Viabilidade financeira da implantação do projeto de construção da estação de tratamento de esgotos - ETE - do Município de Lençóis Paulista - Estado de São Paulo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A simple and precise conductometric method for the determination of losartan in pharmaceutical products

Losartan is an antihypertensive agent that lost its patent protection in 2010, and, consequently, it has been available in generic form. The latter motivated the search for a rapid and precise alternative method. Here, a simple conductometric titration in aqueous medium is described for the losartan analysis in pharmaceutical formulations. The first step of the titration occurs with the protonation of losartan producing a white precipitate and resulting in a slow increase in conductivity. When the protonation stage is complete, a sharp increase in conductivity occurs which was determined to be due to the presence of excess of acid. The titrimetric method was applied to the determination of losartan in pharmaceutical products and the results are comparable with values obtained using a chromatographic method recommended by the United States Pharmacopoeia. The relative standard deviation for successive measurements of a 125 mg L-1 (2.71x10(-4) mol L-1) losartan solution was approximately 2%. Recovery study in tablet samples ranged between 99 and 102.4%. The procedure is fast, simple, and represents an attractive alternative for losartan quantification in routine analysis. In addition, it avoids organic solvents, minimizes the risk of exposure to the operator, and the waste treatment is easier compared to classical chromatographic methods.

Glycerol as a by-product of biodiesel production in Brazil: Alternatives for the use of unrefined glycerol

On January 1 2008, Brazil included yet another element into its energy matrix: biodiesel. The predominant biodiesel production process involves a phase of transesterification that yields glycerol as a by-product. The use of this glycerol is limited since it is considered an unrefined raw material that must be refined for its various types of use. Several studies have addressed identification of possible uses for unrefined glycerol. Given the diversity of uses, an overview is necessary. The purpose of this work is to present alternatives currently being considered for the use of unrefined glycerol as a by-product of biodiesel production, aiming to contribute to the sustainable consolidation of the biofuel market. Exploratory research was carried out to identify these viable alternatives for the use of this by-product. The possibilities include the production of chemical products, fuel additives, production of hydrogen, development of fuel cells, ethanol or methanol production, animal feed, co-digestion and co-gasification, and waste treatment among others. The present research reveals that there are promising possibilities for the use of unrefined glycerol, which may help consolidate the sustainability of the biofuel market. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Caracterización del comportamiento hidráulico y químico del picón como material para la depuración natural del estiércol líquido de rumiantes

[ES] Los efluentes ganaderos constituyen un beneficioso aporte de nutrientes para los cultivos, que es fundamental a la hora de garantizar la sostenibilidad de la gestión de las explotaciones ganaderas, pudiendo ocasionar graves problemas ambientales si se emplean mal. La intensificación agraria ha convertido los efluentes ganaderos de subproducto a residuo. Su tratamiento con materiales locales y tecnologías de baja intensidad es una solución de bajo coste financiero y energético. En el proyecto REAGUA se plantea la posibilidad de utilizar el “picón” (lapilli) como material para el tratamiento del estiércol líquido de rumiantes, para su posterior empleo en el riego enterrado de especies forrajeras y biocombustibles, actuando el suelo como medio de depuración avanzado. Para ello, se diseña un sistema en el que se aporte el efluente con un flujo subsuperficial vertical en un medio no saturado, que circule por tres fases (en serie). Para determinar las condiciones de manejo que optimicen el filtrado se caracterizó el comportamiento hidráulico del picón y su capacidad de eliminar sustancias. Utilizando tres columnas rellenas de picón y un efluente de rumiantes, las reducciones de la DQO, DBO5 y amonio, fósforo y SS superaron el 80, 90% y 95% respectivamente, obteniéndose valores asumibles para inyectarse al riego.

