Activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. tuberculosis by extract of South African medicinal plants

Seven ethnobotanically selected medicinal plants were screened for their antimycobacterial activity. The mininium inhibitory concentration (MIC) of four plants namely Artemisia afra, Dodonea angustifolia, Drosera capensis and Galenia africana ranged from 0.781 to 6.25 mg/mL against Mycobacterium smegmatis. G. africana showed the best activity exhibiting an MIC of 0.78 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.56 mg/mL. The MICs of ethanol extracts of A angustifolia and G. africana against M. tuberculosis were found to be 5.0 and 1.2 mg/mL respectively. The mammalian cytotoxicity IC50 value of the most active antimycobacterial extract, from G. africana, was found to be 101.3 mu g/mL against monkey kidney Vero cells. Since the ethanol G. africana displayed the best antimycobacterial activity, it was subjected to fractionation which led to the isolation of a flavone, 5,7,2'-trihydroxyflavone. The MIC of this compound was found to be 0.031 mg/mL against M. smegmatis and 0.10 mg/mL against M. tuberculosis. This study gives some scientific basis to the 14 traditional use of these plants for TB-related symptoms. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Evidence of natural occurrence of the banned antibiotic chloramphenicol in herbs and grass

Chloramphenicol (CAP), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was detected in several herb and grass samples from different geographic origins. Due to its suspected carcino-genicity and linkages with the development of aplastic anemia in humans, CAP is banned for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) and many other countries. However, products of animal origin originating from Asian countries entering the European market are still found noncompliant (containing CAP) on a regular basis, even when there is no history of chloramphenicol use in these countries. A possible explanation for the continued detection of these residues is the natural occurrence of CAP in plant material which is used as animal feed, with the consequent transfer of the substance to the animal tissues. Approximately 110 samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection. In 26 samples, the presence of CAP was confirmed using the criteria for banned substances defined by the EU. Among other plant materials, samples of the Artemisia family retrieved from Mongolia and from Utah, USA, and a therapeutic herb mixture obtained from local stores in the Netherlands proved to contain CAP at levels ranging from 0.1 to 450 mu g/kg. These findings may have a major impact in relation to international trade and safety to the consumer. The results of this study demonstrate that noncompliant findings in animal-derived food products may in part be due to the natural occurrence of chloramphenicol in plant material. This has implications for the application of current EU, USA, and other legislation and the interpretation of analytical results with respect to the consideration of CAP as a xenobiotic veterinary drug residue and the regulatory actions taken upon its detection in food.

Antioxidant activities of eight Algerian plant extracts and two essential oils

Total phenol, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavone/flavonol and flavanones/dihydroflavonol contents of hydro-alcoholic extracts, obtained by sonication, from the aerial parts of Artemisia campestris L., Anthemis arvensis L., Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, Juniperus phoenicea L., Arbutus unedo L., Cytisus monspessulanus L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss et Reut, Zizyphus lotus L (Desf.) collected in Djebel Amour (Sahara Atlas, Algeria) were quantified by spectrophotometric methods. The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Artemisia campestris L. and Juniperus phoenicea I aerial parts were also evaluated by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of the extracts and essential oils was assessed measuring the capacity for preventing lipid peroxidation using two lipidic substrates (egg yolk and liposomes), the capacity for scavenging DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxyl radicals. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring the capacity for inhibiting lipoxygenase. Reducing power and chelating capacity were also assayed. The results showed different amounts of total phenols depending on the method used: A. campestris extract had the highest levels of total phenols when the measurement was made at lambda = 280 nm, whereas H. scoparium and A. unedo extracts showed the highest levels of total phenols with Folin-Ciocalteau. C. monspessulanus had the highest levels of flavones/flavonols and flavanones/dihydroflavonols. The essential oils of A. campestris and J. phoenicea were mainly constituted by alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and sabinene; and a-pinene, respectively. The methods used for assaying the capacity for preventing lipid peroxidation revealed to be inadequate for extracts due to the great interferences detected. The essential oils were more active than the generality of extracts for scavenging peroxyl radicals and for inhibiting lipoxygenase, whereas A. unedo extract was the most active for scavenging ABTS, DPPH, superoxide anion radicals and it also had the best reducing capacity. In a general way, the great majority of the antioxidant activities correlated well with the phenol content although such correlation was not so clear with the flavonoid content. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Paléoécologie du Quaternaire dans la région de Wainwright en Alberta

