THERMAL BEHAVIORS OF INTRINSIC POLYANILINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Thermal properties of polyaniline (PAn), polytoluidine(POT) and polyanisidine(PAs) were examined by TG and DSC techniques. The weight-uptake of POT at 200-300 degrees C was observed and carefully discussed.

THERMAL BEHAVIORS OF DOPED POLYANILINE

Thermal behavior of polyaniline(PAn) doped with kinds of inorganic or organic acids under desired atmosphere were studied by TG,DSC and in-situ electrical conductivity measurements. The reason for the thermal stability of electrical conductivity of doped PAn was discussed.

ELECTROCHEMICAL STABILITY AND ELECTROCATALYSIS BEHAVIORS OF POLY(3-METHYLTHIOPHENE) THIN-FILM MODIFIED ELECTRODES

The Electrochemical stability of poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMT) thin film modified glassy carbon electrodes was investigated experimentally with successive cyclic voltammetry(CV) The effects of electrolyte solutions on the stability were studied. In the presence of small hydrated anions (less-than-or-equal-to 3.5nm) in the solution, the electroactivity of PMT films decreased with the characteristics of second order kinetics. In a solution with large hydrated anions (greater-than-or-equal-to 4 nm), PMT films have good stability. PMT/GO electrode can electrocatalyse the oxidation of Br- and Cl- anions, and loses its electroactivity rapidly. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) have demonstrated that chlorine has bonded covalently onto the PMT structure after OV cycles in NaCl solutions.

Viewing DVM via general behaviors of zooplankton: A way bridging the success of individual and population

In this paper, we viewed the diel vertical migration (DVM) of copepod in the context of the animal's immediate behaviors of everyday concerns and constructed an instantaneous behavioral criterion effective for DVM and non-DVM behaviors. This criterion employed the function of 'venturous revenue' (VR), which is the product of the food intake and probability of the survival, to evaluate the gains and losses of the behaviors that the copepod could trade-off. The optimal behaviors are to find the optimal habitats to maximize VR. Two types of VRs are formulated and tested by the theoretical analysis and simulations. The sensed VR, monitoring the real-time changes of trade-offs and thereby determining the optimum habitat, is validated to be the effective objective function for the optimization of the behavior; whereas, the realized VR, quantifying the actual profit obtained by an optimal copepod in the sensed-VR-determined habitat, defines the life history of a specific age cohort. The achievement of a robust copepod overwintering stock through integrating the dynamics of the constituent age cohorts subjected to the instantaneous behavioral criterion for DVM clearly exemplified a possible way bridging the immediate pursuit of an individual and the end success of the population. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The behaviors and sources of dissolved arsenic and antimony in Bohai Bay

In this paper, we determined the concentrations of antimony species (antimonite (Sb(III)), antimonate (Sb(V)) and dissolved inorganic antimony (DISb)) and arsenic, in Bohai Bay seawaters, as well as the relationships of the analytes with environmental factors such as seawater characteristics (e.g., suspended particulate material (SPM), salinity and total organic carbon (TOC)), heavy metals, nutrients and phytoplankton species, and evaluated the sources of arsenic and antimony. Dissolved arsenic and antimony concentrations in the surface waters were ranging spatially from 1.03 to 1.26 ng/ml and 0.386 to 1.075 ng/ml, with mean values of 1.18 and 0.562 ng/ml, respectively. Sb(V) as the prominent chemical species constituted about 89%. Regarding arsenic concentrations in the surface waters, there was a tendency for a small variation. However, antimony species concentrations were much variable than arsenic. The highest arsenic and antimony concentrations were found near the Haihe Estuary. These distribution patterns were controlled mainly by environmental factors, biological activities and sources. In this region, DISb and Sb(V) negatively correlated with salinity. Besides, arsenic and antimony correlated well with the nutrients, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton, implying that arsenic and antimony had been involved in biological cycling. In addition, according to our estimate, about 333.5 x 10(8) mg/year of arsenic and 454.2 x 10(8) mg/year of antimony reached Bohai Bay via rivers. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A study on reduction behaviors of the supported platinum-iron catalysts

The reduction behaviors of the supported platinum-iron catalysts and their comparison with supported iron catalysts were studied by TPR (temperature-programmed reduction)-in situ Fe-57 MBS (Mossbauer spectroscopy). The results indicated that the TPR processes of all Fe-containing catalysts were different from that of bulk alpha-Fe2O3. There were interactions between Pt, Fe and the gamma-Al2O3 or SiO2 support for the Pt-Fe/gamma-Al2O3 and Pt-Fe/SiO2 catalysts. All the iron-containing catalysts show that Fe3+ was highly dispersed on the support (gamma-Al2O3 and SiO2) before reduction. No Fe-0 was found in the reduction processes. The Fe3+ was reduced to Fe2+ in tetrahedral vacancy first for the reduction of the Pt-Fe/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. No Fe2+ in octahedral vacancy was found in the reduction of the Pt-Fe/SiO2 catalyst. Adding Pt to Fe/support (gamma-Al2O3 or SiO2) could promote the reduction of the Fe species. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Regeneration behaviors of Fe/Si-2 and Fe-Mn/Si-2 catalysts for C2H6 dehydrogenation with CO2 to C2H4

The catalytic performance of Fe/Si-2 and Fe-Mn/Si-2 catalysts for conversion of C2H6 with CO2 to C2H4 was examined in a continuous-flow and fixed-bed reactor. The results show that the Fe-Mn/Si-2 catalyst exhibits much better reaction activity and selectivity to C2H4 than those of the Fe/Si-2 catalyst. Furthermore, the coking-decoking behaviors of these catalysts were studied through TG. The catalytic performances of the catalysts after regeneration for conversion of C2H6 or dilute C2H6 in FCC off-gas with CO2 to C2H4 were also examined. The results show that both activity and selectivity of the Fe-Mn/Si-2 catalyst after regeneration reached the same level as those of the fresh catalyst, whereas it is difficult for the Fe/Si-2 catalyst to refresh its reaction behavior after regeneration.

A Robot that Walks: Emergent Behaviors from a Carefully Evolved Network

Most animals have significant behavioral expertise built in without having to explicitly learn it all from scratch. This expertise is a product of evolution of the organism; it can be viewed as a very long term form of learning which provides a structured system within which individuals might learn more specialized skills or abilities. This paper suggests one possible mechanism for analagous robot evolution by describing a carefully designed series of networks, each one being a strict augmentation of the previous one, which control a six legged walking machine capable of walking over rough terrain and following a person passively sensed in the infrared spectrum. As the completely decentralized networks are augmented, the robot's performance and behavior repertoire demonstrably improve. The rationale for such demonstrations is that they may provide a hint as to the requirements for automatically building massive networks to carry out complex sensory-motor tasks. The experiments with an actual robot ensure that an essence of reality is maintained and that no critical problems have been ignored.

Religion and American adolescent delinquency, risk behaviors and constructive social activities

This report demonstrates that religion among U.S. adolescents is positively related to participation in constructive youth activities. In addition, those who participate in religious activities seem to be less likely to participate in many delinquent and risk behaviors.