APSK coded modulation schemes for nonlinear satellite channels with high power and spectral efficiency

A new class of 16-ary Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) coded modulations deemed double-ring PSK modulations best suited for (satellite) nonlinear channels is proposed. Constellation parameters optimization has been based on geometric and information-theoretic considerations. Furthermore, pre- and post-compensation techniques to reduce the nonlinearity impact have been examined. Digital timing clock and carrier phase have been derived and analyzed for a Turbo coded version of the same new modulation scheme. Finally, the performance of state-of the art Turbo coded modulation for this new 16-ary digital modulation has been investigated and compared to the known TCM schemes. It is shown that for the same coding scheme, double-ring APSK modulation outperforms classical 16-QAM and 16-PSK over a typical satellite nonlinear channel due to its intrinsic robustness against the High Power Amplifier (HPA) nonlinear characteristics. The new modulation is shown to be power- and spectrally-efficient, with interesting applications to satellite communications. © 2002 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.

Synthesis of composite AIN powder mixed with sintering additives by the Lanxide method

Composite AlN powder, mixed with the sintering additive Y2O3, was synthesized by the direct nitridation of molten Al-Mg-Y alloys. The character of products was determined by means of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, granularmetric analysis and chemical composition analysis etc. The results show that the nitridation rate of the raw alloys is higher, and the nitridation products axe porous enough to be easily crushed. Composite AlN powder, obtained by the Lanxide method, has excellent characters such as high purity, especially low oxygen content, and narrow well-distributed grain size and so on.

