Estudo da resistência aos antimicrobianos em enterobactérias isoladas de mãos de manipuladores de alimentos em cantinas permissionárias de uma universidade no Município do Rio de Janeiro

A contaminação dos alimentos e transmissão de patógenos via manipuladores pode ocorrer se as condições de higiene, armazenamento e preparo não estiverem satisfatórios. Procedimentos inadequados de manipulação oferecem um perigo potencial à saúde pública devido ao alto risco de ocorrência de doenças de origem alimentar por microrganismos resistentes aos antimicrobianos. Neste estudo foram coletados swabs das mãos de 49 manipuladores de alimentos, isoladas e identificadas por metodologia convencional 244 enterobactérias de 7 cantinas permissionárias em uma Universidade do Município do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizados discos contendo os seguintes antimicrobianos: aztreonam, tobramicina, ceftazidima, cloranfenicol, tetraciclina, sulfa, amicacina, ampicilina e sulbactam, ciprofloxacina, gentamicina, cefalotina, cefepime, cefoxitina, imipenem, ampicilina, cefotaxima. A pesquisa de genes que codificam β-lactamases foi realizada pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase para os genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX, blaOXA-1 e blaCMY-2. As espécies mais prevalentes identificadas foram: Enterobacter cloacae (21,3%), Citrobacter braakii (15,2%), Escherichia coli (12,7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae subesp. Pneumoniae (12,2%). O perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos revelou que 94 (38,5%) cepas identificadas apresentaram resistência a pelo menos dois antibióticos, 55 cepas (22,5%) a pelo menos um antibiótico, 34 cepas (13,9%) a três antibióticos, 14 cepas (5,7%) mostraram-se resistentes a quatro antibióticos. Uma cepa de E. cloacae mostrou resistência múltipla a dez antibióticos e 140 cepas (57,3%) foram resistentes simultaneamente a cefalotina e cefoxitina. Nenhuma cepa foi resistente ao aztreonam e a sulfa e apenas 01 foi resistente ao ciprofloxacina, 01 ao imipenem e 02 a cefotaxima. Foi identificado a presença do gene blaSHV em uma cepa de K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. Este dado aponta para uma mudança no perfil dessas bactérias isoladas da comunidade que passam a ter características semelhantes com as de origem hospitalar. Os resultados alertam para um perigo à saúde dos consumidores e conseqüentemente à saúde pública, devido a presença de enterobactérias resistentes aos antimicrobianos nas mãos de manipuladores de alimentos.

Análise estereológica e bioquímica do tecido conjuntivo e muscular no corpo cavernoso adjacente à placa fibrosa da doença de Peyronie

Os estudos sobre a doença de Peyronie geralmente estão centrados em analises da placa fibrosa que se forma na túnica albugínea. Devido a esta reação fibrótica mediada por vários fatores solúveis inflamatórios o tecido conjuntivo adjacente também pode ser afetado. Este efeito secundário pode, por exemplo, explicar a disfunção erétil que ocorre na doença. Foram obtidas biopsias do corpo cavernoso adjacente a placa fibrótica e parte da própria placa de 7 pacientes com a doença de Peyronie (média de idade 48.3 anos). As amostras do grupo controle foram obtidas de forma semelhante durante a autopsia de 5 indivíduos (média de idade 52,3 anos). O material foi submetido a técnicas histoquímicas: H&E, Van Gieson, técnicas imunohistoquímicas: Anti-alfa actina, Anti-elastina e métodos bioquímicos para a dosagem do colágeno total. A quantificação foi feita através de métodos estereológicos. No corpo cavernoso foi observada uma redução estatisticamente significativa de fibras do sistema elástico de pacientes com a doença de Peyronie (19,49% 3,27% vs 23,56% 1,87%; p < 0,05), O colágeno e o músculo liso não apresentaram variação quantitativa quando comparado ao grupo controle. No músculo liso (34,46% 2,06% vs 38,38% 3,17%) e tecido conjuntivo (35,39% 6,15% vs 38,02% 5,03%). A densidade volumétrica das fibras do sistema elástico na placa fibrótica foi diminuída em 38,3% comparada a túnica albugínea normal (20,25% 5,49% vs 32,81% 4,75%; p<0,02) e a concentração de colágeno no corpo cavernoso do grupo controle (77,94 24,26 μg/mg) e doença de Peyronie (66,57 19,39 μg/mg) não diferem significativamente. Os cortes corados com Vermelho de Picrosirius revelaram que no corpo cavernoso normal cores associadas ao colágeno encontravam-se homogeneamente distribuídas. Na doença de Peyronie o colágeno apresentava uma desorientação. A análise quantitativa indicou que o colágeno do corpo cavernoso adjacente à placa fibrótica não estava afetado, embora sua organização estivesse notoriamente alterada. As fibras do sistema elástico do corpo cavernoso estavam reduzidas e uma modificação similar foi encontrada na placa fibrótica da túnica albugínea. Estes resultados sugerem que, embora ocorram primariamente na túnica albugínea, a placa fibrótica da doença de Peyronie pode induzir mudanças no corpo cavernoso adjacente.

