The nematode community in the Atlantic rainforest lizard Enyalius perditus Jackson, from south-eastern Brazil

Studies focusing on communities of helminths from Brazilian lizards are increasing, but there are many blanks in the knowledge of parasitic fauna of wild fauna. This lack of knowledge hampers understanding of ecological and parasitological aspects of involved species. Moreover, the majority of research has focused on parasitic fauna of lizards from families Tropiduridae and Scincidae. Only a few studies have looked at lizards from the family Leiosauridae, including some species of Enyalius. This study presents data on the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of Enyalius perditus and their relationships with ecological aspects of hosts in a disturbed Atlantic rainforest area in the state of Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil. Two nematode species, Oswaldocruzia burseyi [(Molineidae) and Strongyluris oscari (Heterakidae) were found. Nematode species showed an aggregated distribution in this host population, with O. burseyi being more aggregated than S. oscari. The present study extends the range of occurrence of O. burseyi to the Brazilian continental area. © 2011 Cambridge University Press.

A new snake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1830 (Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae) from Brazil

We describe a new species of Helicops from the southern Amazon Basin in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It differs from all congeners by having dorsal scales in 21/21/19 rows in males and 23/21/19 rows in females, subcaudal keels, a banded dorsal color pattern, and 14-19 ventral blotches. Besides presenting information on the lepidosis and morphometric variation, we also describe the hemipenis and discuss the known distribution of the new species. © 2013 by The Herpetologists' League, Inc.

Diversidade e distribuição dos lagartos de uma área de ecótono entre Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, no sudeste do Brasil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Serpentes da Bacia Petrolífera de Urucu, município de Coari, Amazonas, Brasil

Um inventário estruturado de serpentes foi realizado na Base Operacional Geólogo Pedro de Moura (BOGPM), localizada na Bacia Petrolífera de Urucu, Município de Coari, Amazonas, nos anos de 2003, 2004 e 2007. Nas quatro expedições realizadas (51 dias de coleta) foram registradas 47 espécies de serpentes, pertencentes a sete famílias e 33 gêneros. Foram utilizados quatro métodos complementares de amostragem de serpentes: armadilha de interceptação e queda, encontros ocasionais, procura limitada por tempo a pé e procura limitada por tempo de carro. Das 47 espécies coletadas, Liophis reginae (n= 14), Philodryas viridissima (n= 9), Philodryas boulengeri (n= 7) e Oxybelis fulgidus (n= 7) foram as mais abundantes em toda região. O maior número de espécies e espécimes foi registrado pela procura limitada por tempo de carro (52,8%). Estudos anteriores indicam que as localidades ao sul do Rio Amazonas (como região Leste do Pará, Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, Estado do Pará, e de Samuel, Estado de Rondônia) apresentam maior riqueza quando comparadas às regiões ao norte do Amazonas (como Município de Manaus, Reserva do INPA-WWF e Usina Hidrelétrica de Balbina, Estado do Amazonas). Desta forma, é possível inferir que o levantamento das serpentes da região de Urucu ainda não esteja completo, sendo necessário um maior esforço de coleta para que novos registros sejam adicionados para a área.

Estudo comparativo de restos fósseis e recentes de Amphisbaenia: abordagens filogenéticas, paleoecológicas, paleobiogeográficas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The anatomy of the upper cretaceous snake Najash rionegrina Apesteguia & Zaher, 2006, and the evolution of limblessness in snakes

Najash rionegrina Apesteguia & Zaher, 2006, a terrestrial fossil snake from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina, represents the first known snake with a sacrum associated with robust, well-developed hind limbs. Najash rionegrina documents an important gap in the evolutionary development towards limblessness, because its phylogenetic affinities suggest that it is the sister group of all modern snakes, including the limbed Tethyan snakes Pachyrhachis, Haasiophis, and Eupodophis. The latter three limbed marine fossil snakes are shown to be more derived morphologically, because they lack a sacrum, but have articulated lymphapophyses, and their appendicular skeleton is enclosed by the rib cage, as in modern snakes.

