Establishment of native ecosystems after mining - Australian experience across diverse biogeographic zones

The Australian minerals industry, which is dominated by coal, gold, bauxite, iron ore, base metals and mineral sand operations, is widely scattered across a continent which has a wide range of climatic zones ranging from moist temperate in the south through hot deserts in the centre to moist tropical in the north. There is an emphasis at most mines on establishing native ecosystems after mining, and technologies have had to be developed to ensure successful establishment and stability of these ecosystems under often adverse climatic conditions. This paper describes some of the innovative practices used to establish native ecosystenms in bauxite, mineral sand and coal operations across diverse biogeographic zones. Additionally, brief reference is made to an ecosystem function analysis, which has been developed to assess the success of establishment of these ecosystems. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Behavioural responses of two native Australian fish species (Melanotaenia duboulayi and Pseudomugil signifer) to introduced poeciliids (Gambusia holbrooki and Xiphophorus helleri) in controlled conditions

Experimental treatments to compare behavioural responses included native fish species only, natives plus one exotic species and natives plus both exotic species. The mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki frequently attacked both native species, but tended to nip Melanotaenia duboulayi (especially small individuals) and chase Pseudomugil signifer The frequency of attacks by G. holbrooki on M. duboulayi rose when all four fish species were present. When food was added, all four species showed a strong increase in aggression, especially in the four-species treatment, where there were significant increases in the frequency of attacks by the swordtail Xiphophorus helleri on M. duboulay and by M. duboulayi on G. holbrooki, and of conspecific attacks by M. duboulayi. Increased attack frequency was associated with aggregation closer to the water's surface, regardless of the presence of food. The results support the hypothesis that introduced poeciliids can have deleterious competitive effects on native species. However, while juvenile M. duboulayi were particularly vulnerable to the secondary, effects of fin-nipping, R signifer appeared to be more susceptible to physical displacement and reduced food capture success.

Characterisation of alkaloids from some Australian Stephania (Menispermaceae) species

Chemical investigations of some Stephania species native to Australia and reportedly employed by Aboriginal people as therapeutic agents. are described. The alkaloids from the forest vines Stephania bancroftii F.M. Bailey and S. aculeata F.M. Bailey (Menispermaceae) have been isolated and characterised. The major alkaloids in the tuber of the former species are (-)-tetra-hydropalmatine and (-)-stephanine, whereas these are minor components in the leaves, from which a C-7 hydroxylated aporphine has been identified. The major tuber alkaloids in S. aculcata are (+)-laudanidine, and the morphinoid, (-)-amurine, whose absolute stereochemistry has been established by X-ray structural analysis of the methiodide derivative. No significant levels of alkaloids were detected in S. japonica. Complete and unambiguous H-1 and C-13 NMR data are presented for these alkaloids. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flora australiensis:a description of the plants of the Australian territory /by George Bentham, assisted by Ferdinand Mueller.

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Flora australiensis:a description of the plants of the Australian territory /by George Bentham, assisted by Ferdinand Mueller.

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Búsqueda de potenciales agentes antivirales a partir de plantas nativas argentinas. Search for potential antiviral compounds from native argentinians plants.