En 2012, la Commission géologique du Canada a procédé à une série de forages dans les dépôts quaternaires de la région de Wainwright dans le centre-est de l’Alberta dans le cadre d’un projet en hydrogéologie. Les forages, qui atteignent plus de 60 m de profondeur, montrent la présence de niveaux organiques intercalés dans les unités stratigraphiques minérales, dont certains contiennent des morceaux de bois qui suggèrent la présence passée in situ d’une végétation ligneuse. La position stratigraphique des sables contenant des niveaux organiques sous le till régional (Wisconsinien supérieur) laisse penser qu’ils correspondraient à des épisodes interstadiaires, voire même de l’interglaciaire Sangamonien, des datations 14C ayant livré des âges non-finis (>43 500 ans A.A.). L’objectif principal de la présente étude était de documenter la composition du couvert végétal associé aux niveaux organiques à l’aide de l’analyse pollinique et macrofossile. Plusieurs des niveaux se sont avérés pauvres ou même stériles en grains de pollen et en macrorestes végétaux. Les assemblages polliniques sont le plus souvent dominés par des espèces herbacées (p. ex.: Cyperaceae, Artemisia sp.) et des fougères. Chez les arbres, l’épinette est l’espèce la mieux représentée mais elle montre des pourcentages polliniques relativement faibles. Les assemblages macrofossiles sont notamment caractérisés par la présence de matière ligneuse, de l’épinette et de plantes aquatiques. Plusieurs échantillons contiennent aussi des charbons de bois qui témoignent de l’incidence de feux. Les résultats des analyses paléoécologiques suggèrent que le couvert végétal contemporain du dépôt des niveaux organiques était à caractère boréal ouvert. Ces niveaux auraient donc été mis en place au cours d’un intervalle climatique plus froid que l’actuel, présumément un interstade wisconsinien plutôt qu’au cours du dernier interglaciaire (Sangamonien).

Pollen Sources

This chapter reviews what is known about abundance and distribution of the 12 most important aeroallergenic pollens in Europe: Ambrosia, Alnus, Artemisia, Betula, Chenopodiaceae, Corylus, Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Olea, Platanus, Poaceae, Quercus and Urtica/Parietaria. Abundance is based on 10 years of pollen records from 521 stations of the European Aeroallergen Network that were interpolated into 12 distribution maps covering most of Europe. The chapter compares the distribution maps with other types of distribution maps that are available for selected tree species and discuss two methods for making harmonized pollen source inventories: “bottom-up” and “top-down”. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages, and both need to be explored and further developed. Remote sensing has shown to be a valuable method to improve the inventories, especially the use of satellites. The full potential as well as limitations of remote sensing in relation to pollen sources remains to be explored. The review suggests that the most probable way of obtaining inventories of all 12 pollen species is to use top-down methods that use an ecosystem-based approach that for each particular species connects ecological preference, pollen counts and remote sensing.

Prevalence of ragweed allergy in rural Geneva - a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of ragweed allergy is increasing worldwide. Ragweed distribution and abundance is spreading in Europe in a wide area ranging from the Rhone valley in France to Hungary and Ukraine, where the rate of the prevalence can peak at as high as 12%. Low-grade ragweed colonisation was seen in Geneva and Ticino, less than two decades ago. There were fears that allergies to ragweed would increase Switzerland. The intent of this study was to assess the rate of prevalence of sensitisation and allergy to ragweed in the population living in the first rural Swiss setting where ragweed had been identified in 1996, and to evaluate indirectly the efficacy of elimination and containment strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 2009, 35 adults in a rural village in the Canton of Geneva were recruited. Data were collected by means of questionnaires and skin-prick tests were done on each participant. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee. RESULTS: Based on questionnaires, 48.6% had rhinitis (95% confidence interval [CI] 32.9-64.4; n = 17/35) and 17.1% asthma (95% CI 8.1-32.6; n = 6/35). Atopy was diagnosed in 26.4% (95% CI 12.9-44.4) of the sample (n = 9/34). Ragweed sensitisation was found in 2.9% (95% CI 0.7-19.7; n = 1/34), mugwort sensitisation in 2.9% (95% CI 0.1-14.9; n = 1/35), alder sensitisation in 17.1% (95% CI 6.6-33.6; n = 6/35), ash sensitisation in 12.5% (95% CI 3.5-29.0; n = 4/32) and grass sensitisation in 22.9% (95% CI 10.4-40.1; n = 8/35). Ragweed (95% CI 0.1-14.9; n = 1/34) and mugwort allergies (95% CI 0.1-14.9; n = 1/35) were both found in 2.9% of the population. CONCLUSION: This study showed a surprisingly low incidence of ragweed sensitisation and allergy, of 2.9% and 2.9%, respectively, 20 years after the first ragweed detection in Geneva. The feared rise in ragweed allergy seems not to have happened in Switzerland, compared with other ragweed colonised countries. These results strongly support early field strategies against ragweed.

