Mechanistic overview of the curing behavior of hydride terminated polydimethylsiloxane with allyl functionalized alumina by calorimetry and rheometry

The study of the curing behavior of an encapsulation material is very important and critical in terms of understanding the properties of the material. Differential scanning calorimetry and rheometry are two important tools that have been utilized to study curing reactions in polymeric systems. The present work deals with the curing of a mixture of hydride terminated polydimethylsiloxane, allyl functionalized alumina nanoparticles and Karstedt's catalyst. The real time curing behavior of the typical system was monitored non-isothermally by differential scanning calorimetry and rheometry. The results obtained from the respective techniques reveal that there is a good correlation between these two techniques. A mechanism is proposed for the curing reaction of the polymer system based on the curing curves obtained by the above two studies. In addition, the swelling study and contact angle measurement of the two composites was performed to evaluate the extent of cross-linking and hydrophobicity. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical measurement of the oxygen potential of the system iron+alumina+ hercynite in the temperature range 750 to 1600oC

Solid oxide galvanic cells using CaO-ZrO2 and CaO-ZrO2 in combination with YO1.5-ThO2 as electrolyte were used to determine the free energy of formation of hercynite from 750–1600°C. The formation reaction is 2Fe(s,1) + O2(g) + Al2O3(α) = 2FeO.Al2O3(s)for which ΔG° = − 139,790 + 32.83T (±300) cals. (750–1536°C) ΔG° = − 146,390 + 36.48T (±300) cals. (1536–1700°C)These measurements can be used to resolve the discrepancies that exist in published thermochemical data, and provide an accurate oxygen potential standard for calibrating and assessing the performance of oxygen probes under steelmaking conditions.

Mechanism of enhanced corrosion of alumina graphite refractories near slag/metal interface

All refractories show enhanced corrosion near the slag/metal interface due to Marangoni and convective flows. However, in the case of oxide refractories containing graphite flakes, corrosion is severe due to periodic oscillations in the contact angle at the slag/metal interface, resulting in cyclic dissolution of oxide and graphite into the slag and metal, respectively. Alumina--graphite (AG) refractories should be used only where they are not in simultaneous contact with slag (flux) and low carbon steel.

A Sensor for Sulfur Gas Based on Silver β-Alumina

EMF measurements were made with an electrochemical cell of the type ~t/&(s)/&+-beta alumina/Ag~S(s)S. 2(g). S(s or 1)/R at temperatures between 95 and 241°C. Sflver $- alumina was prepared with the ion exchange technique. The patial pressure of diatomic gas obtained from cell voltages agreed with the literature data.

Production of niobium powder by electronically mediated reaction (EMR) using calcium as a reductant

Explored in this study is an electronically mediated reaction (EMR) route for the production of niobium powder using calcium as a reductant for niobium oxide (Nb2O5). Feed material, Nb2O5, and reductant calcium alloy containing aluminum and nickel were charged into electronically isolated locations in a molten salt (e.g. CaCl2) at 1173 K. The current flow through an external path between the feed and reductant locations was monitored. A current approximately 0.4 A was measured during the reaction in the external circuit connecting cathode and anode location. Niobium powder with low aluminum and nickel content was obtained although liquid Ca–Al–Ni alloy was used as the reductant. This clearly demonstrates that niobium metal powder can be produced by an electronically mediated reaction (EMR), without direct physical contact between feed (Nb2O5) and reductant (calcium). Mechanism of calciothermic reduction of Nb2O5 in the molten salt is discussed using an isothermal chemical potential diagram.

Towards sustainability: a new, solid-state synthetic route for supported metal nanocatalysts

Noble metal ions like Pt(IV) and Pd(II) were impregnated on gamma-alumina and aerosol 300 silica surfaces. Reduction of these ions using ammonia borane in the solid state resulted in the formation of the respective metal nanoparticles embedded in BNHx polymer which is dispersed on the oxide support. Removal of the BNH polymer was accomplished by washing the samples repeatedly with methanol. In this process the polymer undergoes solvolysis to release H-2 accompanied by the formation of ammonium methoxy borate salt, which has been removed by repeated methanol washings. As a result, metal nanoparticles well dispersed on gamma-alumina and aerosol 300 silica were obtained. These samples have been characterized by a combination of techniques, including electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and surface area analyser.

Synthesis and characterization of carbon-covered alumina (CCA) supported TiO2 nanocatalysts with enhanced visible light photodegradation of Rhodamine B

The anatase phase of titania (TiO2) nano-photocatalysts was prepared using a modified sol gel process and thereafter embedded on carbon-covered alumina supports. The carbon-covered alumina (CCA) supports were prepared via the adsorption of toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) on the surface of the alumina. TDI was used as the carbon source for the first time for the carbon-covered alumina support system. The adsorption of TDI on alumina is irreversible; hence, the resulting organic moiety can undergo pyrolysis at high temperatures resulting in the formation of a carbon coating on the surface of the alumina. The TiO2 catalysts were impregnated on the CCA supports. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the carbon deposited on the alumina was not crystalline and also showed the successful impregnation of TiO2 on the CCA supports. In the Raman spectra, it could be deduced that the carbon was rather a conjugated olefinic or polycyclic hydrocarbons which can be considered as molecular units of a graphitic plane. The Raman analysis of the catalysed CCAs showed the presence of both the anatase titania and D and G band associated with the carbon of the CCAs. The scanning electron microscope micrographs indicated that the alumina was coated by a carbon layer and the energy dispersive X-ray spectra showed the presence of Al, O and C in the CCA samples, with the addition of Ti for the catalyst impregnated supports. The Brunauer Emmet and Teller surface area analysis showed that the incorporating of carbon on the alumina surface resulted in an increase in surface area, while the impregnation with TiO2 resulted in a further increase in surface area. However, a decrease in the pore volume and diameter was observed. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocatalysts was studied for the degradation of Rhodamine B dye. The CCA-TiO2 nanocatalysts were found to be more photocatalytically active under both visible and UV light irradiation compared to the free TIO2 nanocatalysts.