杂多化合物的氧化还原性质、自组装和应用

1．利用电化学和现场紫外-可见-近红外光谱电化学的方法，系统研究了一系列过渡金属取代杂多化合物ZnW_(11)M(M = Cr，Mn，Fe，Co，Ni，Cu，Zn)的电化学行为。所有的这些化合物都在相近的电位处表现出四对连续的基于W中心的氧化还原反应。研究表明，ZnW_(11)M中基于W中心的氧化还原反应可能反映了它那个未知的缺位阴离子ZnW_(11)的氧化还原反应。此外，电活性过渡会属取代杂多化合物ZnW_(11)M(M = Cu，Fe，Mn)还表现了过渡金属M的氧化还原反应。例如：ZnW_(11)Cu~(11)表现出Cu的沉积和溶出，ZnW_(11)Fe~(III)在正电位处有一特殊的源于Fe的氧化还原反应，ZnW_(11)Mn则发生一个氧化反应和两个还原反应。根据实验结果我们提出了一些基本的反应机理。选取HNO_2为底物考察了这一系列过渡金属取代杂多化合物的电催化性能。通过比较电催化还原电流的大小，我们可以定性地排出这一系列过渡金属取代杂多化合物对HNO_2还原反应的电催化性能的顺序（由高到低）：ZnW_(11)Cu > ZnW_(11)Co > ZnW_(11)Cr和ZnW_(11)Fe > ZnW_(11)Zn、ZnW_(11)Mn和ZnW_(11)Ni。这一系列过渡金属取代杂多化合物的电催化性能的差别，可能主要是来自于它们分子结构中所取代的过渡金属元素的影响。实验证明ZnW_(11)M对HNO_2还原反应的电催化过程中产生NO气体。2．采用末端带有电荷的烷基硫醇首先自组装在金电极表面形成前体膜，在此前体膜上成功地沉积出杂多阴离子和一种阳离子聚合物的多层膜。利用多种技术对这种多层膜进行了表征，包括紫外可见光谱法、X射线光电子能谱法、反射-吸收红外光谱法、电化学石英晶体微天平法等。而且我们把这种修饰方法推广应用于不同结构类型、不同组成的杂多阴离子和同多阴离子中去，制备了它们的多层膜。利用原位EQCM技术研究了杂多酸分子的吸附动力学行为及电化学反应过程中的离子传输特性。实验结果表明，在修饰膜的电化学反应过程中，HSO_4~-离子的迁移在膜的电荷补偿中是必不可少的。修正并发展了依据原位EQCM技术考察迁移物种特性的方法，并基于此详细分析了HPA分子在各种修饰条件下电化学反应中正常及反常的频率响应及离子迁移行为。3．首次开发出来一种新颖的多层膜成膜方法-电化学生长法，并应用于制备含杂多化合物的多层膜中。通过多种技术表征，证明了电化学生长法比文献中通用的浸泡法更优越，可以在含有支持电解质的溶液里成膜而没有其它离子竞争吸附的缺点，制备出的自组装多层膜生长更均匀、超薄且功能良好。电化学生长法可望在制备其它种类的多层膜中会有广泛的应用。同时，我们也比较了这两种多层膜对于底物BrO_3~-和HNO_2还原反应的电催化作用。特别地，我们详细考察了多层膜厚度和最外层种类对电催化反应的影响。我们发现电催化性能随着多层膜层数（厚度）的增加而增长，这意味着我们可以通过调节多层膜的层数来达到最有效的催化性能，这一点是多层膜修饰电极优越于其它类型修饰电极最突出的优点之一。此外，我们还发现QPVP-Os最外层对催化反应有着一定的阻碍作用。这些影响作用可以从多层膜中电催化剂沉积量的多少和QPVP-Os最外层的屏蔽作用得以解释。4．尽管SiW_(l2)O_(40)~(4-)不能直接吸附在裸金电极的表面形成单层膜，我们成功地在预先自组装有半胱氨的金电极上制备出来了SiW_(12)O_(40)~(4-)单层膜。但是，这种SiW_(12)O_(40)~(4-)单层膜化学修饰电极的稳定性较差。基于同阳离子聚合物QPVP-Os的静电相互作用，我们成功地制备了均匀的SiW_(l2)O_(40)~(4-)多层膜。SiW_(l2)O_(40)~(4-)多层膜CMEs对BrO_3~-，H_2O_2和HNO_2的还原表现出显著的催化效应。对HNO，还原的催化效应随着层数由l到3的增加而增强，而这种催化效应的增强却随着层数由3到7而趋于平缓。由于多层膜结构是建立在同QPVP-Os的强烈的静电作用上的，因此SiW_(12)O_(40)~(4-)多层膜CMEs比单层膜CMEs有更好的稳定性。我们主要利用电化学方法（循环伏安法，CV）、紫外可见光谱法(UV-vis)、X-射线光电子能谱法(XPS)、X-射线反射法(XR)和电化学交流阻抗法(EIS)，对这种杂多阴离子自组装多层膜的成膜过程、多层膜结构和组成进行了进一步地表征。5．通过氨阳离子自由基修饰方法，把4-氨基苯甲酸修饰到玻碳电极表面。研究了该单层膜对多种电活性分子的影响，膜的阻滞行为主要是由于静电相互作用所导致的。利用循环伏安和电化学交流阻抗法考察了4-氨基苯甲酸修饰电极对不同酸度条件下铁氰化钾的电子传递情况，并测得了它的表面pKa值大约为3.1。以修饰在玻碳电极表面的4-氨基苯甲酸单层膜为前体膜，成功地静电沉积了阳离 子聚合物QPVP-Os和多种杂多化合物组成的多层膜。采用循环伏安法详细研究了这种杂多化合物单层膜和多层膜的电化学行为，并且考察了这种复合膜对三种底物BrO_3~-,HNO_2及H_2O_2的还原反应的电催化性能。6．类似地，在4-氨基苯甲酸修饰的玻碳电极表面上，我们也成功地制备了SiW_(12)的多层膜。循环伏安、X-射线光电子能谱和X-射线反射的实验结果证明多层膜的生长非常均匀而且稳定。X-射线反射实验测定了多层膜中每个SiW_(12)/QPVP-Os双层的平均厚度为30.3A。这种复合膜对Br0_3~-，HNO_2和H_2O_2还原有明显的催化活性，并且在较大的浓度范围内催化电流与浓度具有良好的线性关系。更有意义的是，随着SiW_(12)多层膜层数的增加（固定在多层膜中催化剂量的增加），多层膜的催化能力具较大程度地提高。因此，我们可以通过合理地控制多层膜的厚度来改善其催化活性及分析测定的灵敏度，从而达到最佳的催化效能和优化出最适宜的实验条件。由于电极的稳定性较好，期望可以实际用于Br0_3~-，HNO_2和H_20_2的检测。7．采用电化学生长方法在4-氨基硫酚自组装膜修饰的金电极上，制备了包含杂多阴离子（SiMo_(11)VO_(40)~(5-)和Pr(SiMo_7W_4)O_(40)~(5-)）和阳离子聚合物PDDA的多层膜修饰电极。用循环伏安法研究了多层膜修饰电极的电化学行为。在多层膜生长过程中，我们发现Mo的第三个氧化还原峰随多层膜层数的增加显著增长，而前两个氧化还原峰增长缓慢甚至不增长，这可能是由于PDDA对Mo的前两个还原峰有一定的阻碍作用所导致的。多层膜修饰电极的峰电位随pH的增加而线性负移，表明有氢离子参与到杂多阴离子的氧化还原反应中。多层膜修饰电极对BrO_3~-和HNO_2的还原反应有良好的电催化作用，Mo的第三个还原峰峰电流与BrO_3~-的浓度都有良好的线性关系，并且催化电流随着多层膜层数的增加而增长。8．我们考察了首先通过静电沉积技术（离子键组装）成膜，然后经过后续光化学反应来制备一类含聚苯胺的基于共价键结合的多层膜。通过紫外光的辐照，膜的交联结构可由离子键型转变为共价键型。溶剂刻蚀的结果表明此种共价键合多层膜有更好的稳定性。电化学实验表明，以此种方式组装在多层膜中的聚苯胺仍保留了其电化学性质。

