Quantization of unstable linear scalar fields in static spacetimes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evaluation of Cracks Caused by Mechanical Vibrations in Buildings

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise do processo de execução de edificações compostas por paredes de concreto executadas in loco

This work presents a fast, easy, standardized and planned method to build family homes in order to collaborate with the decline of housing deficit and, at the same time, meet families who wish to invest in building their own houses, once that our country is experiencing an economical prosperity . This method has been widely used nowadays because it is being deployed in large-scale and in a standardized pattern, reducing decreasing significantly the construction time. The concrete wall, shaped in loco depends on unique processes. For this reason, a well trained staff is required so the constructive process can be executed in a fast pace, showing better results than other construction methods. This project will address all the materials used to build the molded concrete walls in loco, their sequence assembly, application, types, characteristics and performances. At the end, a way used by building companies of locating the concrete will also be given. Although there is no specific Brazilian norm for this type of construction, a study on this topic will soon be released. Therefore, the studies for the execution of this project were based on Brazilian standards prevailing at the time, construction magazines and books that are based on building methods considered more common

A detailed description of an economical setup for electroporation of chick embryos in ovo

One of the challenges of the postgenomic era is characterizing the function and regulation of specific genes. For various reasons, the early chick embryo can easily be adopted as an in vivo assay of gene function and regulation. The embryos are robust, accessible, easily manipulated, and maintained in the laboratory. Genomic resources centered on vertebrate organisms increase daily. As a consequence of optimization of gene transfer protocols by electroporation, the chick embryo will probably become increasingly popular for reverse genetic analysis. The challenge of establishing chick embryonic electroporation might seem insurmountable to those who are unfamiliar with experimental embryological methods. To minimize the cost, time, and effort required to establish a chick electroporation assay method, we describe and illustrate in great detail the procedures involved in building a low-cost electroporation setup and the basic steps of electroporation

The assessment of change in rural landscape and the analysis of the driving forces. Proposal of a spatial model for the rural built environment

The presented study carried out an analysis on rural landscape changes. In particular the study focuses on the understanding of driving forces acting on the rural built environment using a statistical spatial model implemented through GIS techniques. It is well known that the study of landscape changes is essential for a conscious decision making in land planning. From a bibliography review results a general lack of studies dealing with the modeling of rural built environment and hence a theoretical modelling approach for such purpose is needed. The advancement in technology and modernity in building construction and agriculture have gradually changed the rural built environment. In addition, the phenomenon of urbanization of a determined the construction of new volumes that occurred beside abandoned or derelict rural buildings. Consequently there are two types of transformation dynamics affecting mainly the rural built environment that can be observed: the conversion of rural buildings and the increasing of building numbers. It is the specific aim of the presented study to propose a methodology for the development of a spatial model that allows the identification of driving forces that acted on the behaviours of the building allocation. In fact one of the most concerning dynamic nowadays is related to an irrational expansion of buildings sprawl across landscape. The proposed methodology is composed by some conceptual steps that cover different aspects related to the development of a spatial model: the selection of a response variable that better describe the phenomenon under study, the identification of possible driving forces, the sampling methodology concerning the collection of data, the most suitable algorithm to be adopted in relation to statistical theory and method used, the calibration process and evaluation of the model. A different combination of factors in various parts of the territory generated favourable or less favourable conditions for the building allocation and the existence of buildings represents the evidence of such optimum. Conversely the absence of buildings expresses a combination of agents which is not suitable for building allocation. Presence or absence of buildings can be adopted as indicators of such driving conditions, since they represent the expression of the action of driving forces in the land suitability sorting process. The existence of correlation between site selection and hypothetical driving forces, evaluated by means of modeling techniques, provides an evidence of which driving forces are involved in the allocation dynamic and an insight on their level of influence into the process. GIS software by means of spatial analysis tools allows to associate the concept of presence and absence with point futures generating a point process. Presence or absence of buildings at some site locations represent the expression of these driving factors interaction. In case of presences, points represent locations of real existing buildings, conversely absences represent locations were buildings are not existent and so they are generated by a stochastic mechanism. Possible driving forces are selected and the existence of a causal relationship with building allocations is assessed through a spatial model. The adoption of empirical statistical models provides a mechanism for the explanatory variable analysis and for the identification of key driving variables behind the site selection process for new building allocation. The model developed by following the methodology is applied to a case study to test the validity of the methodology. In particular the study area for the testing of the methodology is represented by the New District of Imola characterized by a prevailing agricultural production vocation and were transformation dynamic intensively occurred. The development of the model involved the identification of predictive variables (related to geomorphologic, socio-economic, structural and infrastructural systems of landscape) capable of representing the driving forces responsible for landscape changes.. The calibration of the model is carried out referring to spatial data regarding the periurban and rural area of the study area within the 1975-2005 time period by means of Generalised linear model. The resulting output from the model fit is continuous grid surface where cells assume values ranged from 0 to 1 of probability of building occurrences along the rural and periurban area of the study area. Hence the response variable assesses the changes in the rural built environment occurred in such time interval and is correlated to the selected explanatory variables by means of a generalized linear model using logistic regression. Comparing the probability map obtained from the model to the actual rural building distribution in 2005, the interpretation capability of the model can be evaluated. The proposed model can be also applied to the interpretation of trends which occurred in other study areas, and also referring to different time intervals, depending on the availability of data. The use of suitable data in terms of time, information, and spatial resolution and the costs related to data acquisition, pre-processing, and survey are among the most critical aspects of model implementation. Future in-depth studies can focus on using the proposed model to predict short/medium-range future scenarios for the rural built environment distribution in the study area. In order to predict future scenarios it is necessary to assume that the driving forces do not change and that their levels of influence within the model are not far from those assessed for the time interval used for the calibration.