La rotonde des Valois : une lecture warburgienne

Ce mémoire vise à élargir l’interprétation du monument funéraire d’Henri II et Catherine de Médicis (1565-70) maintenant aménagé à la Basilique Saint-Denis à Paris, une œuvre que l’historiographie attribue conjointement au Primatice et à Germain Pilon. Fortement marquée par une perspective panosfkienne, la fortune critique de ce tombeau a privilégié des approches, qu’elles soient historicistes ou iconographiques, qui ont eu pour effet d’oblitérer la médialité du dispositif dans lequel le tombeau devait originellement paraître, soit la chapelle des Valois, mieux connue sous le nom de « rotonde des Valois ». Le présent travail se penche sur ce dispositif particulier en reformulant une approche propice à développer des outils méthodologiques adaptés au médium de la sculpture. De plus, il propose une hypothèse d’interprétation en liaison avec la commanditaire du tombeau, Catherine de Médicis. Nous verrons en effet que la construction d’une chapelle funéraire renforçait l’identification à la reine antique Artémise, ainsi que cela était suggéré dans un ouvrage composé par l’apothicaire de la reine, Nicolas Houel. Dans un contexte hostile aux prises de pouvoir féminin, Catherine se serait ainsi servie d’une fable amoureuse pour faciliter la construction de sa persona politique. Le mémoire s’attache plus précisément à examiner comment l’image traduit cette opération de refiguration du soi. Aussi, il s’inspire de l’importante réflexion menée ces dernières années en histoire de l’art et en anthropologie autour de la pensée d’Aby Warburg et s’applique à inscrire l’interprétation de l’image dans le champ de sa figurabilité.

Memoria del I Campamento Naturalista.

Renovación o aprendizaje para el profesorado de las técnicas y métodos de trabajo más usuales en las investigaciones naturalistas. Búsqueda de nuevas técnicas didácticas fuera del marco habitual. Desarrollo de pequeños trabajos de investigación. Fomentar el conocimiento entre los distintos seminarios de los centros asistentes en orden a posibles colaboraciones mutuas. Desarrollar en los alumnos el espíritu de investigación y trabajo en equipo. Disfrutar de la sana convivencia entre profesores y alumnos. Filmación de una película que recoja todas las actividades efectuadas durante el campamento. Asistieron 14 profesores de INB, pertenecientes a 13 centros, 35 alumnos y tres biólogos. El campamento se desarrolla entre los días 25 de junio y 1 de julio. Los profesores asistentes se dividieron en 4 grupos de tarde según sus preferencias, que fueron: Geología, Botánica, vertebrados e invertebrados, prepararán el campamento en orden a su especialidad, buscarán el material necesario, señalarán los posibles trabajos a realizar etc. Otros 4 grupos de mañana, en el que interviene un geólogo, un botánico, uno del grupo de vertebrados y uno del grupo de invertebrados. Realizaban excursiones, siguiendo rutas que anteriormente se habían marcado, observando la naturaleza con mapas topográficos y geológicos, identificación de materiales y accidentes tectónicos, datación de los mismos, reconocimiento de plantas, recogida de muestras, etc. El carrascoso es el pino predominante en esta zona, aunque existe el pino laricio, y el rodeno. La variedad y abundancia relativa de pinos, es mayor hacia el NE. También se da vegetación esteparia: Panagun harmala, Artemisia barrelieri y Lygaenu espartun. También se dan corcoja y lentisco. Fue muy difícil separar los insectos que se capturaron en itinerarios de otro, se repetían. Se capturaron a mano rana ridibunda, sapos bufobufo, lagartijas, culebras, arrendajos, mirlo, vencejo, etc. Estas actividades al aire libre, encuadradas en el marco de las C. Naturales, han sido altamente interesantes, pues además de poner en contacto a las personas con el medio ambiente, ha desarrollado la amistad, el compañerismo, la vida sana, la observación, la experimentación, el amor a la naturaleza, y estableció unas nuevas relaciones entre profesor y alumno, muy ventajosas para la buena comunicabilidad entre ambos.

