不同放牧强度对植物及啮齿动物作用的研究

从栖息地结构特征决定啮齿动物群落组成的角度出发，通过分析不同放牧强度下植物地上部分生物量、植被组成、种的多样性以及不同放牧处理间相似性系数的变化，初步探讨了小哺乳动物对植被变化的反应，得到如下结论：１）在不同放牧强度下，植物地上部分生物量随放牧强度的增加而减少；植被组成中，优良牧草的比例随放牧强度的增加而降低，杂类草的比例随放牧强度的增加而升高。２）植物种的多样性指数随放牧强度的增加而升高。３）根田鼠种群密度随放牧强度的增加而逐渐降低。４）甘肃鼠兔种群受到重度、次重度放牧强度的严重影响而在这两个处理没有出现。其余处理中，随放牧强度的增加而逐渐减少，其平均密度与放牧强度呈显著的负相关（ｒ=-0.9321,df＝４，p＜0.01）。。5) 高原鼢鼠的新土丘数在重度、次重度放牧处理有大幅度的增加, 且明显高于次轻度和轻度放牧处理, 此时的新土丘数与放牧强度呈显著的正相关（ｒ=0.9383，df＝４，p＜0.01）。

三门峡宋家店黄土－古土壤序列的地层学研究及其古环境记录

The Sanmen Gorge area is located in the southernmost margin of the Chinese Loess Plateau with well developed eolian deposit sequence for the past 2.6 Ma, providing a key site for further understanding of the evolution history of the East Asian monsoon since late Pliocene. This study attempted to characterize the stratigraphy and paleoclimate record of the loess-paleosol sequence in the Songjiadian section. The work involved includes systematic field investigation, paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses, grain size and major chemical composition analyses, and multiple proxy measurements of magnetic susceptibility, color reflectance and the ratio of CBD-dissolvable iron to the total iron (FeD/FeT). By comparisons of the Songjiadian section with well studied loess sections in the west of the Sanmen Gorge, the spatial variations of the East Asian monsoon was evaluated for some periods during which typical loess or paleosols developed. The following conclusions have been obtained. 1. Stratigraphic correlation and paleomagnetic result demonstrate that the loess-paleosol sequence in the Songjiadian section was accumulated from 2.6Ma, and is generally a complete and continuous loess sequence. However, notable differences from type loess sections have been identified for a few loess and paleosol units, featured by absence or anomalous thickness in the Songjiadian section. 2. Magnetic susceptibility and chromaticity records clearly reveal the loess-paleosol cycles, and indicate that the Sanmen Gorge area has been warmer and more humid than the Lingtai and Jingchuan sections in the western central Loess Plateau since the Early Pleistocene. 3. Grain size distribution patterns are typical of eolian dust, and show a great similarity between various units of loess and paleosols, and between the S32 and the underlying Red Clay through the Songjiadian profile, suggesting the eolian origin for the loess, paleosols and the Red Clay. 4. Comparison of the FeD/FeT curves from different loess sections indicates a stronger chemical weathering in the Songjiadian section and notable enhancement around 1800, 800 and 600 ka BP, implying the strengthening of the East Asian monsoon during these periods. In contrast, it was weakened at 1100 ka BP. Generally, the summer monsoon shows a gradually decreasing trend during the entire Pleostocene, but the spatial pattern typified by an increasing trend in weathering intensity from north to south remained the same. 5. The loess unit L9 in the Songjiadian section displays two geomagnetic field anomalies with the midpoint ages of 0.917 and 0.875 Ma respectively, with a segment of 12 ka. They are demonstrated to be equivalent to the Santa Rosa and Kamikatsura geomagnetic excursions. 6. Magnetite is the main magnetic carrier for both loess and paleosols. Maghemite concentration is higher in paleosols than in loess, and is an important carrier for the enhanced magnetic susceptibility in paleosols. Magnetic fabric analysis suggests a dominant N-S wind direction prevailing in the L9 and L15, while the summer winds were dominantly in NNE-SSW direction during the S8 period, notably differing from previous studies.