Modelli semplificati per valutazione di vulnerabilità sismica di strutture in muratura

L'obiettivo della tesi è stato quello di indagare il complesso problema della vulnerabilità sismica dei ponte in muratura ad arco utilizzando modelli semplificati. Dopo una descrizione dei materiali da costruzione impiegati nella realizzazione e dei principali elementi dei un ponti in muratura, si è indirizzato lo studio di un ponte ad arco situato nel comune di San Marcello Pistoiese. Viene mostrato un modello numerico che permette di descrivere il comportamento strutturale del ponte sotto azione sismica e di valutare la capacità di carico del ponte sottoposto ad una azione trasversale. In un secondo momento viene descritta la realizzazione di un modello in scala del ponte, che è stato sottoposto a prove distruttive effettuate per valutare la capacità di carico del ponte rispetto ad un ipotetica azione orizzontale. Si è cercato poi di inquadrare il problema in un modello teorico che faccia riferimento all'analisi limite. Esso descrive un cinematismo di collasso a telaio che prende spunto dal quadro fessurativo del modello in muratura. Infine sono stati presentati modelli FEM numerici in ordine di complessità crescente, cercando di inquadrare il comportamento meccanico del prototipo del ponte. Tre tipi di modelli sono rappresentati: un telaio incernierato alle estremità costituito da elementi beam con resistenza alla flessione . Il secondo tipo è costituito da una reticolare equivalente che mima lo schema del ponte ed è formato solo da bielle. Infine, il terzo tipo cerca di descrivere l'intero modello con elementi tridimensionali.

Das Biobankgeheimnis : Schutz der Persönlichkeitsrechte in der biomedizinischen Forschung

