Padrões de espécies e tipos funcionais de plantas lenhosas em bordas de floresta e campo sob influência do fogo

Mosaicos naturais de floresta e campo são freqüentes no sul do Brasil, apesar das condições climáticas em geral serem favoráveis às formações florestais. Os campos portanto têm sido considerados um tipo de vegetação relictual de um clima mais frio e seco. Dados paleopalinológicos têm confirmado a hipótese de expansão florestal proposta por Lindman e Rambo com base em evidências fitogeográficas. Porém, fogo e pastejo têm sido utilizados no manejo dos campos, limitando o estabelecimento de árvores em áreas de campo, e parecem ser essenciais para a existência dos campos num clima úmido. Mudanças na intensidade ou freqüência do fogo ou do pastejo podem permitir o adensamento de espécies lenhosas em comunidades campestres. Todavia, os processos envolvidos são influenciados pelas condições locais e tipo de espécies pioneiras. Esta tese aborda padrões espaciais de transição da floresta ao campo, na ausência de pastejo, porém sob diferentes condições locais relacionadas à exposição do relevo (norte, sul, sudoeste) e ao fogo. Os dados abrangem arbustos e árvores pela composição de espécies e tipos funcionais de plantas (plant functional types, PFTs), e variáveis do solo em bordas de floresta-campo, sob diferentes períodos de tempo transcorrido desde a última queimada nas áreas de campo. Dados sobre composição, diversidade, categoria de plantas (que rebrotam e não rebrotam) e PFTs foram analisados de acordo com o período de tempo sem fogo em dois levantamentos realizados em anos consecutivos. O objetivo desta última análise foi descrever como reagem as plantas lenhosas em áreas de campo freqüentemente queimadas, num contexto de ecótonos de floresta-campo O estudo foi conduzido no Morro Santana (30°03’ S, 51°07’ W, altitude máxima: 311m), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. A vegetação da área apresenta mosaicos de floresta-campo. Os dados foram coletados em seis pares de transecção (4,5 x 58,5 m cada) perpendiculares à borda florestacampo. Cada transecção era composta por seis quadros grandes (LP= 20,25 m²) consecutivos na floresta e sete no campo. Em cada um dos LP, foram instalados três quadros pequenos (SPs) consecutivos, a fim de medir todos os indivíduos iguais ou maiores que 10 cm de altura. Nos LPs, o critério de inclusão foi a altura mínima de 80 cm. Uma queimada experimental foi realizada nos quadros de campo, considerando sempre uma transecção de cada pa r, antes da coleta dos dados. Ao todo foram amostradas 124 espécies lenhosas de 42 famílias. Destas, 90 espécies foram amostradas nos quadros da floresta e 76 nos quadros do campo, das quais 44 foram comuns a ambas as formações (espécies típicas de borda ou pioneiras). No interior da floresta, plântulas e indivíduos jovens de árvores foram significativamente mais abundantes nos quadros próximos da borda, onde os índices de diversidade, eqüidade e riqueza também foram maiores. Os gradientes da floresta ao campo foram analisados como trajetórias de composição em um espaço de ordenação multidimensional. Diferenças nos padrões espaciais reveladas entre locais com exposição distinta foram evidenciadas. Bordas abruptas ocorreram principalmente nas transecções de exposição sul e sudoeste, enquanto transições mais graduais foram observadas no norte As condições do solo também diferiram em relação às exposições predominantes, porém os principais parâmetros variaram conforme a distância espacial do limite da floresta. Assim, apesar dos padrões de vegetação diferirem conforme a exposição predominante, o fator mais importante na explicação dos padrões foi a distância do limite florestal, não somente per se, mas por todos parâmetros correlacionados que variam no gradiente. Em relação aos dois levantamentos realizados em áreas de campo, 31 espécies arbustivas de campo e 45 florestais foram analisadas, das quais 65,8% tinham capacidade de rebrotar. A composição de espécies diferiu com o tempo após o fogo. Densidade, riqueza e diversidade foram menores nos quadros recentemente queimados, principalmente nos sítios com exposição sul. Considerando arbustos de campo, a riqueza e a densidade foram maiores nos quadros não queimados há um e dois anos do que naqueles há mais de três anos. Comparando arbustos com e sem capacidade de rebrotar, os que rebrotam tiveram sempre maior densidade Árvores com capacidade de rebrote predominaram nas áreas com exposição norte, apresentando densidades similares, independente do tempo após o fogo. Porém, árvores sem capacidade de rebrote apresentaram maior densidade nos quadros não queimados. Diferenças na dinâmica de recrutamento de arbustos ou árvores uni- ou multi-caulinares também foram detectadas. Nas análises com base em PFTs, foram identific ados nove PFTs florestais com máxima associação com a variável distância da borda. A habilidade de rebrote foi o principal atributo de plantas florestais que colonizam áreas de campo. A diversidade de PFTs foi maior nos quadros próximos da borda que no interior da floresta. Quatro PFTs foram identificados, entre espécies lenhosas florestais e campestres, com máxima associação com o tempo decorrido após o fogo nas áreas de campo. Alguns dos principais aspectos descritos no parágrafo anterior foram corroborados. Arbustos altos com base uni-caulinar predominaram nas áreas não queimadas (3-4 anos), enquanto arbustos baixos com base multi-caulinar predominaram nas áreas recentemente queimadas (3 meses a 1 ano). PFTs florestais ocorreram nos quadros da borda ou como adultos estabelecidos no campo, não sendo afetados pelo fogo. Com base nos principais resultados, as seguintes conclusões são possíveis: A alta proporção de espécies com capacidade de rebrote nas áreas de campo e a alta taxa de recrutamento das demais espécies caracterizam comunidades com distúrbios freqüentes e espécies bem adaptadas. O regime de fogo com intervalos de dois a três anos não impede o adensamento de arbustos do campo, porém retarda o avanço de espécies arbóreas florestais, exceto em sítios bastante próximos a borda ou em “ilhas” protegidas do fogo intenso PFTs lenhosos de áreas de campo, associados com os intervalos de fogo, sugerem que atributos facilmente mensurados são suficientes para avaliar a dinâmica pós-fogo em comunidades de espécies lenhosas. PFTs florestais nas áreas de campo se restringem àqueles com capacidade de rebrote, para sobreviver às queimadas recorrentes. Com base nas estratégias das plantas, nos PFTs e no padrão espacial das espécies nas bordas de floresta-campo sob influência freqüente do fogo, nós reforçamos a presença de dois mecanismos principais como formas de expansão florestal. Um deles refere-se ao adensamento gradual de espécies arbóreas junto à borda, em áreas cujo intervalo de tempo sem fogo é maior. Outro está relacionado ao recrutamento de árvores pioneiras isoladas no campo, freqüentemente próximo de matacões, onde menor biomassa de gramíneas conduz a menor intensidade do fogo. O fogo é portanto um fator de prevenção da expansão florestal sobre as áreas adjacentes de campo nas condições atuais de clima úmido. O presente regime de distúrbio permite a manutenção de uma elevada biodiversidade na paisagem dos morros de Porto Alegre pela co-ocorrência de ecossistemas ricos em espécies distintas (campos e florestas); a supressão de queimadas pode alterar o mosaico de tipos de hábitat, aumentando a proporção de áreas florestais.