Microfluidic microbial fuel cell fabrication and rapid screening of electrochemically microbes

The demand for novel renewable energy sources, together with the new findings on bacterial electron transport mechanisms and the progress in microbial fuel cell design, have raised a noticeable interest in microbial power generation. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electrochemical device that converts organic substrates into electricity via catalytic conversion by microorganism. It has represented a continuously growing research field during the past few years. The great advantage of this device is the direct conversion of the substrate into electricity and in the future, MFC may be linked to municipal waste streams or sources of agricultural and animal waste, providing a sustainable system for waste treatment and energy production. However, these novel green technologies have not yet been used for practical applications due to their low power outputs and challenges associated with scale-up, so in-depth studies are highly necessary to significantly improve and optimize the device working conditions. For the time being, the micro-scale MFCs show great potential in the rapid screening of electrochemically active microbes. This thesis presents how it will be possible to optimize the properties and design of the micro-size microbial fuel cell for maximum efficiency by understanding the MFC system. So it will involve designing, building and testing a miniature microbial fuel cell using a new species of microorganisms that promises high efficiency and long lifetime. The new device offer unique advantages of fast start-up, high sensitivity and superior microfluidic control over the measured microenvironment, which makes them good candidates for rapid screening of electrode materials, bacterial strains and growth media. It will be made in the Centre of Hybrid Biodevices (Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton) from polymer materials like PDMS. The eventual aim is to develop a system with the optimum combination of microorganism, ion exchange membrane and growth medium. After fabricating the cell, different bacteria and plankton species will be grown in the device and the microbial fuel cell characterized for open circuit voltage and power. It will also use photo-sensitive organisms and characterize the power produced by the device in response to optical illumination.

Biochemical Engineering Symposium Proceedings (June 4, 1971)

This report presents the proceedings of the Biochemical Engineering Symposium held at Kansas State University, June 4, 1971. Since most of the papers will be published elsewhere, only very brief papers are included here. Moreover, several of the projects are still in progress at this time. Request for additional information on projects conducted at the University of Nebraska should be directed to Dr. Peter J. Reilly and for Kansas State University to Dr. L. E. Erickson. ContentsChao, Chih-Cheng, University of Nebraska, "Symbiotic Growth of Actobacter suboxydans and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in a Chemostat" S.Y. Chiu, Kansas State University, "Model Identification in Mixed Populations Using Continuous Culture Data" Shinji Goto, University of Nebraska, "Symbiotic Growth of Bacteria and Blue Green Algae in a Chemostat" I.C. Kao, Kansas State University, "ATP as a Parameter of Mixed Culture Interaction" Indravadan R. Kothari, University of Nebraska, "Growth of Single Cells of Schizocaccharomyces pombe under Nutrient Limitation" G.C.Y. Chu, Kansas State University, "Experimental Optimization of Biological Waste Treatment Processes" Mark Young, University of Nebraska, "Aerobic Fermentation of Paunch Liquor" P.S. Shah, Kansas State University, "Optimal Control of Growth Processes"

Second Annual Kansas State–Nebraska Biochemical Engineering Symposium (April 29, 1972)

This booklet contains abstracts of papers presented at a biochemical engineering symposium conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln on April 29, 1972. This was the second annual symposium on this subject, the first having been held at Kansas State University on June 4, 1971. It is expected that future symposia will alternate between the two campuses. ContentsS.H. Lin, Kansas State University, "Enzyme Reaction in a Tubular Reactor with Laminar Flow" Gregory C. Martin, University of Nebraska, "Estimation of Parameters in Population Models for Schizosaccharomyces pombe from Chemostat Data" Jaiprakash S. Shastry and Prakash N. Mishra, Kansas State University, "Immobilized Enzymes: Analysis of Ultrafiltration Reactors" Mark D. Young, University of Nebraska, "Modelling Unsteady-State Two-Species Data Using Ramkrishna's Staling Model" G.C.Y. Chu, Kansas State University, "Optimization of Step Aeration Waste Treatment Systems Using EVOP" Shinji Goto, University of Nebraska, "Growth of the Blue-Green Alga Microcytis aeruginosa under Defined Conditions" Prakash N. Mishra and Thomas M.C. Kuo, Kansas State University, "Digital Computer Simulation of the Activated Sludge System: Effect of Primary Clarifier on System Performance" Mark D. Young, University of Nebraska, "Aerobic Fermentation of Paunch Liquor"