Biobanken sind Sammlungen von Körpersubstanzen, die mit umfangreichen gesundheits- und lebensstilbezogenen sowie geneologischen Daten ihrer Spender verknüpft sind. Sie dienen der Erforschung weit verbreiteter Krankheiten. Diese sog. Volkskrankheiten sind multifaktoriell bedingte Krankheiten. Dies bedeutet, dass diese Krankheiten das Ergebnis eines komplizierten Zusammenspiels von umwelt- und verhaltensrelevanten Faktoren mit individuellen genetischen Prädispositionen sind. Forschungen im Bereich von Pharmakogenomik und Pharmakogenetik untersuchen den Einfluss von Genen und Genexpressionen auf die individuelle Wirksamkeit von Medikamenten sowie auf die Entstehung ungewollter Nebenwirkungen und könnten so den Weg zu einer individualisierten Medizin ebnen. Menschliches Material ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil dieser Forschungen und die Nachfrage nach Sammlungen, die Proben mit Daten verknüpfen, steigt. Einerseits sehen Mediziner in Biobanken eine Chance für die Weiterentwicklung der medizinischen Forschung und des Gesundheitswesens. Andererseits lösen Biobanken auch Ängste und Misstrauen aus. Insbesondere wird befürchtet, dass Proben und Daten unkontrolliert verwendet werden und sensible Bereiche des Persönlichkeitsrechts und der persönlichen Identität betroffen sind. Diese Gefahren und Befürchtungen sind nicht neu, sondern bestanden schon in der Vergangenheit bei jeglicher Form der Spende von Körpersubstanzen. Neu ist aber der Umfang an Informationen, der durch die Genanalyse entsteht und den Spender in ganz besonderer Weise betreffen kann. Bei der Speicherung und Nutzung der medizinischen und genetischen Daten ergibt sich somit ein Spannungsfeld insbesondere zwischen dem Recht der betroffenen Datenspender auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung und den Forschungsinteressen der Datennutzer. Im Kern dreht sich die ethisch-rechtliche Bewertung der Biobanken um die Frage, ob diese Forschung zusätzliche Regeln braucht, und falls ja, wie umfassend diese sein müssten. Im Zentrum dieser Diskussion stehen dabei v.a. ethische Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der informierten Einwilligung, dem Datenschutz, der Wiederverwendung von Proben und Daten, der Information der Spender über Forschungsergebnisse und der Nutzungsrechte an den Daten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, vor dem Hintergrund des Verfassungsrechts, insbesondere dem Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung, das Datenschutzrecht im Hinblick auf die Risiken zu untersuchen, die sich aus der Speicherung, Verarbeitung und Kommunikation von persönlichen genetischen Informationen beim Aufbau von Biobanken ergeben. Daraus ergibt sich die weitere Untersuchung, ob und unter welchen Voraussetzungen die sich entgegenstehenden Interessen und Rechte aus verfassungsrechtlichem Blickwinkel in Einklang zu bringen sind. Eine wesentliche Frage lautet, ob die bisherigen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen ausreichen, um den Schutz der gespeicherten höchstpersönlichen Daten und zugleich ihre angemessene Nutzung zu gewährleisten. Das Thema ist interdisziplinär im Schnittfeld von Datenschutz, Verfassungsrecht sowie Rechts- und Medizinethik angelegt. Aus dem Inhalt: Naturwissenschaftliche und empirische Grundlagen von Biobanken – Überblick über Biobankprojekte in Europa und im außereuropäischen Ausland – Rechtsgrundlagen für Biobanken - Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung - Recht auf Nichtwissen - Forschungsfreiheit - Qualitätssicherung und Verfahren – informierte Einwilligung – globale Einwilligung - Datenschutzkonzepte - Forschungsgeheimnis –– Biobankgeheimnis - Biobankgesetz

Integrated solar energy and absorption cooling model for HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) applications in buildings

The demands in production and associate costs at power generation through non renewable resources are increasing at an alarming rate. Solar energy is one of the renewable resource that has the potential to minimize this increase. Utilization of solar energy have been concentrated mainly on heating application. The use of solar energy in cooling systems in building would benefit greatly achieving the goal of non-renewable energy minimization. The approaches of solar energy heating system research done by initiation such as University of Wisconsin at Madison and building heat flow model research conducted by Oklahoma State University can be used to develop and optimize solar cooling building system. The research uses two approaches to develop a Graphical User Interface (GUI) software for an integrated solar absorption cooling building model, which is capable of simulating and optimizing the absorption cooling system using solar energy as the main energy source to drive the cycle. The software was then put through a number of litmus test to verify its integrity. The litmus test was conducted on various building cooling system data sets of similar applications around the world. The output obtained from the software developed were identical with established experimental results from the data sets used. Software developed by other research are catered for advanced users. The software developed by this research is not only reliable in its code integrity but also through its integrated approach which is catered for new entry users. Hence, this dissertation aims to correctly model a complete building with the absorption cooling system in appropriate climate as a cost effective alternative to conventional vapor compression system.

XML for Model Specification in Neuroscience

One of the main roles of the Neural Open Markup Language, NeuroML, is to facilitate cooperation in building, simulating, testing and publishing models of channels, neurons and networks of neurons. MorphML, which was developed as a common format for exchange of neural morphology data, is distributed as part of NeuroML but can be used as a stand-alone application. In this collection of tutorials and workshop summary, we provide an overview of these XML schemas and provide examples of their use in down-stream applications. We also summarize plans for the further development of XML specifications for modeling channels, channel distributions, and network connectivity.