Vesicle-to-micelle transition in dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide and dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride dispersions induced by octaethylene glycol n-dodecyl monoether. An isothermal titration calorimetry study

We have used isothermal titration calorimetry to investigate the vesicle-to-micelle transition in dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) and chloride (DODAC) vesicle dispersions induced by the nonionic surfactant octaethylene glycol n-dodecyl monoether (C12E8) at room temperature. Small and giant unilamellar vesicles were prepared by sonication and without sonication, respectively, of the pure cationic surfactants at low concentrations in water. The titration of 1.0 mM DODAX (X = Cl- and Br-) by a concentrated micellar solution of C12E8 shows that the enthalpy of interaction (DeltaH(obs)) of C12E8 in micellar form with DODAX is always endothermic. The titration curves are understood on the basis of superposition of the enthalpies of partitioning of C12E8 into the bilayer, of micelle formation and of vesicle-to-micelle transformation. The enthalpy, DeltaH(obs), initially increases owing to the incorporation of C12E8 into the vesicle bilayer until the C12E8/DODAX saturation ratio (R-sat) is reached, then DeltaH(obs) decreases, in different ways for DODAB and DODAC, owing to degradation of vesicles and formation of mixed micelles and intermediary structures up to the C12E8/DODAX solubilization ratio, R-sol. Above R-sol only mixed micelles exist. The surfactant solubilization takes place in three stages. All the critical ratios are lower for DODAB than for DODAC, meaning that C12E8 solubilizes more strongly in DODAB for example, R-sat is 0.8 for DODAB and 1.2 for DODAC. Sonication has no significant effect on the transition.