A pesar de de la gran oferta de fármacos, existen aún patologías que no cuentan con un tratamiento farmacológico efectivo o que su terapéutica provoca efectos indeseables. Según la OMS, la mayoría de las enfermedades nuevas, son patologías emergentes y re-emergentes causadas por virus. Además, existen enfermedades virales endémicas que siguen afectando a nuestro país, como el virus Junín (VJ) y el virus Encefalitis San Luis (ESL). Los problemas que plantean las infecciones virales endemo-epidémicas emergentes y re-emergentes con la aparición de brotes de enfermedades sistémicas y/o neurológicas de diferente magnitud, forman parte de nuestra realidad cotidiana y constituyen una constante amenaza, no sólo para nuestro país sino para el resto del mundo. Para la mayoría de estas enfermedades regionales, no existe un tratamiento adecuado, ya que las actuales drogas sintéticas antivirales muchas veces no resultan exitosas y hasta algunos virus se vuelven resistentes a las mismas. Por lo que se hace necesaria la búsqueda de nuevos agentes terapéuticos.La OMS promueve fuertemente la investigación de plantas nativas, utilizadas en la medicina folclórica, para la obtención de nuevos agentes medicinales. Asimismo, existen estudios etnobotánicos que demuestran que varias plantas de nuestro país, pueden ser seleccionadas de acuerdo a su uso en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de distintas infecciones virales. Otra fuente de estudio son las especies reconocidas como tóxicas, ya que contienen sustancias activas que pueden constituirse en posibles agentes terapéuticos, dado que está ampliamente demostrado que regulando la dosis, un principio activo (PA) puede producir un efecto tóxico o beneficioso.Por lo que se plantea como hipótesis que las plantas nativas tóxicas y las utilizadas en la medicina tradicional del centro-norte de Argentina poseen compuestos con potencial efecto antiviral.Este proyecto constituye un trabajo interdisciplinario que tiene como objeto de estudio la evaluación química de diferentes especies autóctonas con el fin de obtener compuestos naturales con potencial actividad antiviral.Los objetivos específicos son: a) Evaluar la actividad citotóxica, virucida y antiviral in vitro de diferentes extractos de plantas autóctonas.b) Aislar, purificar e identificar los metabolitos secundarios mayoritarios de los extractos activos.c) Estudiar la citotoxicidad y actividad virucida y antiviral in vitro de los compuestos purificados químicamente.d) Establecer sus posibles mecanismos de acción.El estudio abarca especies vegetales que habitan la región centro y norte del país. Y se han elegido distintos modelos virales (ADN y ARN), que están asociados a infecciones emergentes, re-emergentes y endémicas que afectan a nuestro país. Los extractos que resulten activos frente a algunos de los virus ensayados, serán seleccionados para el aislamiento, purificación e identificación de sus PA. Para ello se recurrirá a técnicas cromatográficas, aplicando para su identificación técnicas analíticas espectroscópicas (UV-V, IR, EIMS, RMN-1H y 13C). La actividad virucida y antiviral "in vitro" de los compuestos puros se evaluará mediante el ensayo de reducción de placas y mediante el método de captación rojo neutro (RN) y la prueba de reducción del MTT. Para ello, se ensayarán los compuestos a las concentraciones no citotóxicas, determinadas sobre células Vero, mediante la evaluación de la viabilidad celular. Se realizarán transformaciones químicas a los fines de mejorar la actividad biológica en relación a la citotoxicidad exhibida, realizando estudios de estructura - actividad. Se espera obtener compuestos de origen natural con actividad antiviral y con baja o nula toxicidad, estableciendo sus posibles mecanismos de acción. De manera de plantear soluciones terapéuticas y/o preventivas a los problemas derivados de las infecciones virales emergentes, re-emergentes y endémicas que afectan a países en desarrollo.

American medical botany :being a collection of the native medicinal plants of the United States, containing their botanical history and chemical analysis, and properties and uses in medicine, diet and the arts /by Jacob Bigelow.

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American medical botany :being a collection of the native medicinal plants of the United States, containing their botanical history and chemical analysis, and properties and uses in medicine, diet and the arts /by Jacob Bigelow.

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American medical botany :being a collection of the native medicinal plants of the United States, containing their botanical history and chemical analysis, and properties and uses in medicine, diet and the arts /by Jacob Bigelow.

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Screening of antibacterial extracts from plants native to the Brazilian Amazon Rain Forest and Atlantic Forest

More than 20% of the world's biodiversity is located in Brazilian forests and only a few plant extracts have been evaluated for potential antibacterial activity. In the present study, 705 organic and aqueous extracts of plants obtained from different Amazon Rain Forest and Atlantic Forest plants were screened for antibacterial activity at 100 µg/ml, using a microdilution broth assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. One extract, VO581, was active against S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 140 µg/ml and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) = 160 µg/ml, organic extract obtained from stems) and two extracts were active against E. faecalis, SM053 (MIC = 80 µg/ml and MBC = 90 µg/ml, organic extract obtained from aerial parts), and MY841 (MIC = 30 µg/ml and MBC = 50 µg/ml, organic extract obtained from stems). The most active fractions are being fractionated to identify their active substances. Higher concentrations of other extracts are currently being evaluated against the same microorganisms.