A foliar rating system for comparing the resistance of banana cultivars grown as tissue-cultured plantlets in the laboratory to Fusarium wilt

A foliar rating system was developed to assess the progress of Fusarium wilt ( Panama disease) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in seven banana cultivars differing in their resistance to race 1 of the pathogen. Plantlets were transplanted into unamended soil naturally infested with the pathogen, soil amended with urea and soil amended with aged chicken manure. A corm invasion score was also developed to assess the accuracy of the foliar symptom score as an indicator of cultivar resistance. On the basis of foliar symptom scores alone, the response of five of the seven cultivars in the chicken manure treatment corresponded to their known field response. However, the response of the other two cultivars, both susceptible to the pathogen in the field, fell into two categories. One had a high foliar symptom score and a correspondingly high corm invasion score, whereas the other had a low foliar symptom score and a high corm invasion score. Breeders need to be aware of the two categories of susceptible response, if inferior breeding material is to be rejected early on in a breeding program.

Effect of organic amendments and solarisation on Fusarium wilt in susceptible banana plantlets, transplanted into naturally infested soil

Despite extensive research since pathogenicity was first established in 1919, no cultural or chemical control strategy has proven effective against Fusarium wilt of bananas. The efficacy of cultural control is attributed to the suppression of pathogen activity. Yet, amending naturally infested soil with aged chicken manure has been shown to enhance disease severity, without any change in the activity of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) in the soil. In this study, the effect of amending soil with composted sawdust, and of solarising soil, was compared with the effect of amending soil with chicken manure. Bioassays comparing the activity of Foc in the soil with the extent of invasion of banana pseudostem tissue by Foc were used to investigate why strategies targetting pathogen survival have not proven successful in controlling this disease. The enhancement of Foc invasion of the banana plantlets was reproduced with the addition of chicken manure to the naturally infested soil. However, changes in the activity of Foc in the soil were not associated with changes in the frequency of invasion of the plantlets. Invasion of banana pseudostems in the sawdust and solarisation treatments was not significantly different from invasion in the respective control treatments, despite a reduction in the activity of Foc in the sawdust-amended soil and an enhancement in the solarised soil. Moreover, the increase in Foc activity in the solarised soil recorded during the bioassays occurred despite the effectiveness of solarisation in reducing the survival of Foc in pre-colonised banana root tips buried in the soil. Changes in the frequency of invasion were associated with changes in the availability of mineral nitrogen, particularly ammonium N. These results suggest that the physiological response of banana cultivars to ammonium N may be associated with their susceptibility to Fusarium wilt. Accordingly, cultural strategies for controlling Panama disease will only be effective if they enhance the ability of the host to resist invasion.

Issues related to the wearing of fall-arrest harnesses in the construction industry

Work-related falls continues to be one of the leading causes of fatalities in the Australian construction industry, and the failure to use fall protection equipment, such as fall-arrest harnesses and arresting devices, has been found to be a contributing factor. In an attempt to gain an understanding of the issues surrounding the use of fallarrest harness systems by construction workers a study involving semi-structured interviews of 15 male construction workers was carried out at three construction sites. The majority of interviewees commented that there was discomfort in wearing a fall-arrest harness; that there were a number of problems when anchored via an arresting device; and that using a fall-arrest system reduced productivity. Most of the interviewees considered that they needed safety precautions against falls, and they expressed the view that workers’ attitudes towards safety depended critically upon their supervisors’ attitude towards safety. It was also found that workers were not trained in rescue procedures. Interviewees expressed concern that retrieval of a suspended worker may not be carried out in time to prevent the onset of suspension trauma. A number of issues were identified which require further research, such as, investigation into suspension trauma, harness and arresting device design, training provided to workers, and the provision for rescues.

Estudo da cinética de extração alcoólica durante o processamento de licor de banana