The effect of chain length on the melting temperature and size of dialkyldimethylammonium bromide vesicles

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSc) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to obtain the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature (T-m) and the apparent hydrodynamic radius (R-h) of spontaneously formed cationic vesicles of dialkyldimethylammonium bromide salts (CnH2n+1)(2)(CH3)(2)N+center dot Br-, with varying chain lengths. The preparation of cationic vesicles from aqueous solution of these surfactants, for n = 12, 14, 16 and 18 (DDAB, DTDAB, DHDAB and DODAB, respectively), requires the knowledge of the surfactant gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature, or melting temperature (T-m) since below this temperature these surfactants are poorly or not soluble in water. That series of cationic surfactants has been widely investigated as vesicle-forming surfactants, although C-12 and C-18, DDAB and DODAB are by far the most investigated from this series. The dependence of T-m of these surfactants on the number n of carbons in the surfactant tails is reported. The T-m obtained by DSC increases non-linearly with n, and the vesicle apparent radius R-h is about the same for DHDAB and DODAB, but much smaller for DDAB. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Dispersed lipid liquid crystalline phases stabilized by a hydrophobically modified cellulose

Aqueous dispersions of monoolein (MO) with a commercial hydrophobically modified ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HMEHEC) have been investigated with respect to the morphologies of the liquid crystalline nanoparticles. Only very low proportions of HMEHEC are accepted in the cubic and lamellar phases of the monoolein-water system. Due to the broad variation of composition and size of the commercial polymer, no other single-phase regions were found in the quasi-ternary system. Interactions of MO with different fractions of the HMEHEC sample induced the formation of lamellar and reversed hexagonal phases, identified from SAXD, polarization microscopy, and cryogenic TEM examinations. In excess water (more than 90 wt %) coarse dispersions are formed more or less spontaneously, containing particles of cubic phase from a size visible by the naked eye to small particles observed by cryoTEM. At high polymer/MO ratios, vesicles were frequently observed, often oligo-lamellar with inter-lamellar connections. After homogenization of the coarse dispersions in a microfluidizer, the large particles disappeared, apparently replaced by smaller cubic particles, often with vesicular attachments on the surfaces, and by vesicles or vesicular particles with a disordered interior. At the largest polymer contents no proper cubic particles were found directly after homogenization but mainly single-walled defected vesicles with a peculiar edgy appearance. During storage for 2 weeks, the dispersed particles changed toward more well-shaped cubic particles, even in dispersions with the highest polymer contents. In some of the samples with low polymer/MO ratio, dispersed particles of the reversed hexagonal type were found. A few of the homogenized samples were freeze-dried and rehydrated. Particles of essentially the same types, but with a less well-developed cubic character, were found after this treatment. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Clinical and molecular phenotype of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome

Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a genetic encephalopathy whose clinical features mimic those of acquired in utero viral infection. AGS exhibits locus heterogeneity, with mutations identified in genes encoding the 3′→5′ exonuclease TREX1 and the three subunits of the RNASEH2 endonuclease complex. To define the molecular spectrum of AGS, we performed mutation screening in patients, from 127 pedigrees, with a clinical diagnosis of the disease. Biallelic mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, and RNASEH2C were observed in 31, 3, 47, and 18 families, respectively. In five families, we identified an RNASEH2A or RNASEH2B mutation on one allele only. In one child, the disease occurred because of a de novo heterozygous TREX1 mutation. In 22 families, no mutations were found. Null mutations were common in TREX1, although a specific missense mutation was observed frequently in patients from northern Europe. Almost all mutations in RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, and RNASEH2C were missense. We identified an RNASEH2C founder mutation in 13 Pakistani families. We also collected clinical data from 123 mutation-positive patients. Two clinical presentations could be delineated: an early-onset neonatal form, highly reminiscent of congenital infection seen particularly with TREX1 mutations, and a later-onset presentation, sometimes occurring after several months of normal development and occasionally associated with remarkably preserved neurological function, most frequently due to RNASEH2B mutations. Mortality was correlated with genotype; 34.3% of patients with TREX1, RNASEH2A, and RNASEH2C mutations versus 8.0% RNASEH2B mutation-positive patients were known to have died (P = .001). Our analysis defines the phenotypic spectrum of AGS and suggests a coherent mutation-screening strategy in this heterogeneous disorder. Additionally, our data indicate that at least one further AGS-causing gene remains to be identified. © 2007 by The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.