Tropical forest history of the Ecuadorian Andes over the last 34,000 years: preliminary results from pollen and oxygen isotope analyses of Trident 163-13 from the eastern equatorial Pacific [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Pollen from the upper 2.75 m of a core taken 200 km west of the Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador (Trident 163-13, 3° S, 84° W, 3,000 m water depth) documents changes in Andean vegetation and climate of the Cordillera Occidental for ~17,000 years before and after the last glacial maximum.

东灵山森林生态系统若干水分问题的研究

东灵山地区年均降水量659.7mm，单次降水以雨量小、雨强低的降水为主。水汽压（年均17.7mb）、相对湿度（年均66％）的季节变化呈现生长季高、冬季低的趋势。年均蒸发量1019.5mm;气温、风速、日照时间和水压与月蒸发量和日蒸量相关显著;气温、日照时间和水压分别在11-6月、7－8月和9－10月为决定蒸发量的首要因子。枯枝落叶层、土壤层湿度主要受前十日降水量和坡向影响。 植物体含水量生长季节较高，冬季较低;含水量随径级的增大而降低。六个灌木树种的平均含水量大小顺序为：毛榛（48.62%）最高荆条（36.32%）最低;七个乔木树种水分含量为油松，56.14%;蒙椴，54.19%;华北落叶松，52.91%;五角枫，43.64%;辽东栎，41.87%;棘皮桦，41.13%;大叶白腊，37.79%。几种植被类型的储水量为：辽东栎林，82.08mm;华北落叶松林，47.35mm;混交林，34.60mm;油松林，31.33mm;灌丛，12.40mm。各树种叶片日最低水势的季节均值为：辽东栎，-16.1bar;五角枫，-15.8bar;大叶白腊，-15.1bar;糠椴，-13.4bar;棘皮桦，-12.3bar;蒙椴，-12.2bar。叶片水势的日间变化均呈一“V”形曲线;光照在叶片水势的日间变化中起着决定性作用。 96年各树种平均单株树干茎流量为辽东栎，30.3mm(4.19%);华北落叶松，16.1mm(2.22%);油松，8.9mm(1.23%);棘皮桦，2.9mm(0.40%)。两个生长季各林分冠层的水量平衡为：辽东栎林，树干流茎量101.87mm(9.18%)，穿透降水量823.08mm(74.15%)，截留量185.05mm(16.67%);华北落叶松林，树干径流量66.88mm(6.03%)，穿透降水量836.92mm(75.40%)，截留量206.20mm(18.58);混交林，树干径流量50.13(4.52%)，穿透降水量846.78mm(76.29%)，截留量212.20mm(19.12%);油松林，树干径流量33.90mm(3.05%)，穿透降水量934.88mm(84.22%)，截留量141.22mm(12.72%)。多元回归分析表明，树干流茎量S与降水量P和前24小时降水量P_1呈显著正相关关系;穿透降水量T与降水量P和最大雨强M正相关显著。附加截留量与降水时间成正比。 枯枝落叶层的生物量为：油松林，25.56t/hm~2;华北落叶松林20.01t/hm~2;辽东栎林，8.31t/hm~2;混交林，7.98t/hm~2。枯枝落叶层的平均实际持水量和有效持水量均以油松林最大，其次是华北落叶松林，而混交林和辽东栎林较低;枯枝落叶层的实际持水量和有效持水量的季节变化分别与前十日降水量P10成正相关和负相关关系。枯枝落叶层的截留量为油松林＞华北落叶松林＞辽东栎林＞混交林;油松林（145.632mm和90.800mm）混交林(61.816mm和54.504mm)。油松林、辽东栎林、混交林和华北落叶松林去除枯枝落叶层后，土壤入渗量比对照平均降低100mm以上;表层土壤含水量分别比对照土壤下降了6.26、18.26、15.06和15.07个百分点。地表径流量分别增加了，辽东栎林34.299mm(603%)和15.816mm(525%);油松林14.593mm(732%)和10.584mm(1321%);混交林12.004mm(181%)和7.275mm(364%);华北落叶松林3.555mm(118%)，3.275mm(229%)。96年生长季，各土壤流失量分别增加了：油松林172.751t/hm~2(124倍);辽东栎林836.500t/hm~2(119倍);混交林172.499t/hm~2(47倍);华北落叶松林11.557t/hm~2(11倍)。表层土壤容重分别增加了：油松林15.0%和20.6%，辽东栎林18.4%和28.2%，混交林11.5%和38.5%，华北落叶松林4.3%和17.1%。 0-60cm深度土壤容重平均值的大小顺序为：草地>灌丛>辽东栎林>油松林>混交林>华北落叶松林;而土壤孔隙度的大小顺序为华北落叶松林>混交林>油松林>辽东栎林>灌丛>草地。两个生长季为土壤实际储水量的均值：油松林，124.45mm，78.62mm;辽东栎林，131.23mm，87.72mm;混交林，180.41mm，113.90mm;华北落叶松林，165.53mm，127.95mm;灌丛，172.50mm，89.81mm;草地，152.92mm，89.59 mm分别比干旱年份97年高出45.83mm、43.51mm、51.63mm、37.58mm、82.69mm和63.33mm。两个生长季的地表径流量为草地，30.930mm(2.79%);灌丛，16.321mm(147%);油松林，2.911mm(0.26%);辽东栎林，8.703mm(0.78%);混交林，8.625mm(0.78%);华北落叶松林，4.447mm(0.40%)。油松林、混交林和华北落叶松林地表径流量与降水量P(mm)和最大雨强(mm/h)正相关显著;而辽东栎林、灌丛和草地的地表径流量则与降水量P(mm)、平均雨强Q(mm/hr)和最大雨强M(mm/hr)三者之间呈显著正相关关系。与草地相比(1220.093kg/hm~2，100％)，灌丛、辽东栎林、混交林、油松林和华北落叶松林96年生长季的土壤流失量分别降低了85.05%、94.26%、96.99%、98.86和99.14%。 降水量是影响小流域径流量时间变化的主要因素;南沟和马牙石沟96年的径流量分别是97年的8.19倍和7.87倍，而径流深(46.25mm，52.75mm)分别比97年(5.65mm,6.70mm)高出40.60mm和46.05mm。两个小流域由于面积的差异而使南沟两年的径流量分别比马牙石沟高出2773.136m~3(13.15%)和235.434m~3(8.79%)。96年和97年马牙石沟径流深比南沟高出6.5mm(14.05%)和1.05mm(18.58%)。在地处大陆性季风气候区的东灵山地区，用0.010m~3/min/km~2/hr能较好地分割小流域的洪峰和基流。在五次暴雨水文曲线中，马牙石沟的快速径流量分别比南沟高出25.00%到143.33%。五次洪水水文响应R的平均值南沟为0.218%，马牙石沟为0.404%;与海洋性气候地区相比，东灵山地区小流域的R值要低一到两个数量级。马牙石沟洪峰流量Qp的平均值为418.772L/min要比南沟(281.191L/min)大48.9%。东灵山地区小流域的洪水径流过程可分为三种类型。

