIN” and “OXIDATION” trials. This trend, however, was not identical to that of feeds, where the TFA content varied as follows: “TRANS” > “DIOXIN” >“PAH” > “OXIDATION”. In chicken and rabbit meat samples, C18:1 TFA were the most abundant, followed by C18:2 TFA and C18:3 TFA, except for the “DIOXIN” trial where C18:3 TFA > C18:2 TFA. In chicken and rabbit liver samples of the “TRANS” and “OXIDATION” trials, C18:1 TFA were the most abundant, followed by C18:2 TFA and C18:3 TFA, whereas C18:3 TFA > C18:2 in the “DIOXIN” trial. Slight differences were found on the “PAH” trend in livers from both species. The second part of the thesis dealt with the study of lipid oxidation in washed turkey muscle added with different antioxidants. The evaluation on the oxidative stability of muscle foods found that oxidation could be measured by headspace solid phase microestraction (SPME) of hexanal and propanal. To make this method effective, an antioxidant system was added to stored muscle to stop the oxidative processes. An increase in ionic strength of the sample was also implemented to increase the concentration of aldehydes in the headspace. This method was found to be more sensitive than the commonly used thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) method. However, after antioxidants were added and oxidation was stopped, the concentration of aldehydes decreased. It was found that the decrease in aldehyde concentration was due to the binding of the aldehydes to muscle proteins, thus decreasing the volatility and making them less detectable.

Studies of granulosa cell maturation in dominant and subordinate bovine follicles : novel extracellular matrix focimatrix is co-ordinately regulated with cholesterol side-chain cleavage CYP11A1

During growth of antral ovarian follicles granulosa cells first become associated with a novel type of extracellular matrix, focimatrix, and at larger sizes follicles become either subordinate or dominant. To examine this, bovine subordinate (9.0±s.e.m. 0.4 mm; n=16), partially dominant (12.0±0.6 mm; n=18) and fully dominant (15.0±0.4 mm; n=14) follicles were examined by real time RT-PCR analyses of granulosa cells and by immunohistochemistry of focimatrix. Changes in the expression of FSH receptor, LH receptor, cholesterol side-chain cleavage (CYP11A1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, aromatase (CYP19A1) and inhibin-α and β-B were observed as expected for follicle sizes examined. After adjusting for size differences, only CYP11A1 was significantly different between the groups, and elevated in dominant follicles. Also after adjusting for differences in size there were no significant differences in expression of focimatrix components collagen type IV α-1 (COL4A1), laminin β-2, nidogen 1 (NID1), and perlecan (HSPG2) or the volume density of NID1 and -2 and HSPG2. The volume density of focimatrix components in laminin 111 was significantly elevated in dominant follicles. Adjusting for analysis of more than one follicle per animal and for multiple correlations, CYP11A1 mRNA levels were highly correlated with the focimatrix genes COL4A1, NID1 and -2 and HSPG2. Thus, focimatrix may potentially regulate CYP11A1 expression, and the regulation of both could be important in follicular dominance.

Slaving and release in co-infection control

Background Animal and human infection with multiple parasite species is the norm rather than the exception, and empirical studies and animal models have provided evidence for a diverse range of interactions among parasites. We demonstrate how an optimal control strategy should be tailored to the pathogen community and tempered by species-level knowledge of drug sensitivity with use of a simple epidemiological model of gastro-intestinal nematodes. Methods We construct a fully mechanistic model of macroparasite co-infection and use it to explore a range of control scenarios involving chemotherapy as well as improvements to sanitation. Results Scenarios are presented whereby control not only releases a more resistant parasite from antagonistic interactions, but risks increasing co-infection rates, exacerbating the burden of disease. In contrast, synergisms between species result in their becoming epidemiologically slaved within hosts, presenting a novel opportunity for controlling drug resistant parasites by targeting co-circulating species. Conclusions Understanding the effects on control of multi-parasite species interactions, and vice versa, is of increasing urgency in the advent of integrated mass intervention programmes.

Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles containing DNA molecules encoding a malaria vaccine candidate

Background A novel ultrasonic atomization approach for the formulation of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles of a malaria DNA vaccine is presented. A 40 kHz ultrasonic atomization device was used to create the microparticles from a feedstock containing 5 volumes of 0.5% w/v PLGA in acetone and 1 volume of condensed DNA which was fed at a flow rate of 18ml h-1. The plasmid DNA vectors encoding a malaria protein were condensed with a cationic polymer before atomization. Results High levels of gene expression in vitro were observed in COS-7 cells transfected with condensed DNA at a nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratio of 10. At this N/P ratio, the condensed DNA exhibited a monodispersed nanoparticle size (Z-average diameter of 60.8 nm) and a highly positive zeta potential of 38.8mV. The microparticle formulations of malaria DNA vaccine were quality assessed and it was shown that themicroparticles displayed high encapsulation efficiencies between 82-96% and a narrow size distribution in the range of 0.8-1.9 μm. In vitro release profile revealed that approximately 82% of the DNA was released within 30 days via a predominantly diffusion controlledmass transfer system. Conclusions This ultrasonic atomization technique showed excellent particle size reproducibility and displayed potential as an industrially viable approach for the formulation of controlled release particles.

Delay tolerant routing protocols for energy-neutral animal tracking

This paper investigates communication protocols for relaying sensor data from animal tracking applications back to base stations. While Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are well suited to such challenging environments, most existing protocols do not consider the available energy that is particularly important when tracking devices can harvest energy. This limits both the network lifetime and delivery probability in energy-constrained applications to the point when routing performance becomes worse than using no routing at all. Our work shows that substantial improvement in data yields can be achieved through simple yet efficient energy-aware strategies. Conceptually, there is need for balancing the energy spent on sensing, data mulling, and delivery of direct packets to destination. We use empirical traces collected in a flying fox (fruit bat) tracking project and show that simple threshold-based energy-aware strategies yield up to 20% higher delivery rates. Furthermore, these results generalize well for a wide range of operating conditions.

Co-evolution of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and RHDV: resistance and virulence

Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) was introduced to Australia in 1995 for the control of wild rabbits. Initial outbreaks greatly reduced rabbit numbers and the virus has continued to control rabbits to varying degrees in different parts of Australia. However, recent field evidence suggests that the virus may be becoming less effective in those areas that have previously experienced repeated epizootics causing high mortality. There are also reports of rabbits returning to pre-1995 density levels, Virus and host can be expected to co-evolve. The host will develop resistance to the virus with the virus subsequently changing to overcome that resistance. It has been 12 years since the release of RHDV and it is an opportune time to examine where the dynamic currently stands between RHDV and rabbits. Laboratory challenge tests have indicated that resistance to RHDV has developed to different degrees in populations throughout Australia. In one population a low dose (1:25 dilution) of Czech strain RHDV failed to infect a single susceptible rabbit, yet infected a low to high (up to 73%) percentage across other populations tested. Different selection pressures are present in these populations and will be driving the level of resistance being seen. The mechanisms and genetics behind the development of resistance are also important as the on-going use of RHDV as a control tool in the management of rabbits relies on our understanding of factors influencing the efficacy of the virus. Understanding how resistance has developed may provide clues on how best to use the virus to circumvent these mechanisms. Similarly, it will help in managing populations that have yet to develop high levels of resistance.

Can feral pig harvesting and co-ordinated control reduce damage to grain crops?

Commercial and recreational harvesting of pigs is often encouraged by pest managers because it is essentially a ‘free’ reduction in pest density. However, the reduction in numbers may provide minimal damage mitigation and may be inappropriately allocated in space and time. Additionally, more effective control (e.g. baiting) may not occur because of the incorrect perception that harvesting is effective or because pigs are valued for recreational use.

