Identificação e quantificação de voláteis de café através de cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução / espectrometria de massas empregando um amostrador automático de "headspace"

Usando um amostrador automático, os "headspaces" de três marcas comerciais de café torrado e moído foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente quanto a composição dos voláteis responsáveis pelo aroma através da técnica de cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas. Uma vez que a metodologia não envolveu isolamento ou concentração dos aromas, suas proporções naturais foram mantidas, além de simplificar o preparo das amostras. O emprego do amostrador automático permitiu também boa resolução dos picos cromatográficos sem o emprego de criogenia, contribuindo para redução no tempo de análise. Noventa e um componentes puderam ser identificados, sendo que alguns compostos conhecidos como presentes em café como o dimetilsulfeto, metional e furfuril mercaptana não foram detectados. Os voláteis presentes em maior concentração puderam ser quantificados com o auxílio de dois padrões internos. A técnica se provou viável, tanto para caracterização como para quantificação de voláteis de café.

Physicochemical analyses indicated to the quality control of royal jelly with honey

Royal jelly (RJ) is used as a revitalizing tonic. In order to avoid rejection to its acid taste, it is added to honey. There are regulations for honey and for royal jelly separately but not for the mixture. The objective of this work is, therefore, to verify if the same methods used for pure honey quality control can be used for honey mixed with royal jelly and also the presence of RJ through 10-HDA determination. The methods used were: moisture, reducing sugars, apparent sucrose, ash, hydroxymethylfurfural, insoluble solids, diastase activity, acidity and 10-HDA. Samples were prepared by adding 0-100% of RJ in honey. The results showed that the ash method was the only suitable one to all the samples. The acidity analysis (direct titration) was suitable to 0-30%RJ samples; the reducing sugar analysis was suitable to 0-20% RJ samples. Concerning moisture analysis the refractometric method is suitable to 0-10% RJ and the Infra Red method is suggested to be used for samples with more than 10% RJ. The methods for diastase activity, HMF, apparent sucrose and insoluble solids were inadequate for all samples with RJ. The presence of RJ in the samples was confirmed by the 10-HDA analyses.

Effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides 11 bacteriocin in the multiplication control of Listeria monocytogenes 4b

The activity of a crude preparation of bacteriocin produced by the chicken meat isolate Leuconostoc mesenteroides 11, was evaluated at 8ºC and 15ºC against Listeria monocytogenes. The pathogen was inoculated in a crude preparation of the bacteriocin and its population was enumerated after 0.5 and 10 days. The title of the bacteriocin in the preparation was determined immediately before inoculation and after 10 days of incubation at both temperatures. As a negative control, a non-bacteriocin producing strain, Leuconostoc mesenteroides A13, was used. Bacteriocin of L. mesenteroides 11 partially inhibited L. monocytogenes at 8ºC, but at 15ºC it was unable to prevent growth of the pathogen. Our findings suggest that the use of the semi-purified bacteriocin of L. mesenteroides 11 probably will not be suitable as a single hurdle to prevent L. monocytogenes growth in foods.

Aproveitamento de vísceras não comestíveis de aves para elaboração de farinha de carne

No presente trabalho, estudou-se o processamento das vísceras de frango (Gallus domesticus) e das ratitas avestruz (Struthio camellus) e ema (Rhea americana), processadas da mesma forma, com o objetivo de elaborar farinhas. A qualidade e controle de produção dessas farinhas foram avaliados por meio de parâmetros tecnológicos exigidos pela legislação vigente. Basicamente, a matéria-prima foi cozida e esterilizada, filtrada em peneira (para a separação do óleo), moída, seca em estufa e analisada. Foram obtidos dados de rendimentos de produção, de composição de nutrientes, de digestibilidade em pepsina, do valor calórico, determinados os teores de cálcio e fósforo, e realizados estudos da estabilidade da farinha durante o armazenamento (Salmonella, pH, índice de acidez e TBA). Os resultados mostraram que a produção de farinha pelo processamento das vísceras de avestruz e ema é viável, seus parâmetros de qualidade atendem, em grande parte, às exigências, mas, para um emprego imediato (uso regular) na elaboração de rações, necessita de alguns ajustes (correções) de parâmetros físico-químicos (nutrientes).

