Utilisation of by-products from sunflower-based biodiesel production processes for the production of fermentation feedstock

By-products streams from a sunflower-based biodiesel plant were utilised for the production of fermentation media that can be used for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Sunflower meal was utilised as substrate for the production of crude enzyme consortia through solid state fermentation (SSF) with the fungal strain Aspergillus oryzae. Fermented solids were subsequently mixed with unprocessed sunflower meal aiming at the production of a nutrient-rich fermentation feedstock. The highest free amino nitrogen (FAN) and inorganic phosphorus concentrations achieved were 1.5 g L-1 and 246 mg L-1, respectively, when an initial proteolytic activity of 6.4 U mL-1 was used. The FANconcentrationwas increased to 2.3 g L-1 when the initial proteolytic activity was increased to 16 U mL-1. Sunflower meal hydrolysates were mixed with crude glycerol to provide fermentationmedia that were evaluated for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrateco- 3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HB-co-3HV)) using Cupriavidus necator DSM545. The P(3HB-co-3HV) (9.9 g l-1) produced contained 3HB and 3HV units with 97 and 3 mol %, respectively. Integrating PHA production in existing 1st generation biodiesel production plants through valorisation of by-product streams could improve their sustainability.

Effect of impurities in biodiesel-derived waste glycerol on the performance and feasibility of biotechnological processes

The rapid development of biodiesel production technology has led to the generation of tremendous quantities of glycerol wastes, as the main by-product of the process. Stoichiometrically, it has been calculated that for every 100 kg of biodiesel, 10 kg of glycerol are produced. Based on the technology imposed by various biodiesel plants, glycerol wastes may contain numerous kinds of impurities such as methanol, salts, soaps, heavy metals and residual fatty acids. This fact often renders biodiesel-derived glycerol unprofitable for further purification. Therefore, the utilization of crude glycerol though biotechnological means represents a promising alternative for the effective management of this industrial waste. This review summarizes the effect of various impurities-contaminants that are found in biodiesel-derived crude glycerol upon its conversion by microbial strains in biotechnological processes. Insights are given concerning the technologies that are currently applied in biodiesel production, with emphasis to the impurities that are added in the composition of crude glycerol, through each step of the production process. Moreover, extensive discussion is made in relation with the impact of the nature of impurities upon the performances of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, during crude glycerol bioconversions into a variety of high added-value metabolic products. Finally, aspects concerning ways of crude glycerol treatment for the removal of inhibitory contaminants as reported in the literature are given and comprehensively discussed

Prediction of Viscosities of Fatty Compounds and Biodiesel by Group Contribution

In the present work, a group contribution method is proposed for the estimation of viscosity of fatty compounds and biodiesel esters as a function of the temperature. The databank used for regression of the group contribution parameters (1070 values for 65 types of substances) included fatty compounds, such as fatty acids, methyl and ethyl esters and alcohols, tri- and diacylglycerols, and glycerol. The inclusion of new experimental data for fatty esters, a partial acylglycerol, and glycerol allowed for a further refinement in the performance of this methodology in comparison to a prior group contribution equation (Ceriani, R.; Goncalves, C. B.; Rabelo, J.; Caruso, M.; Cunha, A. C. C.; Cavaleri, F. W.; Batista, E. A. C.; Meirelles, A. J. A. Group contribution model for predicting viscosity of fatty compounds. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2007, 52, 965-972) for all classes of fatty compounds. Besides, the influence of small concentrations of partial acylglycerols, intermediate compounds in the transesterification reaction, in the viscosity of biodiesels was also investigated.

Development of a fast capillary electrophoresis method to determine inorganic cations in biodiesel samples

The aim of this study was to develop a fast capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of inorganic cations (Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) in biodiesel samples, using barium (Ba(2+)) as the internal standard. The running electrolyte was optimized through effective mobility curves in order to select the co-ion and Peakmaster software was used to determine electromigration dispersion and buffer capacity. The optimum background electrolyte was composed of 10 mmol L(-1) imidazole and 40 mmol L(-1) of acetic acid. Separation was conducted in a fused-silica capillary (32 cm total length and 23.5 cm effective length, 50 mu m I.D.), with indirect UV detection at 214 nm. The migration time was only 36 s. In order to obtain the optimized conditions for extraction, a fractional factorial experimental design was used. The variables investigated were biodiesel mass, pH, extractant volume, agitation and sonication time. The optimum conditions were: biodiesel mass of 200 mg, extractant volume of 200 mu L. and agitation of 20 min. The method is characterized by good linearity in the concentration range of 0.5-20 mg kg(-1) (r > 0.999), limit of detection was equal to 0.3 mg kg(-1), inter-day precision was equal to 1.88% and recovery in the range of 88.0-120%. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of cations in biodiesel samples. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The corrosion of austenitic 304 stainless steel in biodiesel