TAXONOMY OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN DWARF BOAS OF THE GENUS TROPIDOPHIS BIBRON, 1840, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM THE ATLANTIC FOREST (SERPENTES: TROPIDOPHIIDAE)

A taxonomic study on the South American dwarf boas of the genus Tropidophis revealed the existence of two new species in the Atlantic Forest bionic. As a result, we recognize five mainland species, three in the Atlantic Forest and two in northwestern South America. Based on general distribution and morphological orientation, the type locality of T. paucisquamis is restricted to Estacao Biologica de Boraceia (EBB), municipality of Salesopolis, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil; furthermore, a lectotype for T. taczanowskyi is designated. We provide data on the hemipenial morphology of two South American Tropidophis, showing that the quadrifurcate condition described for West Indian taxa also occurs in mainland congeners. The distributions of the three Atlantic Forest species are congruent with patterns of diversification of other vertebrate taxa associated with cold climates prevalent at high elevations. Refugial isolation and riverine barriers may account for such speciation events.

The skull of the Upper Cretaceous snake Dinilysia patagonica Smith-Woodward, 1901, and its phylogenetic position revisited

The cranial anatomy of Dinilysia patagonica, a terrestrial snake from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina, is redescribed and illustrated, based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography and better preparations made on previously known specimens, including the holotype. Previously unreported characters reinforce the intriguing mosaic nature of the skull of Dinilysia, with a suite of plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters with respect to extant snakes. Newly recognized plesiomorphies are the absence of the medial vertical flange of the nasal, lateral position of the prefrontal, lizard-like contact between vomer and palatine, floor of the recessus scalae tympani formed by the basioccipital, posterolateral corners of the basisphenoid strongly ventrolaterally projected, and absence of a medial parietal pillar separating the telencephalon and mesencephalon, amongst others. We also reinterpreted the structures forming the otic region of Dinilysia, confirming the presence of a crista circumfenestralis, which represents an important derived ophidian synapomorphy. Both plesiomorphic and apomorphic traits of Dinilysia are treated in detail and illustrated accordingly. Results of a phylogenetic analysis support a basal position of Dinilysia, as the sister-taxon to all extant snakes. The fossil taxa Yurlunggur, Haasiophis, Eupodophis, Pachyrhachis, and Wonambi appear as derived snakes nested within the extant clade Alethinophidia, as stem-taxa to the crown-clade Macrostomata. The hypothesis of a sister-group relationship between Dinilysia and Najash rionegrina, as suggested by some authors, is rejected by the results of our analysis.

Skeletal development in the fossorial gymnophthalmids Calyptommatus sinebrachiatus and Nothobachia ablephara

The development of the cartilaginous and bony elements that form the skull and axial and appendicular skeleton is described in detail for the post-ovipositional embryonic development of the fossorial gymnophthalmid species Calyptommatus sinebrachiatus and Nothobachia ablephara. Both species have a snake-like morphology, showing an elongated body and reduced or absent limbs, as well as modifications in skull bones for burrowing, such as complex articulation surfaces and development of bony extensions that enclose and protect the brain. Similar morphological changes have originated independently in several squamate groups, including the one that led to the snake radiation. This study characterizes the patterns of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, with special emphasis on the features associated with the burrowing habit, and may be used for future comparative analyses of the developmental patterns involved in the origin of the convergent serpentiform morphologies. (C) 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Do Higher Temperatures Increase Growth in the Nocturnal Gecko Homonota darwini (Gekkota: Phyllodactylidae)? A Skeletochronological Assessment Analyzed at Temporal and Geographic Scales

Recent studies predict that several lineages of tropical animals are at particular risk given current estimates of global climate change. Yet, much uncertainty exists on the effects of climate shifts in ectothermic species from cool temperate regions such as Patagonia. In this study, we focus on the impact of environmental temperature on growth, age at sexual maturity, and life-span of the Patagonian gecko Homonota darwini. Skeletochronological methods were used to assess the bone growth rates Of individuals from three populations at different geographic and temporal scales: two populations from Chubut (warm site; 1941 and 2010) and one population from Rio Negro (cold site; 1997-1998). Populations displayed similar bone arrangement and the growth patterns fit a von Bertalanffy curve. Three populations attained reproductive size at a minimum age of 3 yr, but at the cold site two specimens were shown to mature in 4 yr. We found no differences in juvenile growth rates in body size or bone zone width between juveniles of 1 to 3 yr of age from the 1941 warm site and the 2010 warm site. However, these traits appeared to be higher at these two warm sites than at the cold site, which is consistent with the climatic differences among the three localities. Our results suggest that higher temperatures positively affect growth, denoting that global warming might benefit H. darwini, especially the southern populations.