Factors affecting distribution of vegetation types on abandoned cropland in the hilly-gullied Loess Plateau region of China

A study was conducted in the forest-steppe region of the Loess Plateau to provide insight into the factors affecting the process of vegetation establishment, and to provide recommendations for the selection of indigenous species in order to speed up the succession process and to allow the establishment of vegetation more resistant to soil erosion. Four distinctive vegetation types were identified, and their distribution was affected not only by the time since abandonment but also by other environmental factors, mainly soil water and total P in the upper soil layers. One of the vegetation types, dominated by Artemisia scoparia, formed the early successional stage after abandonment while the other three types formed later successional stages with their distribution determined by the soil water content and total P. It can be concluded that the selection of appropriate species for introduction to accelerate succession should be determined by the local conditions and especially the total P concentration and soil water content.

Synthesis of labelled dihydroartemisinic acid

[15-(CH3)-C-13-H-2]-Dihydroartemisinic acid (2a), [15-(CH3)-H-2]-dihydroartemisinic acid (2b) and [15-(CH3)-C-13]-dihydroartemisinic acid (2c) have been obtained in good yield and high isotopic enrichment by a reconstructive synthesis from artemisinin. These labelled compounds were designed to be used in biosynthetic experiments to determine the origins of artemisinin and other sesquiterpene natural products from Artemisia annua. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vegetation and environmental dynamics in the southern Black Sea region since 18 kyr BP derived from the marine core 22-GC3

Sediments from the Black Sea, a region historically dominated by forests and steppe landscapes, are a valuable source of detailed information on the changes in regional terrestrial and aquatic environments at decadal to millennial scales. Here we present multi-proxy environmental records (pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, Ca, Ti and oxygen isotope data) from the uppermost 305 cm of the core 22-GC3 (42°13.53′N, 36°29.55′E) collected from a water depth of 838 m in the southern part of the Black Sea in 2007. The records span the last ~ 18 kyr (all ages are given in cal kyr BP). The pollen data reveal the dominance of the Artemisia-steppe in the region, suggesting rather dry/cold environments ~ 18–14.5 kyr BP. Warming/humidity increase during melt-water pulses (~ 16.1–14.5 kyr BP), indicated by δ18O records from the 22-GC3 core sediment and from the Sofular Cave stalagmite, is expressed in more negative δ13C values from the Sofular Cave, usually interpreted as the spreading of C3 plants. The records representing the interstadial complex (~ 14.5–12.9 kyr BP) show an increase in temperature and moisture, indicated by forest development, increased primary productivity and reduced surface run-off, whereas the switch from primary terrigenous to primary authigenic Ca origin occurs ~ 500 yr later. The Younger Dryas cooling is clearly demonstrated by more negative δ13C values from the Sofular Cave and a reduction of pines. The early Holocene (11.7–8.5 kyr BP) interval reveals relatively dry conditions compared to the mostly moist and warm middle Holocene (8.5–5 kyr BP), which is characterized by the establishment of the species-rich warm mixed and temperate deciduous forests in the low elevation belt, temperate deciduous beech-hornbeam forests in the middle and cool conifer forest in upper mountain belt. The border between the early and middle Holocene in the vegetation records coincides with the opening of the Mediterranean corridor at ~ 8.3 kyr BP, as indicated by a marked change in the dinocyst assemblages and in the sediment lithology. Changes in the pollen assemblages indicate a reduction in forest cover after ~ 5 kyr BP, which was likely caused by increased anthropogenic pressure on the regional vegetation.

Modern pollen samples from alpine vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau.