Efecto de diferentes residuos de origen vegetal y animal en algunas caracteristicas fisica, quimica y biológica del compost. Hacienda Las Mercedes, Managua, 2005

El estudio del efecto de diferentes residuos orgánicos de origen vegetal y animal en algunas características física, química y biológica del compost. Los objetivos fueron: C ontribuir a la búsqueda de alternativas de reciclaje de diferentes materiales de origen vegetal, animal y que contenga buenas características físicas, q uímicas y biológicas, evaluar el efecto de diferentes materiales orgánicos (pulpa de café, aserrín, basura verde + cascarilla de arroz, abono verde + cascarilla de arroz y residuos del comedor) sobre algunas propiedades químicas, físicas y biológicas del c ompost y determinar cuál de las mezclas orgánicas evaluadas (pulpa de café, aserrín, basura verde + cascarilla de arroz, abono verde + cascarilla de arroz y residuos del comedor) contribuyen a mejorar algunas de las propiedades químicas, físicas y biológic as del compost. Se estableció en la Hacienda Las Mercedes, propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en el Km. 11 y ½ carretera norte, 1 Km. al lago frente a la empresa CARNIC en la localidad Las Mercedes perteneciente al departamento de Mana gua. Está finca se ubica geográficamente a los 12º8 ́36 ́ ́ latitud norte y 86º09 ́49 ́ ́ longitud oeste a una altitud de 56 msnm. El estudio comprendió cinco tratamientos y tres repeticiones: los cinco tratamientos compuestos de: basura seca recogida de la Ha cienda Las Mercedes, estiércol, cal y sica (carbón vegetal) en común; el tratamiento uno se diferenciaba por la presencia de pulpa de café, el dos por tener aserrín, el tres con basura verde más cascarilla de arroz, el cuatro con abono verde más cascarill a de arroz y el quinto con residuos provenientes del comedor de la Universidad Nacional Agraria. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: temperatura, humedad, fitoxicidad , Contenido de macro y micro elementos y d iversidad de hongos y bacterias en el proce so de compostaje . El aná lisis estadístico utilizado fue el análisis de varianza a la variable: análisis químico, se realizó separación de medias por TUKEY al 5% de probabilidad de error. A las variables humedad, toxicidad y análisis microbiológico se les realizó un análisis cualitativo. La variable temperatura se le realizó análisis de varianz a a través del MANOVA. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: existe diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos en la variable temperatura siendo la pulp a de café el material orgánico que favorece mayor actividad microbiana y que permitió obtener temperaturas más altas que el resto de mezclas . La pasteurización del abono se logró a través de que la temperatura entre 45 ºC y 50 ºC fue por un tiempo prolon gado. Según el resultado del análisis químico realizado en el laboratorio de suelos y aguas de la UNA indican por que los rangos de humedad al final del ensayo se mantuvieron dentro de los parámetros óptimos (50 - 65 %). Todos los tratamientos tienen una r elación carbono/nitrógeno alta, las que varían entre 79:1 a 60:1. Todas las mezclas tienen estabilidad, no hay presencia de sustancias fitotóxicas. En todos los tratamientos se obtiene una germinación arriba del 90 por ciento. La presencia de bacterias y hongos estuvo durante todo el proceso de descomposición, siendo menor el número de especies de hongos encontrados por tratamiento a los 30 días que a los 90 días. Entre las bacterias más encontradas están las del género Bacillus.