Evolution of form and function: morphophysiological relationships and locomotor performance in tropidurine lizards

Locomotor capacity is often considered an excellent measure of whole animal performance because it requires the integrated functioning of many morphological, physiological (and biochemical) traits. However, because studies tend to focus on either structural or functional suits of traits, we know little on whether and how morphological and physiological traits coevolve to produce adequate locomotor capacities. Hence, we investigate the evolutionary relationships between morphological and physiological parameters related to exercise physiology, using tropidurine lizards as a model. We employ a phylogenetic principal component analysis (PCA) to identify variable clusters (factors) related to morphology, energetic metabolism and muscle metabolism, and then analyze the relationships between these clusters and measures of locomotor performance, using two models (star and hierarchical phylogenies). Our data indicate that sprint performance is enhanced by simultaneous evolutionary tendencies affecting relative limb and tail size and physiological traits. Specifically, the high absolute sprint speeds exhibited by tropidurines from the sand dunes are explained by longer limbs, feet and tails and an increased proportion of glycolytic fibers in the leg muscle, contrasting with their lower capacity for overall oxidative metabolism [principal component (PC1)]. However, when sprint speeds are corrected for body size, performance correlates with a cluster (PC3) composed by moderate loads for activity metabolic rate and body size. The simultaneous measurement of morphological and physiological parameters is a powerful tool for exploring patterns of coadaptation and proposing morphophysiological associations that are not directly predictable from theory. This approach may trigger novel directions for investigating the evolution of form and function, particularly in the context of organismal performance.

Six species of Amazonian Woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) preying upon lizards and frogs

Dietary data from a large sample of woodcreepers (16 spp., n?=?139), revealed that six species of dendrocolaptids occasionally feed upon lizards and frogs. These birds, which are mainly insectivorous, encounter and feed on lizards while perching on tree trunks, probably in association with army-ant swarm feeding behaviour. Frog intake may be related to declines in the abundance of invertebrate prey. The bones recovered were identified as one small species of gecko, Gonatodes humeralis, and at least one anuran. We estimate that in the entire sample, about eight lizards and two frogs were ingested. The partially digested gecko material allows determination of which bones are more resistant to digestion, although it is possible that these elements were differentially retained in the stomach. These elements correspond to the more frequently preserved bones in the fossil record of geckos, indicating that the same portions of the skeleton persist under the processes of both digestion and fossilization.

The evolutionary implications of hemipenial morphology of rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laurent, 1768) (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae)

Most amniotes vertebrates have an intromittent organ to deliver semen. The reptile Sphenodon and most birds lost the ancestral penis and developed a cloaca-cloaca mating. Known as hemipenises, the copulatory organ of Squamata shows unique features between the amniotes intromittent organ. They are the only paired intromittent organs across amniotes and are fully inverted and encapsulated in the tail when not in use. The histology and ultrastructure of the hemipenes of Crotalus durissus rattlesnake is described as the evolutionary implications of the main features discussed. The organization of hemipenis of Crotalus durissus terrificus in two concentric corpora cavernosa is similar to other Squamata but differ markedly from the organization of the penis found in crocodilians, testudinata, birds and mammals. Based on the available data, the penis of the ancestral amniotes was made of connective tissue and the incorporation of smooth muscle in the framework of the sinusoids occurred independently in mammals and Crotalus durissus. The propulsor action of the muscle retractor penis basalis was confirmed and therefore the named should be changed to musculus hemipenis propulsor.The retractor penis magnus found in Squamata has no homology to the retractor penis of mammals, although both are responsible for the retraction of the copulatory organ

Confronto fra metodi di analisi di comunità bentoniche in differenti spiagge del Nord Adriatico