神农架巴山冷杉天然林凋落物特性的研究

神农架地区的巴山冷杉（Abies fargesii）林是秦巴山地重要的森林生态系统类型，长期以来其在水土保持、水源涵养、林产品供给等方面的生态服务功能受到了广泛的重视，近年来该类森林的生物地球化学循环正成为关注的热点。本文以神农架巴山冷杉天然林为研究对象，从其凋落物的数量、养分、能量3个方面入手，着重研究1)凋落物组成及其凋落量的月变化模式;2)凋落物养分含量及养分年归还量的特征;3）凋落物的能流量及其月变化模式。研究表明： 巴山冷杉天然林的年凋落量为5702.99kg.hm-2，处于亚热带森林年凋落量的范围内;巴山冷杉林的凋落物组成比较丰富，主要有落叶、落枝、球花、球果和其它五部分，其中以落叶为多，占总凋落量的46.00%;凋落量的月变化模式呈双峰型，分别在2006年10-11月和2007年4-5月达到峰值。 巴山冷杉林凋落物养分含量的大小顺序为：N＞K＞Ca＞P＞Mg;N、P、K、Ca、Mg的年归还量分别为：39.1063 kg.hm-2、4.5346 kg.hm-2、13.4367 kg.hm-2、5.4965 kg.hm-2、0.0911 kg.hm-2，以N的年归还量最多;就凋落物各组分的养分年归还量而言，落叶的养分归还量远远大于其余组分的养分归还量，占总归还量的52.65%。因此，不论凋落量还是养分归还量，巴山冷杉林凋落物中的落叶都占有绝对的优势。 在巴山冷杉林凋落物各组分中，干重热值介于20.60 KJ/g 至22.70 KJ/g之间，灰分浓度介于1.38%至5.94%之间，去灰分热值介于21.34 KJ/g至23.55KJ/g之间，充分表明了灰分对热值的影响。在各组分中，无论是干重热值还是去灰分热值，均以落叶的热值最高。从整年来看，落叶的热值在2006年10－11月和2007年6－7月较高。巴山冷杉林通过凋落物的年能流量为 12500.96 KJ.m-2，以落叶能流量最大，占总能流量的47.72%。通过计算凋落物的能流量占太阳有效辐射的百分数可以得出太阳辐射进入凋落物的转化效率，巴山冷杉林凋落物的能量转化效率为0.61%，这在亚热带和热带森林类型中属于中等水平。