Mutations in ADAR1 cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome associated with a type I interferon signature

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) catalyze the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and thereby potentially alter the information content and structure of cellular RNAs. Notably, although the overwhelming majority of such editing events occur in transcripts derived from Alu repeat elements, the biological function of non-coding RNA editing remains uncertain. Here, we show that mutations in ADAR1 (also known as ADAR) cause the autoimmune disorder Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS). As in Adar1-null mice, the human disease state is associated with upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes, indicating a possible role for ADAR1 as a suppressor of type I interferon signaling. Considering recent insights derived from the study of other AGS-related proteins, we speculate that ADAR1 may limit the cytoplasmic accumulation of the dsRNA generated from genomic repetitive elements.

Counter-ion effect on surfactant-DNA gel particles as controlled DNA delivery systems

The ability to entrap drugs within vehicles and subsequently release them has led to new treatments for a number of diseases. Based on an associative phase separation and interfacial diffusion approach, we developed a way to prepare DNA gel particles without adding any kind of cross-linker or organic solvent. Among the various agents studied, cationic surfactants offered particularly efficient control for encapsulation and DNA release from these DNA gel particles. The driving force for this strong association is the electrostatic interaction between the two components, as induced by the entropic increase due to the release of the respective counter-ions. However, little is known about the influence of the respective counter-ions on this surfactant-DNA interaction. Here we examined the effect of different counter-ions on the formation and properties of the DNA gel particles by mixing DNA (either single-(ssDNA) or double-stranded (dsDNA)) with the single chain surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium (DTA). In particular, we used as counter-ions of this surfactant the hydrogen sulfate and trifluoromethane sulfonate anions and the two halides, chloride and bromide. Effects on the morphology of the particles obtained, the encapsulation of DNA and its release, as well as the haemocompatibility of these particles are presented, using counter-ion structure and DNA conformation as controlling parameters. Analysis of the data indicates that the degree of counter-ion dissociation from the surfactant micelles and the polar/hydrophobic character of the counter-ion are important parameters in the final properties of the particles. The stronger interaction with amphiphiles for ssDNA than for dsDNA suggests the important role of hydrophobic interactions in DNA.

Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-ranging Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from Sweden

To investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-ranging Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Sweden, serosanguinous fluids and feces were collected from 207 carcasses of lynx killed or found dead from 1996 to 1998. Sera were tested for antibodies against T. gondii by the direct agglutination test, and 156 (75.4%) of the sera tested positive at antibody titers>or=40. Antibody prevalence was significantly lower in lynx originating from the northern parts of Sweden than in lynx from the more southern regions that are more densely populated by humans. Age-related differences also were found, with a significantly lower prevalence (55%) in juvenile (<1-yr-old) than in subadult and adult animals (82%). There was no significant difference in seroprevalence between males and females. Oocysts typical of T. gondii were not detected in any of the fecal samples.

The E-learning Circle – a holistic software design tool for e-learning

The article introduces the E-learning Circle, a tool developed to assure the quality of the software design process of e-learning systems, considering pedagogical principles as well as technology. The E-learning Circle consists of a number of concentric circles which are divided into three sectors. The content of the inner circles is based on pedagogical principles, while the outer circle specifies how the pedagogical principles may be implemented with technology. The circle’s centre is dedicated to the subject taught, ensuring focus on the specific subject’s properties. The three sectors represent the student, the teacher and the learning objectives. The strengths of the E-learning Circle are the compact presentation combined with the overview it provides, as well as the usefulness of a design tool dealing with complexity, providing a common language and embedding best practice. The E-learning Circle is not a prescriptive method, but is useful in several design models and processes. The article presents two projects where the E-learning Circle was used as a design tool.