Il presente studio si colloca nell’ambito del progetto europeo (FP7) THESEUS, fra i cui scopi c’è quello di fornire informazioni su vulnerabilità e resilienza degli habitat costieri in seguito all’aumento di frequenza delle inondazioni dovuto al sea level rise. E’ stata indagata la zona intertidale di spiagge sabbiose, come recettore di cambiamenti climatici. All’interno dell’habitat intertidale le comunità macrobentoniche sono di solito individuate come indicatori delle variazioni dei parametri fisico-chimici e morfodinamici. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è consistito nell’analisi delle comunità macrobentoniche e della loro interazioni con le variabili ambientali lungo tre spiagge del Nord Adriatico sottoposte a fenomeni di erosione e differenti fra di loro per caratteristiche morfodinamiche: Lido di Spina, Bellocchio e la zona della Bassona di Lido di Dante. La risposta delle comunità bentoniche è stata indagata utilizzando i dati tassonomici delle specie e raggruppando le stesse nei rispettivi gruppi trofici. Le variabili ambientali considerate sono state quelle relative alla tipologia del sedimento e quelle relative alla morfodinamica Le comunità macrobentoniche delle spiagge di Lido di Spina e di Lido di Dante sono risultate relativamente più simili tra loro, nonostante i due siti fossero i più distanti. A Lido di Spina e Lido di Dante sono state rinvenute associazioni di specie, come Scolelepis squamata ed Eurydice spinigera, tipiche delle spiagge sabbiose europee esposte al moto ondoso. In questi due siti, è risultato dominante il bivalve Lentidium mediterraneum, la cui ecologia e modalità di distribuzione aggregata permette di evidenziare il maggiore idrodinamismo che caratterizza i due siti. A Bellocchio, invece, è stato riscontrato un maggior numero di specie. Questo sito è caratterizzato dalla presenza di patch di giovanili del bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis che sembrerebbe determinare il pattern del resto della comunità fungendo da ecosystem engineer. In termini di gruppi trofici, a Lido di Spina e a Lido di Dante prevalgono Filtratori, Carnivori e Detritivori di Superficie mentre Bellocchio è dominato da Filtratori e Misti discostandosi dagli altri siti per le sue condizioni del tutto particolari. Per quanto riguarda i descrittori abiotici, Lido di Spina e Lido di Dante, rispetto a Bellocchio, presentano una fascia intertidale più corta, pendenze maggiori, granulometrie più grossolane e risultando quindi, in generale, meno dissipative.

Influenza dei fattori morfodinamici e degli interventi di gestione sulle comunità macrobentoniche di spiagge nell'alto Adriatico

La presente tesi si inserisce nel contesto del progetto europeo Theseus, che ha l’obiettivo di pianificare strategie di difesa sostenibili nei confronti dell’erosione costiera e del rischio di inondazioni. E’ stata indagata la zona intertidale di sei spiagge della costa emiliano-romagnola, diverse per caratteristiche morfodinamiche, grado di antropizzazione e modalità di gestione contro l’erosione. Lido di Spina, Bellocchio e lido di Dante sono siti più naturali, Cervia, Cesenatico e Cesenatico sud sono antropizzati per la presenza di strutture di difesa costiera o attività di bulldozing. Lo scopo principale è stato quello di valutare la risposta della componente macrobentonica a variazioni morfodinamiche conseguenti alla differente gestione. I principali risultati possono essere così riassunti. Bellocchio, sito naturale, si è rivelato il più differente per tipologia di sedimento, fine e argilloso, e comunità presenti, con specie non tipiche delle spiagge sabbiose, quali Polydora e Mytilus galloprovincialis. Lido di Dante, anch’esso naturale, si pone all’opposto, con un sedimento più grossolano e caratterizzato sia dalla dominanza di Lentidium mediterraneum, la cui presenza evidenzia il maggiore grado di idrodinamismo del sito, sia dalle specie Scolelepis squamata ed Eurydice spinigera, tipiche delle spiagge sabbiose esposte al moto ondoso. Cervia, Cesenatico e Cesenatico sud presentano un numero di specie e di individui minore rispetto agli altri siti, come probabile conseguenza della gestione antropica, e comunità che rispecchiano le variazioni idrodinamiche dovute alla presenza di barriere. In generale, le differenze individuate sia fra le comunità che fra i descrittori sedimentari e morfodinamici, sembrano dovute alle caratteristiche peculiari dei siti e dal grado di antropizzazione piuttosto che dalla presenza di un vero e proprio gradiente morfodinamico o geografico. Questi risultati portano un contributo sostanziale alla problematica generale dell’impatto conseguente ai cambiamenti climatici e alla messa in opera di programmi di gestione sostenibili da un punto di vista anche ambientale.