Creating a public tool to assess and promote transparency in global land deals: the experience of the Land Matrix

The Beta version of the Land Matrix (Land Matrix 2012) was launched in April 2012 as a tool to promote public participation in building a constantly evolving database on large-scale land deals, and making the data visible and understandable. The aim of the Land Matrix partnership is to promote transparency and open data in decisionmaking over land and investment, as a step towards greater accountability. Since its launch, the Land Matrix has attracted a high degree of attention, and stirred some controversy. It provides valuable lessons on the challenges and benefits of promoting open data on practices that are often shrouded in secrecy. This paper critically examines the ongoing efforts by the Land Matrix partnership to build a public tool to promote greater transparency in decision-making over land and investment at a global level. It intends to provoke discussion of the extent to which such a tool can ultimately promote greater transparency and be a step towards greater accountability and improved decision-making. It will present the Land Matrix and its value addition, before detailing the challenges it encountered related to the measurement of the largescale land acquisition phenomenon. It will then specify how it intends to address these issues in order to establish a dynamic and participatory tool for open development.

Classifying and mapping the urban transition in Vietnam

The urban transition almost always involves wrenching social adjustment as small agricultural communities are forced to adjust rapidly to industrial ways of life. Large-scale in-migration of young people, usually from poor regions, creates enormous demand and expectations for community and social services. One immediate problem planners face in approaching this challenge is how to define, differentiate, and map what is rural, urban, and transitional (i.e., peri-urban). This project established an urban classification for Vietnam by using national census and remote sensing data to identify and map the smallest administrative units for which data are collected as rural, peri-urban, urban, or urban core. We used both natural and human factors in the quantitative model: income from agriculture, land under agriculture and forests, houses with modern sanitation, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Model results suggest that in 2006, 71% of Vietnam's 10,891 communes were rural, 18% peri-urban, 3% urban, and 4% urban core. Of the communes our model classified as peri-urban, 61% were classified by the Vietnamese government as rural. More than 7% of Vietnam's land area can be classified as peri-urban and approximately 13% of its population (more than 11 million people) lives in peri-urban areas. We identified and mapped three types of peri-urban places: communes in the periphery of large towns and cities; communes along highways; and communes associated with provincial administration or home to industrial, energy, or natural resources projects (e.g., mining). We validated this classification based on ground observations, analyses of multi-temporal night-time lights data, and an examination of road networks. The model provides a method for rapidly assessing the rural–urban nature of places to assist planners in identifying rural areas undergoing rapid change with accompanying needs for investments in building, sanitation, road infrastructure, and government institutions.

Can the green economy enhance sustainable mountain development? The potential role of awareness building

Mountain socio-ecological systems produce valuable but complex ecosystem services resulting from biomes stratified by altitude and gravity. These systems are often managed and shaped by smallholders whose marginalization is exacerbated by uncertainties and a lack of policy attention. Human–environment interfaces in mountains hence require holistic policies. We analyse the potential of the Global Mountain Green Economy Agenda (GMGEA) in building awareness and thus prompting cross-sectoral policy strategies for sustainable mountain development. Considering the critique of the green economy presented at the Rio + 20 conference, we argue that the GMGEA can nevertheless structure knowledge and inform regional institutions about the complexity of mountain socio-ecological systems, a necessary pre-condition to prompt inter-agency collaboration and cross-sectoral policy formulation. After reviewing the content of the GMGEA, we draw on two empirical cases in the Pakistani and Nepali Himalayas. First, we show that lack of awareness has led to a sequence of fragmented interventions with unanticipated, and unwanted, consequences for communities. Second, using a green economy lens, we show how fragmentation could have been avoided and cross-sectoral policies yielded more beneficial results. Project fragmentation reflects disconnected or layered policies by government agencies, which inherently keep specialized agendas and have no incentive to collaborate. Awareness makes agencies more likely to collaborate and adopt cross-sectoral approaches, allowing them to target more beneficiaries, be more visible, and raise more funds. Nevertheless, we also identify four factors that may currently still limit the effect of the GMGEA: high costs of inter-agency collaboration, lack of legitimacy of the green economy, insufficiently-secured smallholder participation, and limited understanding of the mechanisms through which global agendas influence local policy.