Impact Study of Nonverbal Facial Cues on Spontaneous Chatting with Virtual Humans

Non-verbal communication (NVC) is considered to represent more than 90 percent of everyday communication. In virtual world, this important aspect of interaction between virtual humans (VH) is strongly neglected. This paper presents a user-test study to demonstrate the impact of automatically generated graphics-based NVC expression on the dialog quality: first, we wanted to compare impassive and emotion facial expression simulation for impact on the chatting. Second, we wanted to see whether people like chatting within a 3D graphical environment. Our model only proposes facial expressions and head movements induced from spontaneous chatting between VHs. Only subtle facial expressions are being used as nonverbal cues - i.e. related to the emotional model. Motion capture animations related to hand gestures, such as cleaning glasses, were randomly used to make the virtual human lively. After briefly introducing the technical architecture of the 3D-chatting system, we focus on two aspects of chatting through VHs. First, what is the influence of facial expressions that are induced from text dialog? For this purpose, we exploited an emotion engine extracting an emotional content from a text and depicting it into a virtual character developed previously [GAS11]. Second, as our goal was not addressing automatic generation of text, we compared the impact of nonverbal cues in conversation with a chatbot or with a human operator with a wizard of oz approach. Among main results, the within group study -involving 40 subjects- suggests that subtle facial expressions impact significantly not only on the quality of experience but also on dialog understanding.

Variability in the prevalence of adult ADHD in treatment seeking substance use disorder patients: results from an international multi-center study exploring DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria

Background: Available studies vary in their estimated prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disor-der (ADHD) in substance use disorder (SUD) patients, ranging from 2 to 83%. A better understanding ofthe possible reasons for this variability and the effect of the change from DSM-IV to DSM-5 is needed.Methods: A two stage international multi-center, cross-sectional study in 10 countries, among patientsform inpatient and outpatient addiction treatment centers for alcohol and/or drug use disorder patients. Atotal of 3558 treatment seeking SUD patients were screened for adult ADHD. A subsample of 1276 subjects,both screen positive and screen negative patients, participated in a structured diagnostic interview. 5AdultsResults: Prevalence of DSM-IV and DSM-5 adult ADHD varied for DSM-IV from 5.4% (CI 95%: 2.4–8.3) forHungary to 31.3% (CI 95%:25.2–37.5) for Norway and for DSM-5 from 7.6% (CI 95%: 4.1–11.1) for Hungary to32.6% (CI 95%: 26.4–38.8) for Norway. Using the same assessment procedures in all countries and centersresulted in substantial reduction of the variability in the prevalence of adult ADHD reported in previousstudies among SUD patients (2–83% → 5.4–31.3%). The remaining variability was partly explained byprimary substance of abuse and by country (Nordic versus non-Nordic countries). Prevalence estimatesfor DSM-5 were slightly higher than for DSM-IV.Conclusions: Given the generally high prevalence of adult ADHD, all treatment seeking SUD patientsshould be screened and, after a confirmed diagnosis, treated for ADHD since the literature indicates poorprognoses of SUD in treatment seeking SUD patients with ADHD.

Psychiatric comorbidity in treatment-seeking substance use disorder patients with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of the IASP study

Aims To determine comorbidity patterns in treatment-seeking substance use disorder (SUD) patients with and without adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with an emphasis on subgroups defined by ADHD subtype, taking into account differences related to gender and primary substance of abuse. Design Data were obtained from the cross-sectional International ADHD in Substance use disorder Prevalence (IASP) study. Setting Forty-seven centres of SUD treatment in 10 countries. Participants A total of 1205 treatment-seeking SUD patients. Measurements Structured diagnostic assessments were used for all disorders: presence of ADHD was assessed with the Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID), the presence of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), major depression (MD) and (hypo)manic episode (HME) was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus (MINI Plus), and the presence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) was assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II (SCID II). Findings The prevalence of DSM-IV adult ADHD in this SUD sample was 13.9%. ASPD [odds ratio (OR) = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8–4.2], BPD (OR = 7.0, 95% CI = 3.1–15.6 for alcohol; OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.8–6.4 for drugs), MD in patients with alcohol as primary substance of abuse (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.1–7.8) and HME (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 2.1–8.7) were all more prevalent in ADHD+ compared with ADHD− patients (P < 0.001). These results also indicate increased levels of BPD and MD for alcohol compared with drugs as primary substance of abuse. Comorbidity patterns differed between ADHD subtypes with increased MD in the inattentive and combined subtype (P < 0.01), increased HME and ASPD in the hyperactive/impulsive (P < 0.01) and combined subtypes (P < 0.001) and increased BPD in all subtypes (P < 0.001) compared with SUD patients without ADHD. Seventy-five per cent of ADHD patients had at least one additional comorbid disorder compared with 37% of SUD patients without ADHD. Conclusions Treatment-seeking substance use disorder patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are at a very high risk for additional externalizing disorders.