杂多酸的固载化研究

杂多酸（HPA）是一种新型多功能催化材料，但只有将杂多酸稳定地固载在载体表面上才能有效地防止HPA在气固相反应中的溶脱流失，实现连续生产，以及在液固相条件下HPA与产物的简易分离，才能实现高价格HPA的多次重复使用。本工作在详细总结了文献中有关HPA的组成、性质、催化应用和固载研究结果的基础上，研究和探讨了具有Keggin结构的HPA在不同结构载体上的吸附规律，作用机制，和固载后应用的可能性。

中国貉(Nyctereutes procyonoides)线粒体DNA多态性及其与亚种分化的关系

我们用8种限制性核酸内切酶(Hpa I、Bgl I、EcoR I、Sca I、BamH I、EcoRV、Stu I、和Apa I)分析来自东北、华北、华东、西南、华南地区的中国貉(Nyctereutes procyonoides)5个地理群体共11只个体的mtDNA多态性，计算各群体间的遗传距离。分别用UPG法和NJ法构建中国貉的系统发生关系。结果表明，云南、广西、安徽群体与华北、东北群体分别构成中国貉的南、北两个支系；根据遗传距离的计算，华北貉可以构成一个独立的亚种；指名亚种中的广西、安徽两群体间的遗传差异较大(p=o.oo97)，而广西貉与西南亚种（云南貉）则非常接近(p=o.0047)。这提示，指名亚种内已发生明显的遗传分化。华东（福建）、华南群体（两广）的分类地位及其与其它各群体的遗传关系有待进一步探讨。在所研究的5个群体中，MtDNA差异与群体间的地理距离表现出某种相关性。

Observation of the resonant Raman behavior of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes

The different resonant Raman scattering process of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been found between the Stokes and anti-Stokes sides of the radial breathing modes (RBMs), and this provides strong evidence that Raman spectra of some special diametric SWNTs are in resonance with their electronic transitions between the singularities in the one-dimensional electronic density of states in the valence and conduction bands, and other SWNTs axe beyond the resonant condition. Because of the coexistence of resonant and non-resonant Raman scattering processes for different diametric SWNTs, the relative intensity of each RBM does not reflect the proportion of a particular SWNT.