O licor é uma bebida obtida a partir da mistura de álcool, água, açúcar e compostos aromáticos que podem ser extraídos de ervas, frutas, chocolates entre outros, dando origem a vários tipos e sabores de bebida. A banana é uma fruta perecível, que é produzida durante o ano todo e destaca-se no setor do agronegócio capixaba, sendo, portanto, uma boa alternativa para produção de licor, de cor e sabor bem característicos. O aroma é formado por uma mistura complexa de substâncias e que desempenha papel importante na aceitação do licor. Sua caracterização é feita por técnicas cromatográficas avançadas, como o emprego de GC/MS, e constitui um procedimento indispensável para o desenvolvimento da bebida em destaque. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar o processo de extração dos compostos da banana durante a etapa de infusão para a produção de licor de banana e caracterização química de voláteis do extrato. Foram testadas cinco formulações: 200 g, 400 g, 600 g, 800 g e 1000 g de banana para 1 L de álcool de cereais com graduação alcoólica de 92,8 °GL, para obtenção do extrato hidroalcoólico de banana. Na etapa de extração foram realizadas análises físico-químicas de cor, °Brix, índice de refração, pH e atividade de água. Essas análises permitem determinar a cinética de extração dos compostos, bem como o tempo necessário para sua estabilização. A partir dos extratos, foram produzidos licores misturando-se água, extrato e xarope de açúcar, em proporções para que o licor tivesse 30% (m.v-1) de açúcares adicionados e 18 °GL, e foram realizadas análises físico-químicas no licor recém-preparado e após 60 dias de armazenamento. A análise dos compostos voláteis foi realizada no extrato hidroalcoólico após 21 dias do tratamento 2 (400 g.L-1), tendo a extração desses compostos ocorrido por meio do SPME e injetado no GC/MS. Foi observado que a cinética de extração variou para cada concentração e com o tipo de composto extraído. O tratamento 2 foi o que possuiu melhores características comparado aos demais, pois nessa concentração foi percebida a estabilização da coordenada de cor b* e não foi observado aglomeração de banana. O tempo de estabilização foi de 11 dias e a coordenada de cor b* foi o parâmetro utilizado para determinar o final da extração. Houve variações nos valores das análises físico-químicas entre o tempo 0 e após 60 dias, que podem ter ocorrido devido a reações no processo de maturação. Não foram detectados compostos voláteis de interesse, necessitando de adaptação da metodologia utilizada para avaliação de aroma de extrato hidroalcoólico de banana.

Gender wage and productivity differentials in the Portuguese tourism industry

The objective of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the determinants of gender wage inequality in the Portuguese tourism industry. Relying on firm level wage equations and production functions, gender wage and productivity differentials are estimated and then compared in order to infer whether observed gender disparities are justifiable on the grounds that women are relatively less productive than men, or instead disparities are due to gender wage discrimination. This approach is applied to tourism industry data gathered in the matched employer-employee data set Quadros de Pessoal (Employee Records). The main findings indicate that female employees in the tourism industry in Portugal are less productive than their male colleagues and that gender differences in wages are fully explained by gender differences in productivity.

Gender, wages, and productivity: an analysis of the tourism industry in northern Portugal

Tourism represents a major economic activity in Portugal, with an enormous wealth and employment growth potential. A significant proportion of jobs in the industry tourism are occupied by women, given that this industry is characterized by a relatively higher percentage of female employees. Despite the evidence of female progress with regard to their role in the Portuguese labor market, women continue to earn less than their male counterparts. This is clearly the case of the tourism industry, where statistics reveal a persistent gender wage gap. The objective of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the determinants of gender wage inequality in the tourism industry in northern Portugal. Relying on firm-level wage equations and production functions, gender wage and productivity differentials are estimated and then compared. The comparison of these differentials allows inferring whether observed wage disparities are attributable to relatively lower female productivity, or instead disparities are due to gender wage discrimination. This approach is applied to tourism industry data gathered in the matched employer-employee data set Quadros de Pessoal (Employee Records). The main findings indicate that female employees in the tourism industry in northern Portugal are less productive than their male colleagues and that gender differences in wages are fully explained by gender differences in productivity.

Fertilizantes comerciais e polpa de banana no cultivo in vitro de um híbrido de Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae)

A propagação in vitro de orquídeas é bastante utilizada para a produção de mudas. A busca por meios de cultura alternativos para este fim vem sendo amplamente estudada devido à complexidade dos meios comumente utilizados, como o meio MS. Os híbridos de Phalaenopsis encontram-se dentre as orquídeas mais comercializadas no mundo devido à longevidade e à beleza peculiar de suas flores. Nesse trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de formulações de fertilizantes comerciais e adição de polpa de banana 'Nanica' em meio de cultura no cultivo in vitro de um híbrido de Phalaenopsis (P. amabilis x P. equestris). Plântulas germinadas in vitro, em meio MS, foram subcultivadas em meios de cultura à base de fertilizantes comerciais e meio MS modificado com metade da concentração dos macronutrientes. Os meios de cultura foram avaliados com e sem a adição de polpa de banana 'Nanica' (100 g L-1) no estádio de maturação quatro. A base dos meios de cultura foi composta por sacarose (30 g L-1), carvão ativado (1 g L-1) e ágar (9 g L-1). Aos 180 dias foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: área foliar, número de folhas e raízes, comprimento de raízes e massas de matérias secas de folhas e raízes. Conclui-se que o tratamento composto por Biofert® acrescido de polpa de banana apresentou os melhores resultados para o desenvolvimento in vitro do híbrido, inclusive apresentando resultados estatisticamente superiores em relação ao meio MS sem banana.