Simulação da dinâmica operacional de um processo industrial de abate de aves

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de implementar um modelo computacional empregando a linguagem de simulação EXTEND TM para: a) simular a dinâmica de atividades de um matadouro-frigorífico de aves; e b) conduzir experimentos de análise de sensibilidade. Para tanto, foi implementado um modelo dinâmico, estocástico e discreto. O sistema real modelado está localizado na região sudoeste do Paraná, onde são abatidas cerca de 500000 aves por dia, empregando três linhas de processamento operando em três turnos diários. Na validação do modelo foram coletados dados relativos a três turnos e comparadas as variáveis de saída obtidas a partir do sistema real e as geradas pelo modelo, as quais foram: i) tempo de processamento; ii) peso vivo total; iii) peso vivo aproveitado; iv) peso de subproduto; v) peso da produção total; vi) peso do frango inteiro; e vii) peso total dos cortes. O modelo implementado demonstrou ser aplicável, uma vez que os erros médios percentuais foram inferiores a 1,13%. O experimento de análise de sensibilidade conduzido, mediante as alterações das velocidades de processamento das linhas em 7000, 8000 e 9000 frangos h-1, apresentou os seguintes valores médios para a variável tempo de processamento: 8,69; 7,86 e 7,86 horas, respectivamente. Além disso, o experimento demonstrou que a velocidade de processamento de 9000 frangos h-1 não implica na direta redução do tempo de processamento, pois a cadência de chegada das cargas pode ter ocasionado períodos de ociosidade do matadouro-frigorífico.

Effects of different concentrations of passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis) on the glicemic control in diabetic rat

Diabetes mellitus, an endocrine disorder, is the major cause of morbidity in developing countries, and it is considered the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. The conventional therapy for diabetes is insulin treatment. The peel of the Passion fruit is rich in fiber and prevents the absorption of carbohydrates, and thus can control and reduce the blood sugar rate. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the passion fruit peel flour on the glicemia of diabetic rats, as well as to study the probable action mechanisms. Wistar rats were used in the experiment and were offered the flours of the passion fruit peel in three concentrations: 5, 10, and 15%, and a casein diet as control. The most significant effect on the reduction of the glicemic rate was obtained with the 5% diet. The best values of hepatic glycogen were found in the 5 and 10% diets. The results of this study suggest that the 5% passion fruit flour diet was the one that provided the best reduction of blood glucose levels (59%) and the higher increase of the hepatic glycogen level (71%). The conversion of blood glucose into hepatic glycogen was considered the probable action mechanism involved.

Design of automatic control system for the precipitation of bromelain from the extract of pineapple wastes

In this work, bromelain was recovered from ground pineapple stem and rind by means of precipitation with alcohol at low temperature. Bromelain is the name of a group of powerful protein-digesting, or proteolytic, enzymes that are particularly useful for reducing muscle and tissue inflammation and as a digestive aid. Temperature control is crucial to avoid irreversible protein denaturation and consequently to improve the quality of the enzyme recovered. The process was carried out alternatively in two fed-batch pilot tanks: a glass tank and a stainless steel tank. Aliquots containing 100 mL of pineapple aqueous extract were fed into the tank. Inside the jacketed tank, the protein was exposed to unsteady operating conditions during the addition of the precipitating agent (ethanol 99.5%) because the dilution ratio "aqueous extract to ethanol" and heat transfer area changed. The coolant flow rate was manipulated through a variable speed pump. Fine tuned conventional and adaptive PID controllers were on-line implemented using a fieldbus digital control system. The processing performance efficiency was enhanced and so was the quality (enzyme activity) of the product.