Nutritional characteristics of the two fermented fish products: Hentak and Ngari of Manipur

Proximate composition and nutritional characteristics of the two fermented fish products Hentak and Ngari of Manipur (India) were evaluated. Percentage of moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents in Hentak and Ngari were respectively: 36.30 versus 36.03; 33.33 versus 38.38; 13.60 versus 13.34 and 11.43 versus 5.49. Digestibility values in feeding trials in laboratory rats for 28 days were 82.37% for Hentak 89.46% for Ngari and that of Casein was 92.69%. The biological value, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of Hentak were 96.94, 4.83 and 1.8 respectively and that of Ngari were 97.83, 3.17 and 1.8 respectively. The α amino nitrogen of Hentak and Ngari in Pepsin + Trypsin phase were 28.40 and 28.92 respectively. The TBA number, peroxide value and TVBN were within the acceptable limits.

Short-term preservation of Brachionus calyciflorus: effects of storage on protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents

The short-term preservation of Brachionus calyciflorus for 45 days at three different temperatures (4, -4 and -20°C) led to decrease in protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents in all the three cases. However, the rate of deterioration was much higher at 4C than at -4 and -20°C. At 4C, protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents reduced by 76.78, 81.11 and 62.83%, respectively, and at -4°C, these were 27.94, 37.46 and 18.42%, respectively, whereas at -20°C, the deterioration was limited to 9.28, 16.44 and 11.35%, respectively, when compared with the control values. Thus, preservation at -20°C is comparatively better as it exerts limited effect on the protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents of B. calycijlorus.

HACCP based management system for improving quality of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

The study was conducted on the present status of HACCP based quality management system of golda, Macrobrachium rosenbergii farms in Fulpur region of Mymensingh. Information was collected on general condition of farms, culture systems and post-harvest quality management. In almost all farms, there is no or inadequate infrastructure facilities such as, road access, electric supply, telecommunications, ice, feed storage facility, vehicle for golda transportation, washing and toilet facilities. The problems associated with sanitation and hygiene was: widespread use of cow dung, poultry manure and construction of open toilet within the vicinity of prawn culture pond. Different grades of commercially available and locally prepared feeds were used for golda culture in the pond. Golda post-larvae (PL) of 40-50 days old were stocked with carp species. The price of golda PL ranged from Tk. 1.00 to Tk. 1.25/piece. The pond size varied from 50 decimal (0.2 ha) to 2.5 acre (1.0 ha) with an average depth of 2-2.5 m. The culture period of golda varied from April-May to November-December and survival rate ranged between 75 and 80%. Production of golda varied from 250-500 kg/acre (625-1,250 kg/ha). Harvested golda were transported to city market within 4 h. Two size grading were generally followed during pricing, e.g. Tk. 500 to 550/kg for >100 g size and Tk. 300/kg for <100 g size. The cost-benefit ratio was found to remain around 1:1.25 depending on availability of PL. Water quality parameters such as, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity and chlorophyll a in five golda farms in Fulpur region were monitored. Water temperature ranged from 29°C to 33°C, dissolved oxygen from 2.28 to 4.13 mg/l, pH between 6.65 and 7.94, alkalinity from 44 to 70 mg/l and chlorophyll a concentration from 61.88 to 102.34 µg/l in the five investigated ponds. The Aerobic Plate Count (APC) of the water sample was within the range of 2.0x10^6 - 2.96x10^7 CFU/ml and of soil samples within the range of 6.9x10^6 - 7.73x10^6 CFU/g. Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella sp. were isolated from pond water and sediment. Different feed samples used for golda was analyzed for proximate composition. Moisture content ranged around 14.14-21.22%, crude protein 20.55-44.1%, lipid 4.67-12.54% and ash 9.7-27.69%. The TVB-N values and peroxide values of feeds used as starter, grower and fish meal were found within the acceptable ranges and samples were free from pathogenic organisms. A training was organized for the golda farmers on HACCP, water quality and post-harvest quality management of prawn.