Análisis de la degradación, desintegración y biodegradabilidad de bolsas de poliéster y almidón en compostaje de residuos urbanos: escalas de laboratorio e industrial

El principal objetivo de esta tesis es verificar que las bolsas biodegradables de copoliéster (PBAT) con base de almidón (UNE 13432: 2001) alcanzan los niveles de degradación y desintegración requeridos para su certificación (%D= ≥ 90%), medido en condiciones reales de compostaje industrial. Para lograr mayor representatividad, los ensayos se han realizado en dos plantas de tratamiento de residuos urbanos en las que se aplican las técnicas de compostaje más comunes en el ámbito europeo y nacional, pila y túnel, mediante el compostaje de la FORSU. Se llevaron a cabo dos tipos de ensayos. Por un lado se realizó un ensayo escala de laboratorio (ISO 14855), orientado como indicador de la biodegradabilidad del polímero en el formato bolsa comercializado. Por otro lado, se desarrollaron una batería de ensayos realizados en dos plantas de compostaje de residuos urbanos: el Centro de Tratamiento de Residuos de Torija (Ávila), que realiza el compostaje mediante pila volteada, y el Centro de Tratamiento de Residuos de Arenas de San Pedro (Ávila), que realiza el compostaje en túnel. Para la obtención de resultados se han contrastado parámetros como el porcentaje de biodegradación (%B), el porcentaje de desintegración (%D), degradación superficial de las muestras, calidad de la FORSU inicial (caracterizaciones y análisis físico-químico) y calidad del MB final (análisis físico-químico e IG). Atendiendo al objetivo general se demuestra que las bolsas de copoliéster con base de almidón certificadas (UNE EN 13432:2001) han alcanzado el 94,37% ± 0,007% de desintegración en la planta de compostaje de FORSU con pila volteada; y el 86,36% ± 0,151% en la planta de compostaje de FORSU con túnel estático. A pesar de la aparente diferencia, el resultado del análisis concluye que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre técnicas de compostaje. La presencia de impropios y el contendido de metales pesados en la FORSU no han influido en la desintegración de las bolsas de estudio. En cambio, se ha detectado una influencia estadísticamente significativa entre el contenido de materia orgánica total y de nutrientes de la FORSU y el porcentaje de desintegración de las muestras. No se detectado una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de bolsas de estudio en las concentraciones definidas, y la calidad del MB, medido mediante el análisis físico-químico, microbiológico y el IG del MB. La concentración de los metales pesados en la mayoría de las muestras de material bioestabilizado cumplió con los límites establecidos para la categoría A, aplicable al “compost” procedente de la fracción orgánica recogida de forma separada según el RD 506/2013 de productos fertilizantes. También se detectó fitotoxicidad alta (FA) según la metodología y criterios de valoración definidos. Esta fitotoxicidad no está relacionada con la presencia de las bolsas de estudio sino con la calidad de la FORSU de partida y/o con los productos liberados durante el proceso de compostaje. ABSTRACT The main objective of this thesis is to verify that the copolyester (PBAT) starch based (UNE 13432: 2001) biodegradable bags reach levels of degradation and disintegration required for it´s certification (% D = ≥ 90%), measured in terms of real industrial composting. The tests were performed at two municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment plants, where the most common composting techniques applied at European and national level were represented, windrow and tunnel. Two types of tests were carried out: First, a laboratory scale test (ISO 14855), as an indicator of the polymer biodegradation of the commercialized bag format. Second, a battery of tests was conducted at two MSW composting plants, Waste Treatment Center of Torija (Guadalajara), that makes compost by turned pile, and the Waste Treatment Center of Arenas de San Pedro (Ávila), where makes compost by static tunnel. To obtain the results, the parameters such as the biodegradation percentage (% B), the disintegration percentage (% D), surface degradation of the samples, the initial quality of FORSU (characterizations and physico-chemical analysis) and bioestabilithated material (MB) quality (physico-chemical analysis and IG) have been compared. In reference to the general aim It shows that the copolyester starch based certified (UNE-EN 13432) bags have reached 94.37% ± 0.007% of disintegration in the composting turned pile; and 86.36% ± 0.151% in the static tunnel. Despite the apparent difference, the result of the analysis concludes that there are no statistically significant differences between composting techniques. The presence of non-compostable materials and the heavy metals content in the FORSU has not affected in the disintegration of the bags. Instead, It has been detected a statistically significant influence over the total organic matter content and nutrient content in the FORSU and the samples disintegration percentage. A statistically significant relationship between the bag presence in the defined concentrations and the quality of MB measured by physical-chemical analysis, microbiological analysis and IG of the MB is not detected. The concentration of heavy metals in most MB samples was within the limits of A-Class, applicable to "compost" from organic waste collected separately according to RD 506/2013 of fertilizers. High phytotoxicity (FA) was also detected according to the methodology and evaluation defined. The phytotoxicity is not related to the presence of bags but it is with the FORSU initial quality and/or with the products released during the composting process.