Influence of food components on lipid metabolism: scenarios and perspective on the control and prevention of dyslipidemias

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main causes of death in the Western world. Among the risk factors that are modifiable by diet, for reducing cardiovascular disease risks, the total plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, and HDL-C are the most important. Dietary measures can balance these components of the lipid profile thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The main food components that affect the lipid profile and can be modified by diet are the saturated and trans fats, unsaturated fats, cholesterol, phytosterols, plant protein, and soluble fiber. A wealth of evidence suggests that saturated and trans fats and cholesterol in the diet raise the total plasma cholesterol and LDL-C. Trans fats also reduce HDL-C, an important lipoprotein for mediating the reverse cholesterol transport. On the other hand, phytosterols, plant proteins, isoflavones, and soluble fiber are protective diet factors against cardiovascular diseases by modulating plasma lipoprotein levels. These food components at certain concentrations are able to reduce the total cholesterol, TG, and LDL-C and raise the plasma levels of HDL-C. Therefore, diet is an important tool for the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases, and should be taken into account as a whole, i.e., not only the food components that modulate plasma concentrations of lipoproteins, but also the diet content of macro nutrients and micronutrients should be considered.

Chemical sanitizers to control biofilms formed by two Pseudomonas species on stainless steel surface

The biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens on AISI 304 stainless steel in the presence of reconstituted skim milk under different temperatures was conducted, and the potential of three chemical sanitizers in removing the mono-species biofilms formed was compared. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultivated in skim milk at 28 °C presented better growth rate (10.4 log CFU.mL-1) when compared with 3.7 and 4.2 log CFU.mL-1 for P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens cultivated at 7 °C, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa formed biofilm when cultivated at 28 °C. However, only the adhesion of P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens was observed when incubated at 7 °C. The sodium dichloroisocyanurate was the most efficient sanitizer in the reduction of the adhered P. aeruginosa cells at 7 and 28 °C and those on the biofilm, respectively. The hydrogen peroxide was more effective in the reduction of adhered cells of P. fluorescens at 7 °C.

Effect of the implementation of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) prerequisite program in an institutional foodservice unit in Southern Brazil

The aims of this study were to investigate the hygienic practices in the food production of an institutional foodservice unit in Southern Brazil and to evaluate the effect of implementing good food handling practices and standard operational procedures using microbiological hygiene indicators. An initial survey of the general operating conditions classified the unit as regular in terms of compliance with State safety guidelines for food service establishments. An action plan that incorporated the correction of noncompliance issues and the training of food handlers in good food handling practices and standard operational procedures were then implemented. The results of the microbiological analysis of utensils, preparation surfaces, food handlers' hands, water, and ambient air were recorded before and after the implementation of the action plan. The results showed that the implementation of this type of practice leads to the production of safer foods.

Hygienic-sanitary working practices and implementation of a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan in lobster processing industries

This study aimed to verify the hygienic-sanitary working practices and to create and implement a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) in two lobster processing industries in Pernambuco State, Brazil. The industries studied process frozen whole lobsters, frozen whole cooked lobsters, and frozen lobster tails for exportation. The application of the hygienic-sanitary checklist in the industries analyzed achieved conformity rates over 96% to the aspects evaluated. The use of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan resulted in the detection of two critical control points (CCPs) including the receiving and classification steps in the processing of frozen lobster and frozen lobster tails, and an additional critical control point (CCP) was detected during the cooking step of processing of the whole frozen cooked lobster. The proper implementation of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan in the lobster processing industries studied proved to be the safest and most cost-effective method to monitor each critical control point (CCP) hazards.

Green and brown propolis: efficient natural biocides for the control of bacterial contamination of alcoholic fermentation of distilled beverage

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of natural biocides, brown and green propolis, for the control of bacterial contamination in the production of sugarcane spirit. The treatments consisted of brown and green propolis extracts, ampicillin, and a control and were assessed at the beginning and end of harvest season in ten fermentation cycles. In the microbiological analyses, the lactic acid bacteria were quantified in the inoculum before and after the treatment with biocides, and the viability of yeast cells during fermentation was evaluated. The levels of acids, glycerol, total residual reducing sugars, and ethanol were analyzed for the wine resulting from each fermentation cycle. A reduction in the number of bacterial contaminants in the inoculum in the treatments with the natural biocides was observed, but it did not affect the viability of yeast cells. The control of the contaminants led to the production of higher levels of ethanol and reduced acidity in the wine produced. The results of the use of brown and green propolis to control the growth microorganisms in the fermentation of sugarcane spirit can be of great importance for using alternative strategies to synthetic antibacterials in fermentation processes including other distilled beverage or spirits.