1  A set of 316 modern surface pollen samples, sampling all the alpine vegetation types that occur on the Tibetan Plateau, has been compiled and analysed. Between 82 and 92% of the pollen present in these samples is derived from only 28 major taxa. These 28 taxa include examples of both tree (AP) and herb (NAP) pollen types. 2  Most of the modern surface pollen samples accurately reflect the composition of the modern vegetation in the sampling region. However, airborne dust-trap pollen samples do not provide a reliable assessment of the modern vegetation. Dust-trap samples contain much higher percentages of tree pollen than non-dust-trap samples, and many of the taxa present are exotic. In the extremely windy environments of the Tibetan Plateau, contamination of dust-trap samples by long-distance transport of exotic pollen is a serious problem. 3  The most characteristic vegetation types present on the Tibetan Plateau are alpine meadows, steppe and desert. Non-arboreal pollen (NAP) therefore dominates the pollen samples in most regions. Percentages of arboreal pollen (AP) are high in samples from the southern and eastern Tibetan Plateau, where alpine forests are an important component of the vegetation. The relative importance of forest and non-forest vegetation across the Plateau clearly follows climatic gradients: forests occur on the southern and eastern margins of the Plateau, supported by the penetration of moisture-bearing airmasses associated with the Indian and Pacific summer monsoons; open, treeless vegetation is dominant in the interior and northern margins of the Plateau, far from these moisture sources. 4  The different types of non-forest vegetation are characterized by different modern pollen assemblages. Thus, alpine deserts are characterized by high percentages of Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia, with Ephedra and Nitraria. Alpine meadows are characterized by high percentages of Cyperaceae and Artemisia, with Ranunculaceae and Polygonaceae. Alpine steppe is characterized by high abundances of Artemisia, with Compositae, Cruciferae and Chenopodiaceae. Although Artemisia is a common component of all non-forest vegetation types on the Tibetan Plateau, the presence of other taxa makes it possible to discriminate between the different vegetation types. 5  The good agreement between modern vegetation and modern surface pollen samples across the Tibetan Plateau provides a measure of the reliability of using pollen data to reconstruct past vegetation patterns in non-forested areas.

Orbital and millenial-scale environmental changes between 64 and 25 ka BP recorded in Black Sea sediments

High-resolution pollen and dinoflagellate cyst records from sediment core M72/5-25-GC1 were used to reconstruct vegetation dynamics in northern Anatolia and surface conditions of the Black Sea between 64 and 20 ka BP. During this period, the dominance of Artemisia in the pollen record indicates a steppe landscape and arid climate conditions. However, the concomitant presence of temperate arboreal pollen suggests the existence of glacial refugia in northern Anatolia. Long-term glacial vegetation dynamics reveal two major arid phases ~64–55 and 40–32 ka BP, and two major humid phases ~54–45 and 28–20 ka BP, correlating with higher and lower summer insolation, respectively. Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles are clearly indicated by the 25-GC1 pollen record. Greenland interstadials are characterized by a marked increase in temperate tree pollen, indicating a spread of forests due to warm/wet conditions in northern Anatolia, whereas Greenland stadials reveal cold and arid conditions as indicated by spread of xerophytic biomes. There is evidence for a phase lag of ~500 to 1500 yr between initial warming and forest expansion, possibly due to successive changes in atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic sector. The dominance of Pyxidinopsis psilata and Spiniferites cruciformis in the dinocyst record indicates brackish Black Sea conditions during the entire glacial period. The decrease of marine indicators (marine dinocysts, acritarchs) at ~54 ka BP and increase of freshwater algae (Pediastrum, Botryococcus) from 32 to 25 ka BP reveals freshening of the Black Sea surface water. This freshening is possibly related to humid phases in the region, to connection between Caspian Sea and Black Sea, to seasonal freshening by floating ice, and/or to closer position of river mouths due to low sea level. In the southern Black Sea, Greenland interstadials are clearly indicated by high dinocyst concentrations and calcium carbonate content, as a result of an increase in primary productivity. Heinrich events show a similar impact on the environment in the northern Anatolia/Black Sea region as Greenland stadials.

Late Würm and Early-Middle Holocene environmental change and human activities in the Northern Apennines, Italy

An enhanced radiocarbon-dated pollen-stratigraphical record from Rovegno (Liguria, 812m asl), northern Apennines (Italy), has provided a history of vegetation succession from before 17,056-16,621 cal yrs BP to the present day. The record indicates the transition from open Pinus woodland to Artemisia dominated grassland, and finally Juniperus shrubland during the late Würm. This is succeeded by Betula and Pinus woodland, and the expansion of thermophilous taxa, namely Abies, Corylus and Quercus during the Late Würm Lateglacial Interstadial. The ‘Younger Dryas’ is possibly represented by an increase in Betula and Artemisia. During the early Holocene, mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland is dominant with Quercus, as well as Abies, Fagus and Corylus. Fagus woodland becomes established sometime before 6488-6318 cal yrs BP, but never becomes a major component of the woodland cover. Throughout the middle Holocene, Abies woodland fl uctuates, with marked declines between 6488-6318 cal yrs BP and 5287-4835 cal yrs BP, although the cause remains uncertain. Finally, the paper evaluates the application of non-pollen palynomorphs, especially coprophilous fungal spores, at Prato Spilla ‘A’ (Emilia Romagna) and concludes that greater caution must be used when interpreting middle Holocene human activity based upon pollen data alone