滇西北雪鸡坪斑岩铜矿S，Pb同位素组成及对成矿物质来源的示踪

雪鸡坪斑岩铜矿位于西南三江构造火成岩带义敦岛孤带，其成矿斑岩为印支期石英闪长玢岩和石英二长宽岩。研究对该矿区安山岩、矿化斑岩和矿石矿物系统进行S，Pb同位素分析结果表明：金属硫化物的δ34S值为-3．1‰～＋0．7‰，平均值为-1．1‰，与矿化斑岩的硫同位素组成（-1．4‰和-1．5‰）一致，均落入幔源硫范围，表明硫主要来自岩浆；δ34S黄铁矿（-1．8‰～＋0.7‰，平均0．5‰）〉δ34S黄铜矿（-2．2‰～0．0‰，平均-1．2‰）〉δ34S方铅矿（-3．1‰～1．3‰，平均-2．4‰），硫同位素分馏基本达到平衡。矿石矿物（208Pb／204Pb=37．917～38．230，平均值38．075；207Pb／204Pb-15．528～15．614，平均值15．571；206Pb／204Pb=17．929～18．082，平均值17．981）与矿化斑岩（208Pb／204Pb=37．832、37．883，207Pb／204Pb=15．529、15．538，206Pb／204Pb=17．906、17．910）以及安山岩（208Pb／204Pb=37．816～37．884，207Pb／204Pb-15．549～15．562,206Pb／204Pb=17．845～17．919）的初始铅组成基本一致，变化范围较小，表明三者具有相同的来源；在铅构造模式图上，所有样品铅同位素均位于造山带演化线上或附近，在铅同位素源区判别图中，均落入造山带和下地壳区域，这表明Pb主要来源于壳幔混合。雪鸡坪铜矿S，Pb同位素组成共同指示成矿物质主要来自于深部岩浆，这种岩浆可能主要起源于俯冲洋壳板片的部分熔融并受到少量地壳物质的混染。

富铟及贫铟矿床成矿流体中铟与锡铅锌的关系研究

富铟矿床几乎是锡石．硫化物矿床或富含Sn（Sn以硫盐类矿物存在或赋存于方铅矿等硫化物中）的Cu．Pb．zn矿床。Sn的存在与否在某种程度上意味着In的富集与否。以富铟与贫铟矿床主成矿期石英中的流体包裹体为研究对象，分析了成矿流体中In、Sn、Pb和zn的含量，结果显示，两类矿床成矿流体中Pb和Zn的含量处于同一水平，面富铟矿床成矿流体中In和Sn的含量远远高于贫铟矿床，二者相差1，2个数量级。这一方面说明富铟的成矿流体是形成富铟矿床的物质基础，另一方面说明Sn在In的迁移富集过程中起着重要作用.