苯乙酮、氨甲酸酯参与的直接Mannich反应

Mannich反应是有机化学中最重要的碳-碳键形成反应，其产物是合成手性胺的通用中间体。间接Mannich反应使用不稳定的预制烯醇等当体，以未修饰的酮为给体的直接方法将增强Mannich反应的效率。针对低活性苯乙酮、氨甲酸酯参与的直接Mannich反应，研究工作将更具挑战性。 在前期实验中，我们发现Lewis酸-NbCl5可高效催化苯乙酮、芳香醛、芳香胺三组分直接Mannich反应，反应在环境温度下进行，高收率获得Mannich碱。这是以苯乙酮参与的Mannich反应中，实现催化量Lewis酸催化的首次报道。该方法高效且操作简单。但就底物而言，对易去保护、低活性的氨甲酸酯类底物收率较低。我们设想Brønst酸可解决此类底物问题。令人高兴的是，杂多酸可高效催化芳香酮、芳香醛、氨甲酸酯三组分直接Mannich反应，反应在环境温度下进行，高收率获得N-保护的β-氨基酮。该方法底物范围广泛，普适性强且催化剂便宜。 基于杂多酸在苯乙酮、氨甲酸酯为底物直接Mannich反应中的高效性，我们设想杂多酸与功能化的手性有机小分子-手性伯胺组装可解决催化剂回收问题，同时实现不对称催化。实验结果表明，非共价键固载手性伯胺不能有效催化苯乙酮为底物的直接Mannich反应，无论是对映选择性还是收率均较低。随后，我们以丙二酸酯及α-氨基砜为底物，以增强底物活性，同时绕开亚胺的不稳定性。辛可宁伯胺以氢键双活化底物，有效催化原位产生氨甲酸酯类亚胺与丙二酸酯的Mannich反应，高收率获得Mannich碱，ee值中等。 我们采用逐步解决问题的策略解决Mannich反应中的部分问题并在Lewis酸催化、Brønst酸催化、非共价键固载手性伯胺催化及手性伯胺氢键催化的直接Mannich反应中做出了有益探索。 The Mannich reactions are among the most fundamental carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in organic chemistry, and the reaction products are versatile intermediates in the synthesis of chiral amines. The indirect Mannich reaction uses preformed enolate equivalents. However the preformed enolates are unstable. Thus, a direct methodology based on unmodified ketone donors would enhance the efficiency of the Mannich reaction. Especially researches for the directed Mannich reactions of acetophenone, carbamate, which own lower activities, will be more challengeable. In the initial experiments, we found an efficient Lewis acid-NbCl5 which could catalyze three-component Mannich-type reaction of acetophenone, aromatic aldehydes and aromatic amines at ambient temperature in high yields. This is the first report that use catalytic amount of Lewis acid in the Mannich reactions of .acetophenone. The method reported is not only simple to operate but also efficient. However, as far as amines are concerned, the substrates of carbamates which can be deprotected more easily and less reactive than amines give low yields. We envisaged that Brønsted acid would resolve this problem. Pleasingly, heteropoly acids (HPA) efficiently catalyzed one-pot three-component Mannich reactions of aryl aldehydes, aryl ketones, and carbamates at ambient temperature and afforded the corresponding N-protected β-amino ketones in good to excellent yields. This method provides a novel and improved modification of three-component Mannich reactions in terms of a wide scope of aldehydes, ketones and carbamates, economic viability. Based on the high efficiency of heteropoly acids in the Mannich reaction of acetophenone and carbamates, we envisaged that if HPA were combined with functionalized chiral organocatalysts–chiral primary amines the assemblies may be able to act as recoverable asymmetric organocatalysts. The results of exprimentals showed that noncovalently supported heterogeneous chiral primary amine couldn’t effectively catalyze the Mannich reactions which own two the substrate of acetophenone regardless of enantioselectivity and yield. Then, we employed malonates and α-amido sulfones as substrates to enhance reactivity of substrates and circumvent the instability of imines. A moderately enantioselective and highly yield Mannich reaction with in situ generation of carbamate-protected imines from stable α-amido sulfones catalyzed by cinchonine primary amine catalyst was developed. It is noteworthy that cinchonine primary amine can dual activate substrates through H-bond activation and thus promote the reaction. We applied step-by-step-strategy to resolve some problems in the Mannich reactions and did some instructive explorations in Lewis acid catalysis, Brønst acid catalysis, noncovalently supported heterogeneous chiral primary amine catalysis and chiral primary amine as hydrogen-bond catalysis.

Quark distributions in nuclei and nuclear effects on nucleon structure functions

Extended quark distribution functions are presented obtained by fitting a large amount of experimental data of the l-A DIS process on the basis of an improved nuclear density model. The experimental data of l-A DIS processes with A >= 3 in the region 0.0010 <= x <= 0.9500 axe quite satisfactorily described by using the extended formulae. Our knowledge of the influence of nuclear matter on the quark distributions is deepened.