Fuel distribution uses 304 stainless steel containers for the storage of biofuels, however there are few reports in the literature about the corrosive aspects this. steel in biodiesel. The objective of this research is to study the corrosive behavior of 304 austenitic stainless steel in the presence of biodiesel, unwashed and washed, with aqueous solutions of citric, oxalic, acetic and ascorbic acids 0,01 mol L(-1), and compare with results obtained for the copper (ASTM D130). The employedtechniques were: atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and optical microscopy (OM). The results of EA A showed a low rate of corrosion for the stainless steel, the alloys elements studied were Cr, Ni and Fe, the highest rate was observed for the chrome, 1.78 ppm / day in biodiesel with or without washing. The OM of the 304 steel, when compared with that of copper has a low corrosion rate in the 304 steel/biodiesel system. Not with standing, this demonstrates that not only the 304 steel, but also the copper corrodes in biodiesel

Catalytic ethanolysis of soybean oil with immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica and (1)H NMR and GC quantification of the ethyl esters (biodiesel) produced

The catalytic ethanolysis of soybean oil with commercial immobilized lipase type B from Candida antarctica to yield ethyl esters (biodiesel) has been investigated. Transesterification was monitored with respect to the following parameters: quantity of biocatalyst, reaction time, amount of water added and turnover of lipase. The highest yields of biodiesel (87% by (1)H NMR; 82.9% by GC) were obtained after a reaction time of 24 h at 32 degrees C in the presence of lipase equivalent to 5.0% (w/w) of the amount of soybean oil present. The production of ethyl esters by enzymatic ethanolysis was not influenced by the addition of water up to 4.0% (v/v) of the alcohol indicating that it is possible to use hydrated ethanol in the production of biodiesel catalyzed by lipase. The immobilized enzyme showed high stability under moderate reaction conditions and retained its activity after five production cycles. The (1)H NMR methodology elaborated for the quantification of biodiesel in unpurified reaction mixtures showed good correlations between the signal areas of peaks associated with the alpha-methylene groups of the ethyl esters and those of the triacyl-glycerides in residual soybean oil. Monoacylglycerides, diacylglycerides and triglycerides could also be detected and quantified in the crude biodiesel using (1)H NMR spectroscopic and GC-FID chromatographic methods. The biodiesel production by enzymatic catalysis was promising. In this case, was produced a low concentration of glycerol (0.74%) and easily removed by water extraction. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Solvent assisted decomposition of the tetrahedral intermediate of the transesterification reaction to biodiesel production. A density functional study

B3LYP/6-31 + G(d) calculations were employed to investigate the mechanism of the transesterification reaction between a model monoglyceride and the methoxide and ethoxide anions. The gas-phase results reveal that both reactions have essentially the same activation energy (5.9 kcal mol(-1)) for decomposition of the key tetrahedral intermediate. Solvent effects were included by means of both microsolvation and the polarizable continuum solvation model CPCM. Both solvent approaches reduce the activation energy, however, only the microsolvation model is able to introduce some differentiation between methanol and ethanol, yielding a lower activation energy for decomposition of the tetrahedral intermediate in the reaction with methanol (1.1 kcal mol(-1)) than for the corresponding reaction with ethanol (2.8 kcal mol(-1)), in line with experimental evidences. Analysis of the individual energy components within the CPCM approach reveals that electrostatic interactions are the main contribution to stabilization of the transition state. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Corrosão de vários materiais metálicos em álcool etílico hidratado combustível e sua inibição a 25 graus C

Estudou-se o comportamento à corrosão de diversos materiais metálicos como aço, cobre, latão e pares galvânicos (aço-latão) em álcool etilico combustível (91.1 - 93.9 -INPM) adicionado de várias substâncias a fim de avaliar possíveis efeitos inibidores ou aceleradores da corrosão. Foi verificado a influência na corrosão, de ion cloreto, acetato de sódio, ácido benzóico, trietanolamina, butinodiol e um inibidor comercial. O acetato de sódio seguido do produto comercial se revelaram os melhores aditivos sob o ponto de vista da inibição da corrosão. A adição de cloreto, como um possível contaminante foi estudada e obteve-se um aumento bastante grande na taxa de corrosão. A adição de perclorato de potássio ao álcool combustível normalmente utilizado para aumentar a condutividade da solução nos ensaios eletroquímicos, mostrou ser prejudicial por modificar apreciavelmente as características do comportamento à corrosão dos materiais ensaiados, aumentando-a ou diminuindo-a conforme o caso.

