El rol de las fronteras en la integración regional: caso frontera andina, colombo-ecuatoriana

El propósito principal de este trabajo es descubrir cuál es el papel de las fronteras en el proceso de integración regional, especialmente en la región andina de la frontera colombo–ecuatoriana. A lo largo del primer capítulo se desarrollan conceptos básicos como frontera y límite, se estudia su desarrollo en la Comunidad Andina, la incorporación y desarrollo en el Acuerdo de Cartagena, por medio del X y XI Consejo Presidencial Andino y la incorporación de las Políticas de Desarrollo Fronterizo mediante las Decisiones 459 y 501. Se realiza un estudio de las normas constitucionales colombianas que regulan el tema fronterizo y las atribuciones que da a las autoridades locales para el desarrollo de las regiones ubicadas en las zonas fronterizas, así como la Ley de Fronteras o Ley 191 de 1995, el Plan Fronteras y el Plan Fronteras para la Prosperidad, políticas lideradas durante los últimos diez años por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, en territorio colombiano, cuyo principal objetivo es brindar ayuda a los municipios y corregimientos que hacen parte de las zonas fronterizas y presentan necesidades básicas insatisfechas. El capítulo primero finaliza analizando y mencionando las políticas fronterizas ejecutadas por el departamento de Nariño durante el periodo 2008–2011 y a lo largo del capítulo segundo se desarrollan las principales características de la frontera colombo–ecuatoriana como son: el narcotráfico, la violencia, la inseguridad, las fumigaciones, las migraciones, los desplazamientos, el Plan Colombia y el Plan Ecuador, que han sido las causantes del quebrantamiento de las relaciones diplomáticas entre los dos países. En este capítulo también se estudian las instituciones que existen en la frontera, tales como la Zona de Integración Fronteriza y su evolución, las Comisiones de Vecindad e Integración Colombo–Ecuatoriana y el proyecto de los Centros Binacionales de Atención en Frontera. Por último se mencionan los principales acuerdos binacionales como el Proyecto de Residuos Sólidos entre Ipiales y Tulcán y la Mancomunidad entre Ipiales y Tulcán.

La consulta como dispositivo de seguridad: caso TIPNIS

Este trabajo hace un ejercicio de representación de la realidad, trata de comprender el proyecto nacional boliviano en clave de seguridad territorio, entendiendo esta en términos de gestión, a partir del instrumento de consulta de pueblos indígenas en el caso específico del Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (TIPNIS) con la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cómo operan los dispositivos de seguridad territorio del aparato gubernamental inmerso en el caso TIPNIS? La metodología a utilizarse para este estudio, responde principalmente al análisis de dispositivos a partir de la teoría de Foucault, propuesta por el alemán Siegfried Jagüer desde la identificación, el análisis y la relación entre las prácticas discursivas, no discursivas y manifestaciones. Además se hará uso de una categoría propia de la biología: la endosimbiosis, para explicar el fenómeno social que ocurre en términos de demandas y movimiento indígena. Para exponer de la mejor manera el estudio de caso, en un primer momento se realizará una descripción histórica de la construcción del instrumento de consulta inmerso en el debate y el conflicto, para en una segunda instancia hacer una aproximación más profunda de las cuatro categorías relevantes enmarcadas en la Ley 222 de consulta a los pueblos del TIPNIS (visión de desarrollo, medidas salvaguarda, intangibilidad, carretera) desde su operación, relacionadas con los planes nacionales del Estado plurinacional más su andamiaje institucional y operativo estatal. Finalmente se procede a realizar una lectura de las mismas en clave de dispositivos para observar sus efectos.

CLASSICAL DISTRIBUTION-FUNCTIONS DERIVED FROM WIGNER DISTRIBUTION-FUNCTIONS

A mapping which relates the Wigner phase-space distribution function associated with a given stationary quantum-mechanical wavefunction to a specific solution of the time-independent Liouville transport equation is obtained. Two examples are studied.

Assay of Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase Using Malate Dehydrogenase Preparation Obtained from Streptomyces aureofaciens

A modified spectrophotometric method for serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) assay was developed. A crude cell-free extract from Streptomyces aureofaciens which showed a high level of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity (E.C. 1.1.1.37) was used as the enzymatic indicator. The lyophilized microbial preparation was used without previous purification and was quite stable under refrigeration for one year. Serum sample assays using both the method utilizing the crude cell extract and an enzymatic commercial kit showed good correlation.

Desempenho e características dos dejetos produzidos por cabritos em diferentes idades e alimentados com diferentes proporções entre volumoso e concentrado

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance and characteristics of manure produced by Saanen goats with 90, 120 and 150 days of age and fed three diets, diets 1 = 80 % roughage (R) and 20 % concentrate (C), diets 2 = 60 % R and 40 % C, diets 3 = 40 % R and 60 % C. Were evaluated 24 goats (divided into three groups according to diet ) during the fattening stage, making up the collection of waste at 90, 120 and 150 days of age to quantify the mass of manure produced each day, beyond the content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. The animals were weighed weekly and during the collection of waste is evaluated the digestibility of DM, CP and NDF, in addition to the estimate of feed conversion and rate of waste. The best results of feed conversion coefficient of waste and the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP and NDF occurred at the age of 150 days and in animals fed diets containing higher proportions of concentrate. Insofar as the increased age of the animal and level of concentrate in the diets were verified higher production of faeces. All nutrients were also affected, with higher concentrations occurred in the feces of animals at 150 days old and fed with diet 40% R and 60% C.