Fundamentos de alimentación animal: Texto básico

Este libro, ha sido concebido para satisfacer las necesidades de tres grupos de lectores: primero, el estudiante universitario del área agropecuaria que necesita de una fuente de información manejable de los aspectos científicos de la alimentación animal; segundo , los técnicos del Ministerio de Agricultura que precisan de una fuente de información necesaria para la elaboración de mezclas y raciones ; y tercero, el productor agropecuario que bien puede desear comprender porque se le recomienda un tipo determinado de alimento o ración para sus animales. Este es un auditorio heterogéneo y no es de esperar que cada uno de los tres grupos quede completamente satisfecho del resultado. El alcance de este libro está determinado por un programa, que es el de la asignatura de NUTRICION ANIMAL 1 para estudiantes de IV año de Ingeniería Agronómica con orientación en Zootecnia, así como también, por consideraciones de tamaño. No se pretende profundizar en lo teórico sino más bien ayudar a la comprensión de tan complicado tema como lo es el de la nutrición animal, expresándolo en forma clara y sencilla, al finalizar el lector se dará cuenta de ello y podrá poner en práctica el conocimiento adquirido. La información referente al contenido nutritivo de los alimentos está basado en los análisis efectuados en el Laboratorio de Bromatología de la U.N.A. que suman más de mí, queriéndose con ello llenar el vacío del contenido nutritivo de gramíneas y leguminosas más difundidas en Nica­ ragua, lo cual tiene un alcance práctico muy profundo. En cuanto a los subproductos nacionales, los datos son propios, ellos ayudarán a comprender la necesidad de su uso, sobre todo durante la época de mayor escasez de alimentos, ofreciéndole una alternativa alimenticia al ganado. Los minerales son abarcados en este libro considerando básicamente los trabajos realizados en el trópico por McDowell, L.R., Conrad, J.H., Ellis,G.L. y Loosli, J.K. Es grande mi deuda con diversos amigos y docentes por su información, crítica y consejo. Espero aportar un grano de arena que ayude a resolver el problema de déficit de bibliografía referente a la alimentación animal en Nicaragua.

Manual : Toma, conservación y envìo de muestras representativas al Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Veterinario

Este documento está dirigido tanto al estudiante como al profesional Médico Veterinario, proporcionándole los procedimientos que pueden seguir para tomar, conservar y enviar las muestras al laboratorio, con el fin de evitar una alteración en los resultados de la prueba y en el diagnóstico; para facilitar su uso está organizado en capítulos, de acuerdo al tipo de espécimen que desee evaluarse, por lo que, el clínico podrá situarse en el área de su interés y consultar la técnica en la especie que el precise realizar el análisis. Se debe tener en cuenta que la muestra se debe remitir junto con el diagnóstico presuntivo, anamnesis e historia clínica. El objetivo de recomendar exámenes complementarios es identificar el agente etiológico que está afectando al animal o al rebaño y de esta manera proponer un tratamiento específico.

Identificación de oportunidades de ahorro de energía eléctrica en las instalaciones de la Sede Central Universidad Nacional Agraria Noviembre 2010 – Octubre 2011

El estudio se realizó en la sede central de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), durante el periodo noviembre - 2010 a octubre - 2011; en el cual, se identificaron las oportunidades de ahorro energético. Se realizó un inventario de los equipos eléctricos, registrando el voltaje, amperaje y tiempo de uso, se calculó el consumo eléctrico; luego se procedió a la caracterización de la energía, estimación de las emisiones de CO 2 e identificación de las oportunidades de ahorro energético y escenarios de sustitución de equipos de aire acondicionados . El consumo total de energía eléctrica en la UNA fue de 7, 177,417.66 kWh/año. Las facultades consumieron 4, 307,580.72 kWh/año , Direcciones 2, 424,954.06 kWh/año, Rectoría 240,961.89 kWh/año, Auditoría interna 36,462.45 kWh/año y áreas independientes a la academia y administración, consumieron 167,458.53 kWh/año. Considerando el consumo vampiro, este aportaría 717,741.77 kWh/año al consumo total de la universidad. Los laboratorios de las Facultades de Agronomía y Ciencia Animal presentaron los mayores consumos, seguidos de los laboratorios y Departamentos Académicos de cada Facultad, en cambio, en la Facultad de Desarrollo Rural el orden descendente según consumo fue el siguiente: Departamentos Académicos, Decanatura y Delegación Administrativa laboratorios. Los usos más representativos en la UNA fueron: climatización procesamiento de la información electrónica, Reparación y mantenimiento, electrodomésticos, prácticas y pruebas de laboratorio con sus respectivos equipos; esto varió en dependencia de las características y funciones de cada sitio. La emisión total de CO2 por consumo eléctrico fue de 5,086.76 ton.