Functionally graded hydroxyapatite-alumina-zirconia biocomposite: Synergy of toughness and biocompatibility

Functionally Gradient Materials (FGM) are considered as a novel concept to implement graded functionality that otherwise cannot be achieved by conventional homogeneous materials. For biomedical applications, an ideal combination of bioactivity on the material surface as well as good physical property (strength/toughness/hardness) of the bulk is required in a designed FGM structure. In this perspective, the present work aims at providing a smooth gradation of functionality (enhanced toughening of the bulk, and retained biocompatibility of the surface) in a spark plasma processed hydroxyapatite-alumina-zirconia (HAp-Al2O3-YSZ) FGM bio-composite. In the current work HAp (fracture toughness similar to 1.5 MPa.m(1/2)) and YSZ (fracture toughness similar to 62 MPa.m(1/2)) are coupled with a transition layer of Al2O3 allowing minimum gradient of mechanical properties (especially the fracture toughness similar to 3.5 MPa.m(1/2)).The in vitro cyto-compatibilty of HAp-Al2O3-YSZ FGM was evaluated using L929 fibroblast cells and Saos-2 Osteoblast cells for their adhesion and growth. From analysis of the cell viability data, it is evident that FGM supports good cell proliferation after 2, 3, 4 days culture. The measured variation in hardness, fracture toughness and cellular adhesion across the cross section confirmed the smooth transition achieved for the FGM (HAp-Al2O3-YSZ) nanocomposite, i.e. enhanced bulk toughness combined with unrestricted surface bioactivity. Therefore, such designed biomaterials can serve as potential bone implants. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of Metal Ions (Ag, Co, Ni, and Pd) on the Visible Light Degradation of Rhodamine B by Carbon-Covered Alumina-Supported TiO2 in Aqueous Solutions

Metal-ion (Ag, Co, Ni, and Pd) doped TiO2 nanocatalysts were successfully embedded on carbon-covered alumina supports. The CCA-embedded catalysts were crystalline and had a high surface area compared to the free metal-ion doped titania nanocatalysts while they still retained the anatase phase of the core TiO2. These catalysts were photocatalytically active under solar light irradiation. Rhodamine B was used as a model pollutant and the reactivity followed a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The reaction rate of the CCA-supported catalysts was Pd > Ag > Co > Ni. Among the ratios of the CCA:catalyst used, it was found that the 1:1 ratio had the fastest reaction rate, followed by the 1:2 ratio, while the 2:1 ratio exhibited the lowest reaction rate. The CCA/metal-ion doped titania were found to have photocatalytic activities comparable with those of CCA-supported titania.

On Using Nanoporous Alumina Films as Tribological Coating

Anodization of aluminum alloys is a common surface treatment procedure employed for the protection against corrosion. A thin amorphous layer of alumina is formed on the surface of alloy, which seals the alloy surface from the surrounding. This alumina layer being harder than the base aluminum alloy can be useful as a tribological coating. But since this alumina layer is randomly formed with disordered voids and pores, predicting the mechanical properties is difficult. Specific anodizing conditions can be used to form highly ordered anodic nanoporous alumina films 1] on the aluminum alloy surface. These nanoporous alumina layer can be effectively used as a tribological coating, because of the highly ordered controllable geometry and the empty pores which can be used as reservoirs for lubricant.

Optimization of rheological properties of photopolymerizable alumina suspensions for ceramic microstereolithography

Microstereolithography (MSL) is a rapid prototyping technique to fabricate complex three-dimensional (3D) structure in the microdomain involving different materials such as polymers and ceramics. The present effort is to fabricate microdimensional ceramics by the MSL system from a non-aqueous colloidal slurry of alumina. This slurry predominantly consists of two phases i.e. sub-micrometer solid alumina particles and non-aqueous reactive difunctional and trifunctional acrylates with inert diluent. The first part of the work involves the study of the stability and viscosity of the slurry using different concentrations of trioctyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) as a dispersant. Based on the optimization, the highest achievable solid loadings of alumina has been determined for this particular colloidal suspension. The second part of the study highlights the fabrication of several micro-dimensional alumina structures by the MSL system. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Magnetic and dielectric interactions in nano zinc ferrite powder: Prepared by self-sustainable propellant chemistry technique

The structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of nano zinc ferrite prepared by the propellant chemistry technique are studied. The PXRD measurement at room temperature reveal that the compound is in cubic spinel phase, belong to the space group Fd (3) over barm. The unit cell parameters have been estimated from Rietveld refinement. The calculated force constants from FTIR spectrum corresponding to octahedral and tetrahedral sites at 375 and 542 cm(-1) are 6.61 x 10(2) and 3.77 x 10(2) N m(-1) respectively; these values are slightly higher compared to the other ferrite systems. Magnetic hysteresis and EPR spectra show superparamagnetic property nearly to room temperature due to comparison values between magnetic anisotropy energy and the thermal energy. The calculated values of saturation magnetization, remenant magnetization, coercive field and magnetic moment supports for the existence of multi domain particles in the sample. The temperature dependent magnetic field shows the spin freezing state at 30 K and the blocking temperature at above room temperature. The frequency dependent dielectric interactions show the variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss and impedance as similar to other ferrite systems. The AC conductivity in the prepared sample is due to the presence of electrons, holes and polarons. The synthesized material is suitable for nano-electronics and biomedical applications. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.