Efecto de la condición corporal, la bioestimulación y el control de la ovulación sobre el comportamiento reproductivo en ganado de carne en agostadero

[Tesis] (Doctor en Ciencias Pecuarias con Especialidad en Reproducción Animal) U.A.N.L.

Diagnóstico al sector de alimentos balanceados para animales en Colombia

La Facultad de Administración de la Universidad del Rosario viene adelantando desde el año 2004 una serie de estudios orientados a comprender, de una mejor manera, la perdurabilidad empresarial. Una diversidad de sectores han sido analizados: financiero, salud, comercio, confecciones y aeronáutico, entre otros. La principal herramienta implementada ha sido el Análisis Estructural de Sectores Estratégicos (AESE), cuya metodología permite percibir, de una mejor manera, el estado del sector a través de cuatro pruebas: hacinamiento, panorama competitivo, análisis de fuerzas de mercado y estudio de competidores. En la primera fase de la investigación se realizaron estudios en diferentes sectores económicos; la siguiente fase consistirá en realizar un análisis cruzado entre sectores y entre países, el cual permitirá aportar elementos para la generación de una teoría sobre la perdurabilidad empresarial. De manera paralela, se seguirán realizando estudios de sectores con estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado. El presente estudio fue desarrollado, conjuntamente, con estudiantes de la Especialización en Gerencia de Negocios Internacionales del convenio Universidad del Rosario-Universidad CES, y es resultado del trabajo elaborado para la asignatura Análisis Estratégico, coordinada por el profesor Hugo Alberto Rivera, director de la línea de investigación en perdurabilidad empresarial. El sector estudiado es el de las empresas de alimentos balanceados para animales, base del sector pecuario en Colombia; estas se encargan de convertir materias primas de origen agrícola en alimento para la producción de animales. La producción de alimentos balanceados ha mantenido una dinámica importante en el país durante los últimos años, jalonada, principalmente, por el incremento en el consumo de carne de pollo, y, en menor proporción, el de otras líneas de producción (peces y codornices, entre otros). Las turbulencias indicadas en el presente informe exponen la complejidad, dinamismo e incertidumbre que se tiene al momento de reflejar la toma de decisiones en cuanto a inversión, ventas, fusiones e integraciones. Esto se debe a que el sector estudiado es un sector donde la incertidumbre sobre los eventos futuros está dada por factores exógenos que no son atribuibles al control humano, sino al control de la naturaleza; para esto, las empresas ajustan sus condiciones de producción y estrategias de venta de acuerdo a las necesidades de sus consumidores finales, evidenciando así un alto componente de investigación y desarrollo junto a la versatilidad de adaptación a los cambios del entorno, y desencadenando, a su vez, una imitación de las empresas pequeñas frente a las tradicionales y representativas del sector. Para poder realizar un correcto análisis, es necesario partir de las diferentes especies que tienen explotación pecuaria en Colombia, agrupándolas en grandes grupos representativos con la finalidad de reconocer las potencialidades de cada uno de los actores y poder hacer una evaluación con un mayor grado de certeza. A lo largo del documento, se podrá evidenciar una lectura crítica, basada en los datos analizados y con opiniones fundamentadas en la lectura del mercado y en la literatura proporcionada por las agremiaciones y entes reguladores.

Corrupción de alimentos, productos médicos o material profiláctico

A lo largo de este trabajo de investigación, habrá de hacerse un estudio completo de la conducta punible, desde la tipicidad, antijuridicidad y culpabilidad, con especial énfasis en la protección del Bien jurídico “Salud Pública”, hasta un estudio del derecho comparado, para derivar en la necesidad de un tratamiento represivo y estricto en aras de conjurar la conducta que realmente atienda con los fines de protección a los bienes jurídicos tutelados y de prevención y disuasión que debe cumplir la pena.