Alterações morfológicas em epitélio lingual de camundongos expostos ao Álcool Etílico a 40°GL

O álcool nunca foi apontado como um carcinógeno isoladamente, a literatura se refere ao álcool como um elemento que facilitaria a atuação de um carcinógeno ou um elemento que agiria em sinergia juntamente com o tabaco no desenvolvimento do câncer bucal. Buscando avaliar o papel do álcool como modificador da morfologia da mucosa da língua realizamos o experimento com 60 camundongos divididos em três grupos – Controle, Álcool Contínuo e Álcool Tópico – durante o período de um ano. Os animais do Grupo Álcool Contínuo seguiram com a alimentação normal tendo sido substituída a bebida por álcool a 40ºGL e os do Grupo Álcool Tópico recebiam aplicação tópica de álcool 40ºGL duas vezes por semana, simulando um consumo eventual. Através de amostras retiradas do dorso da língua, no início do experimento e depois a cada seis meses, fez-se a análise de alterações morfológicas no epitélio (espessura do epitélio, espessura da camada de ceratina, relação entre comprimento da camada basal e superficial e relação núcleo citoplasma das células do epitélio (camada basal e intermediária)). Através de análise estatística dos resultados verificamos alterações significativas em quase todos os itens avaliados. Concluímos que o álcool pode ser apontado como um agente modificador da morfologia da mucosa do dorso da língua quando ingerido ou aplicado topicamente.

Quantificação da apoptose em epitélio lingual de camundongos submetidos à ingestão e ação tópica do álcool etílico a 40°GL

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quantitativamente a apoptose em células epiteliais submetidas ao etanol. Para tanto, foram formados três grupos de 10 animais: Grupo I ingeria álcool a 40o GL em substituição a água, durante todo período experimental; Grupo II recebia aplicações tópicas de álcool a 40o GL na cavidade bucal, duas vezes por semana, simulando um consumo eventual; e Grupo III, dieta livre. Para a investigação das células apoptóticas, utilizou-se a técnica de TUNEL (Terminal deoxinucleotidil transferase Uracil Nick End Labeling). Foram analisadas as células das camadas basal, suprabasal e superficial do epitélio lingual, realizando comparações dentro dos mesmos grupos e entre os grupos. Através da análise estatística dos resultados, observou-se que, aos doze meses do experimento, houve aumento da apoptose na camada superficial do epitélio no grupo que ingeria álcool continuamente (p=0,03). Nos grupos controle e submetidos à aplicação tópica, não foram evidenciadas diferenças estatísticas significantes no índice de apoptose. Concluímos que a ingestão continuada do álcool aumenta o número de células em apoptose na camada superficial do epitélio lingual de camundongos, ao longo do tempo e leva a um comportamento epitelial, similar ao observado no epitélio senil.

Estudo físico-químico comparativo de sistemas nanoestruturados contendo indometacina ou seu éster etílico e avaliação in vivo da atividade antiedematogênica

Nanocápsulas (NC), nanoesferas (NS) e nanoemulsão (NE) são propostas na literatura como carreadores submicrométricos de fármacos. Os objetivos deste trabalho são realizar um estudo comparativo para diferenciar o comportamento cinético desses sistemas e avaliar a influência da espessura da parede polimérica das NC no perfil de liberação de um modelo lipofílico de fármaco a partir de diversas formulações preparadas com diferentes concentrações de poli(-caprolactona) (PCL). Com esse propósito, o éster etílico de indometacina (IndOEt) foi associado a cada sistema e a sua hidrólise alcalina foi realizada para simular uma condição sink. As suspensões aquosas foram tratadas com solução aquosa de NaOH e a modelagem matemática dos perfis de consumo do IndOEt foi realizada. Uma vez que os derivados éster de indometacina têm sido relatados como inibidores seletivos da ciclooxigenase-2, também constitui objetivo deste trabalho avaliar a atividade antiedematogênica em ratos do IndOEt associado aos nanocarreadores através da inibição do edema em pata de rato induzido por carragenina. O IndOEt apresentou consumo total em 24 horas para NC, 12 horas para NS e 8 horas para NE. A modelagem matemática demonstrou que os perfis cinéticos apresentaram uma fase de liberação rápida, com tempo de meia-vida de 5,9, 4,4 e 2,7 minutos, e uma fase de liberação sustentada com tempos de meia-vida de 288,8, 87,7 e 147,5 minutos, respectivamente. Comparando-se os resultados, as NC apresentaram os maiores tempos de meia-vida para o modelo lipofílico de fármaco associado aos nanocarreadores Para todas as formulações preparadas com diferentes concentrações de PCL, a modelagem matemática dos perfis demonstrou que quanto menor a concentração de polímero empregada, mais rápido é o consumo do éster. Para todos os sistemas estudados, um ajuste satisfatório dos dados experimentais ao modelo da Lei das Potências foi obtido. A incorporação do IndOEt em NC e NS apresentou atividade antiedematogênica após a administração oral das formulações. Por outro lado, a associação do IndOEt na NE não inibiu o edema induzido pela carragenina.