Stochastic amplitude-modulated stretching of Rabbit flexor digitorum profundus tendons reduces stiffness compared to Cyclic Loading but does not affect Tenocyte Metabolism

Background It has been demonstrated that frequency modulation of loading influences cellular response and metabolism in 3D tissues such as cartilage, bone and intervertebral disc. However, the mechano-sensitivity of cells in linear tissues such as tendons or ligaments might be more sensitive to changes in strain amplitude than frequency. Here, we hypothesized that tenocytes in situ are mechano-responsive to random amplitude modulation of strain. Methods We compared stochastic amplitude-modulated versus sinusoidal cyclic stretching. Rabbit tendon were kept in tissue-culture medium for twelve days and were loaded for 1h/day for six of the total twelve culture days. The tendons were randomly subjected to one of three different loading regimes: i) stochastic (2 – 7% random strain amplitudes), ii) cyclic_RMS (2–4.42% strain) and iii) cyclic_high (2 - 7% strain), all at 1 Hz and for 3,600 cycles, and one unloaded control. Results At the end of the culture period, the stiffness of the “stochastic” group was significantly lower than that of the cyclic_RMS and cyclic_high groups (both, p < 0.0001). Gene expression of eleven anabolic, catabolic and inflammatory genes revealed no significant differences between the loading groups. Conclusions We conclude that, despite an equivalent metabolic response, stochastically stretched tendons suffer most likely from increased mechanical microdamage, relative to cyclically loaded ones, which is relevant for tendon regeneration therapies in clinical practice.

Congential syphilis in Harris County, Texas, 1993--1996

The specific aims of this study were to: (1) To determine the incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) for the 1993-96 birth cohorts in Houston/Harris County, based on the newly revised 1989 CS surveillance definition in Houston/Harris County, Texas; (2) To study the distribution of selected variables listed in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Congenital Syphilis Case Investigation and Report Form for the reported cases of CS; (3) To ascertain the relationships of maternal demographic factors, geographic distribution, and provision and utilization of prenatal care, associated with reported congenital syphilis delivery.^ This was a descriptive study analyzing reported cases of congenital syphilis in Houston/Harris, County, TX during the years 1993-96 using the data recorded on the CDC's Congenital Syphilis Case Investigation and Report forms. The population included infants delivered during 1993-96 who were diagnosed with congenital syphilis, using the revised 1990 criteria of the CDC. This study examined the risk factors associated with the occurrence of congenital syphilis in Harris County where the prevalence of maternal syphilis infection (13.7/100,000/1995) is high. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) ^

Dispersal Modeling of Fish Early Life Stages: Sensitivity with Application to Atlantic Cod in the Western Gulf of Maine

As an initial step in establishing mechanistic relationships between environmental variability and recruitment in Atlantic cod Gadhus morhua along the coast of the western Gulf of Maine, we assessed transport success of larvae from major spawning grounds to nursery areas with particle tracking using the unstructured grid model FVCOM (finite volume coastal ocean model). In coastal areas, dispersal of early planktonic life stages of fish and invertebrate species is highly dependent on the regional dynamics and its variability, which has to be captured by our models. With state-of-the-art forcing for the year 1995, we evaluate the sensitivity of particle dispersal to the timing and location of spawning, the spatial and temporal resolution of the model, and the vertical mixing scheme. A 3 d frequency for the release of particles is necessary to capture the effect of the circulation variability into an averaged dispersal pattern of the spawning season. The analysis of sensitivity to model setup showed that a higher resolution mesh, tidal forcing, and current variability do not change the general pattern of connectivity, but do tend to increase within-site retention. Our results indicate strong downstream connectivity among spawning grounds and higher chances for successful transport from spawning areas closer to the coast. The model run for January egg release indicates 1 to 19 % within-spawning ground retention of initial particles, which may be sufficient to sustain local populations. A systematic sensitivity analysis still needs to be conducted to determine the minimum mesh and forcing resolution that adequately resolves the complex dynamics of the western Gulf of Maine. Other sources of variability, i.e. large-scale upstream forcing and the biological environment, also need to be considered in future studies of the interannual variability in transport and survival of the early life stages of cod.

The Spanish Ballad in the Golden Age, de Nigel Griffin, Clive Griffin, Eric Southworth y Colin Thompson (eds.)

Fil: Di Croce, Ely V.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

The Spanish Ballad in the Golden Age, de Nigel Griffin, Clive Griffin, Eric Southworth y Colin Thompson (eds.)

Fil: Di Croce, Ely V.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

The Spanish Ballad in the Golden Age, de Nigel Griffin, Clive Griffin, Eric Southworth y Colin Thompson (eds.)

Fil: Di Croce, Ely V.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.