中国地方黄牛的遗传多样性

中国黄牛起源复杂,我国地方黄牛群体不同品种在毛色、形态、外貌、细胞遗传学、血液蛋白座位分析均表现出多样性。计算我国黄牛群体6个毛色座位平均杂合度和6个血液 蛋白座位平均杂合度分别为0.3144和0.4873,表明我国地方黄牛群体的遗传多样性丰富。计算我国黄牛群体的6个毛色座位和6个血液蛋白座位的基因分化系数分别为0.3404和0.095,表明我国黄牛群体毛色差异中有34.04%是由品种间的差异造成的。血液蛋白的多样 性有9.5%是由品种间的差异造成的。我国黄牛群体的遗传样性主要来自品种内的遗传多样性。保存我国黄牛品种资源多样性不仅要从整个中国黄牛群体上考虑,而且要针对每个品种进行保种。

Anti-HIV Activities of the Compounds Isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum and Polygonum multiflorum

The 70% EtOH extract of Polygonum cuspidatum showed inhibitory action against HIV-1-induced syncytium formation at non-cytotoxic concentrations in vitro with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 13.94 +/- 3.41 mu g/mL. Through bioactivity-guided fractionation, 20 phenolic compounds, including eight stilbenoids, were isolated from the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum, and their anti-HIV-1 activities were evaluated. Results showed that compounds 1, 13, 14, and 16 demonstrated fairly strong antiviral activity against HIV-1-induced cytopathic effects in C8166 lymphocytes at non-cytotoxic concentrations, with EC50 values of 4.37 +/- 1.96 mu g/mL, 19.97 +/- 5.09, 14.4 +/- 1.34 mu g/mL, and 11.29 +/- 6.26 mu g/mL and therapeutic index (TI) values of 8.12, > 10.02, > 13.89, and > 17.71, respectively. Other compounds showed either weak or no effects. Compound 6 also showed weak inhibition (153.42 +/- 19.25 mu g/mL); however, it possesses very good water solubility and showed almost no cytotoxicity (> 2000 mu g/mL), therefore achieving a fairly good TI (13.04). The activities of the two compounds (3 and 18) from Polygonum multiflorum were also assayed. The relationship between molecular structures and their bioactivities was also discussed.

Biological characteristics and determination of population dynamics parameters of Nemipterus japonicus in the coastal waters of Province Bushehr, Persian Gulf

This study was conducted to determine biological characteristics and population dynamics parameters of threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) in Persian Gulf (Bushehr Province), during November 2006 and October 2007. The minimum and maximum specimens were 75-273 mm FL and their weight was 7.6 - 351.9 g. Based on the exponential relationship between fork length and weight, slope (b) for individuals, males and females was 2.987321, 2.992546 and 3.007314, respectively. The emptiness value (V) was 45.6% and it shows that N. japonicus is a moderate feeder. The results of Fp indicates that crustacean with 78.2% are main foods, mollusca (27.7%), fishes (20.7%), polychaeta (19.2%) and Foraminifera (11.7%) were identified as minor foods and phytoplanktons (9.9%), nematoda(8.0%), echinodermata (2.3%) and sea weeds (0.3%) were random foods. The reproduction studies showed the spawning season extended within 2 peaks, from April- May and September and main spawning occurs in spring season.The mean absolute and relative fecundities were 472388±42633 and 3817±293 (X±SE), respectively. The maximum, minimum and mean of oocyte diameter were 0.448, 0.022 and 0.221mm (SE=0.071), respectively.The fork length at 50% maturity estimated to be 20.25 cm for females. The growth coefficient (K) , length infinity (L∞ ) and ɸ' was estimated 0.42/yr , 34.17 cm and 2.69, respectively. The coefficient of total mortality, fishing mortality, natural mortality and E was 1.37, 0.43, 0.94 and 0.31, respectively.

两种改善富营养化湖泊水质的生物膜技术比较

用三个长宽高各为1.0m×1.0m×1.2m的水缸,装15cm的底泥和85cm的富营养化污水,来模拟水/底泥系统。分别在两个水缸中布设软性填料和自制人工水草来改善水质,另一水缸做空白对照。结果表明:在同投影面积下,布设人工水草比布设软性填料提高水体透明度的速度快;布设软性填料和人工水草在第36d时,CODMn分别降低89.63%、92.90%;TN分别降低93.45%、94.97%;NH3-N分别降低65.10%、70.15%;两者对TP都有一定影响。总体效果而言,人工水草处理效果优于软性填料。