Avaliação da influência do efeito de ultrassom na lixiviação de metais de placas de circuito impresso obsoletas.

Os equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (EEE) possuem uma grande importância na sociedade contemporânea, e estão presentes no cotidiano das pessoas de forma ubíqua. Com o aumento no consumo de EEE juntamente com a obsolescência precoce, surge um novo tipo de resíduo, chamado de Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos (REEE). Os REEE não devem ser descartados em aterros, pelo risco de contaminação e pelo desperdício de material. Assim, a reciclagem se faz necessária. As placas de circuito impresso (PCI) estão presentes na grande maioria do REEE e contem a maior variedade de metais, incluindo metais valiosos como Au, Ag, Pt e Cu. A complexidade torna a reciclagem destas placas muito difícil. Rotas hidrometalúrgicas tem surgido como uma alternativa mais limpa para o tratamento de PCI, em detrimento aos processos pirometalúrgicos. Nas rotas hidrometalúrgicas, os metais são extraídos pela lixiviação realizada por ácidos ou bases. O efeito ultrassônico tem sido empregado na síntese de novas substâncias e também em alguns casos no tratamento de resíduos. O processo central no uso de ultrassom é a cavitação acústica, capaz de produzir microbolhas na solução com temperatura da ordem de 5000 K e pressão de 500 atm localmente. Além disto, a implosão das bolhas de cavitação em meio heterogêneo causa um jato de solução na superfície, que pode alcançar velocidade de 100 m.s-1. Assim, esta tese tem como objetivo a investigação do efeito do ultrassom sobre PCI obsoletas. Dois efeitos foram investigados: o efeito da cominuição das PCI promovido pela cavitação e a influência da cavitação na lixiviação com ácido sulfúrico de Fe, Al e Ni. Os parâmetros investigados na cominuição foram: tipo de placa, granulometria da placa moída e potência de ultrassom. Os parâmetros de lixiviação avaliados foram: razão sólido-líquido (S/L), concentração de ácido e potência de ultrassom. Também foram realizados ensaios de lixiviação sonicados com meio oxidante. Foi feita a análise cinética para se determinar qual é o controle da reação de lixiviação.

The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program : spring update to the technology profiles fourth edition.

Mode of access: Internet.

EPA RREL's mobile Volume Reduction Unit.

Mode of access: Internet.

Resources Conservation Company B.E.S.T. solvent extraction technology.

"EPA/540/AR-92/079."

Biogenesis soil, washing technology.

[cat;jmn]

The three sludge system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal /

"Presented at the 44th Annual Conference of the Water Pollution Control Federation, San Francisco, California (October, 1971)"--P. 1.

Does my business need generator identification numbers and manifests?

Because you generate waste, it is your responsibility to determine how to properly manage and dispose of your waste. This fact sheet discusses special waste, who must obtain a generator identification number, and who must use uniform hazardous waste manifests, which are required for both nonhazardous and hazardous special waste. ... Depending on the types of waste you generate, you may need a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and/or Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Illinois EPA) generator identification number. The first step in determining whether you need an identification number is to identify the types and amounts of waste you generate.