Vacuum window of intermediate energy heavy-ion microbeam irradiation facility

The beam must be extracted into the air through the vacuum window to irradiate the living cell. In the window design, the material and thickness must be chosen to compromise the beam spot size broadening and the window safety. The structure-static analysis on the window of different structures and materials is done with the finite element analysis method, and the deformation and the equivalent stress axe simulated. The safety of these candidates is investigated using the intensity theory. In addition, the small angle scattering and the transverse range of ions are simulated using SRIM code, including all the effects on the beam spot size broadening, such as the incident ion energy, the material and the thickness of the window and the air composing. At last, the appropriate vacuum windows are presented, including the structure, material and thickness.

Isospin effect of projectile fragment yields

Isospin asymmetry is very important in the nuclear equation of state (EOS), isotope yield from the projectile fragments can give information of the reaction process. In this paper projectile fragment yields are measured in the collision Ar-36,Ar-40 + Ni-64 at incident energy 50 MeV/u with different isospin asymmetry project Ar-36,Ar-40, data analysis, particle identification and event selection are described. Isotope yields are compared in these two reactions, and axe also compared with the empirical parametrization of fragmentation cross-section calculated by EPAX.

Fermionic zero modes in gauge and gravity backgrounds on T-2

Here we study fermionic zero modes in gauge and gravity backgrounds taking a two-dimensional compact manifold T-2 as extra dimensions. The result is that there exist massless Dirac fermions which have normalizable zero modes under quite general assumptions about these backgrounds on the bulk. Several special cases of gauge background on the torus are discussed and some simple fermionic zero modes axe obtained.

Primary design of stochastic cooling in CSRm

Based on several facts of CSRrn, such as the layout of the ring, the lattice parameters, exiting Schottky noise diagnosis equipment and fund, the primary stochastic cooling design of CSRm has been carried out. The optimum cooling time and the optimum cooling bandwidth axe obtained through simulation using the cooling function. The results indicate that the stochastic cooling is quite a powerful cooling method for CSRm. The comparison of the cooling effects of stochastic cooling and electron cooling in CSR are also presented. We can conclude that the combination of the two cooling methods on CSRrn will improve the beam cooling rate and quality beam greatly.

Unified expressions of all integral variational principles

In terms of the quantitative causal principle, this paper obtains a general variational principle, gives unified expressions of the general, Hamilton, Voss, Holder, Maupertuis-Lagrange variational principles of integral style, the invariant quantities of the general, Voss, Holder, Maupertuis-Lagrange variational principles are given, finally the Noether conservation charges of the general, Voss, Holder, Maupertuis-Lagrange variational principles axe deduced, and the intrinsic relations among the invariant quantities and the Noether conservation charges of all the integral variational principles axe achieved.

Fabrication and electrochemical behaviors of multilayers composed of heteropholyanions and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) on 4-aminothiophenol modified gold electrodes

Multilayer films composed of heteropolyanions (HPAS, SiMo11 VO405-) and cationic polymer poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) on 4-aminothiophenol self-assembled-monolayer were fabricated by electrochemical growth. Growth processes of the composite films were characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The results prove the third redox peak of Mo increases more rapidly, otherwise the other Mo redox peaks increase very slowly when the number of layers of heteropolyanions is greater. The peak potentials of composite films shift linearly to negative position with higher pH, which implies that protons are involved in the redox processes of HPA. The investigation of electrocatalytic behaviors of composite films shows a good catalytic activity for the reductions of HNO2 and BrO3-. Catalytic currents increase with increasing number of layers of heteropolyanions, moreover, the catalytic currents have a good linear relationship with the concentrations of BrO3-.

A study on the catalytic behaviors of concentrated heteropolyacid solution - I. A novel catalyst for isobutane alkylation with butene

The catalytic behaviors of a novel liquid acid catalyst (composed of heteropolyacid and acetic acid) for alkylation of isobutane with butene was investigated. As a solvent acetic acid had a synergistic effect. It enhanced the acid strength of HPA and its stability. The conditions for the formation of the catalytically active phase were studied systematically. The content of crystal water of HPA and the quantity of solvent affect the formation of active phase and the catalytic activity. Catalytically active phase consists of HPA, acetic acid and hydrocarbon produced from the reaction, as well as traces of water from the crystal water of HPA. This catalyst system is comparable to the sulfuric acid in catalytic activity.