贵州省典型土法炼汞地区汞的生物地球化学循环和人体汞暴露评价

贵州省是我国最重要的汞工业基地，境内分布着大量的汞矿床，汞金属储量88000 t，占全国总储量近80%。汞矿开采、冶炼历史悠久，大规模的汞矿开采冶炼活动都已经停止。但是，由于汞矿区偏僻的自然地理位置、落后的经济水平和近期金属汞价格的攀升，这些地区仍然存在着较大规模的土法炼汞活动。大面积的土法炼汞活动和长期的大规模汞矿开采冶炼活动，给矿区生态环境造成了严重的汞污染。土法炼汞工艺十分落后，冶炼过程向周围大气释放大量的汞，而土法炼汞工人也必然会遭受严重的汞蒸气暴露。释放到大气的汞在进入周围环境后，在自然条件下通过微生物活动，会转化为毒性、生物有效性更强的甲基汞，并通过食物链富集放大，最终对矿区居民的身体健康构成一定的威胁。 本文选择贵州省务川汞矿区、万山汞矿区和铜仁垢溪、老屋场土法炼汞地区，进行了土法炼汞的汞释放量估算、汞矿地区环境汞污染调查及炼汞工人和矿区居民汞暴露调查和健康风险评价，系统阐述了贵州典型土法炼汞地区汞的生物地球化学循环特征及人体汞暴露评价。 1. 务川和铜仁垢溪地区的土法炼汞活动是当地大气的最主要人为释汞源。务川汞矿区土法炼汞的平均释汞因子为18.2%（6.9-32.1%），土法炼汞活动每年向大气排汞3.7-9.6 t；铜仁垢溪地区土法炼汞的平均释汞因子为9.8%（6.6-14.5%），土法炼汞活动每年向大气排汞1.3-2.7 t。 2. 务川汞矿区大面积的土法炼汞活动和长期大规模的汞矿活动以及垢溪、老屋场地区的土法炼汞活动，给当地的大气、地表水体和土壤造成了严重的汞污染，而汞污染程度受汞矿开采冶炼活动的历史和规模的影响显著。务川汞矿区大气汞浓度空间变化很大（7-40000 ng•m-3），受矿业活动影响的区域，大气汞含量明显升高；重污染区大气汞平均浓度为15000 ng•m-3，轻污染区为120 ng•m-3，对照区为24 ng•m-3。务川矿区地表水体的总汞含量的变化范围为43-2100 ng•L-1，总甲基汞含量变化范围为0.30-1.1 ng•L-1；垢溪、老屋场地区地表水体总汞含量的变化范围为92-2300 ng•L-1，总甲基汞含量变化范围为2.6-7.9 ng•L-1，地表水体显示了极强的甲基化能力。颗粒态汞占地表水体总汞含量的绝大部分比例，是矿区地表水体汞迁移的主要方式；而甲基汞则以溶解态为主。务川汞矿区土壤总汞含量的变化范围为1.3-360 mg•kg-1，垢溪、老屋场地区土壤总汞含量的变化范围为0.18-47.5 mg•kg-1，土壤剖面表层土壤汞的富集表明大气汞的沉降是土壤汞的重要来源，而土壤pH、有机质含量和土地利用类型影响着土壤中汞的迁移和富集。 3. 务川汞矿区土法炼汞工人尿汞含量的平均值高达1060 g•g-1 Cr，铜仁垢溪地区炼汞工人尿汞含量的平均值为347 g•g-1 Cr，铜仁老屋场地区炼汞工人尿汞含量的平均值为917 g•g-1 Cr，土法炼汞工人尿汞平均含量远远超过世界卫生组织规定的职业暴露人群的最大允许值-50 g•g-1 Cr，说明土法炼汞工人遭受严重的汞蒸气暴露。部分土法炼汞工人已经表现出轻度慢性汞中毒的症状，其肾脏已经遭受到一定程度的损伤。铜仁垢溪地区一般居民尿汞的平均值为40.0 g•g-1 Cr，铜仁老屋场地区一般居民尿汞含量的平均值为66.2 g•g-1 Cr，万山汞矿区大水溪居民尿汞含量的平均值为56.9 g•g-1 Cr，说明土法炼汞地区一般居民也遭受一定的汞蒸气暴露。对照区人群尿汞含量的平均值为1.30 g•g-1 Cr，万山下场溪村居民尿汞含量的平均值为2.5 g•g-1 Cr，其尿汞水平与对照组接近。 4. 食用大米是汞矿区居民甲基汞暴露的主要途径。万山汞矿区大水溪、下场溪和报溪3个村庄居民头发总汞含量的几何平均值分别为7.3、1.9和2.3 g•g-1，而头发甲基汞的平均含量分别为2.8、1.3和1.5 g•g-1，说明万山汞矿区居民存在一定程度的汞暴露。3个村庄居民食用大米总汞的平均含量分别为58.5、21.3和33.1 ng•g-1，大米甲基汞的平均含量分别为14.6、5.7和4.0 ng•g-1。居民食用的蔬菜、猪肉和饮水也表现出很高的总汞含量，但是甲基汞含量很低。3个村庄居民食用大米的摄入量占总甲基汞摄入量的平均比例分别为97.5%、94.1%和93.5%，且不同参与者每日通过食用大米的甲基汞摄入量和对应的头发甲基汞含量之间存在显著的相关关系 (r=0.65, p<0.01)，这证实了居民头发甲基汞的来源确实是食用大米，食用大米是汞矿区居民甲基汞暴露的主要途径。 5. 铜仁垢溪、老屋场地区炼汞工人头发甲基汞的平均含量分别为5.05 g•g-1（2.35-10.6 g•g-1）和5.63 g•g-1（2.54-9.55 g•g-1），而一般居民头发甲基汞的平均含量分别为3.53 g•g-1（1.87-5.65 g•g-1）和4.01 g•g-1（2.29-9.23 g•g-1）。万山汞矿区大水溪、下场溪和报溪3个村庄居民头发甲基汞的平均含量分别为2.8、1.3和1.5 g•g-1。务川汞矿区土法炼汞工人和居民的头发甲基汞含量的变化范围为0.47-5.69 μg•g-1。对照组头发甲基汞的平均含量为0.65 g•g-1，变化范围为0.26¬-1.38 g•g-1。食用大米甲基汞摄入量的估算表明，铜仁垢溪和老屋场地区部分居民的甲基汞摄入量已经超过世界卫生组织2003年制定的标准-0.23 g•d-1•kg-1，汞矿区大部分人群的甲基汞摄入量超过了美国环保局的推荐值－0.1 g•d-1•kg-1 (USEPA, 1997)，而对照区居民的甲基汞摄入量均没有超过这一推荐值，表明铜仁垢溪和老屋场地区居民存在一定的甲基汞暴露风险，而其他汞矿区人群也存在通过食用大米暴露甲基汞的潜在风险。

Impact of postponement on transportation: An environmental perspective

Yang, Ying, Yang, Biao, and Wijngaard, Jacob, ' Impact of postponement on transportation: An environmental perspective', International Journal of Logistics Management (2005) 16(2) pp.192-204 RAE2008

PROPAGATION OF SONIC BOOMS THROUGH A REAL, STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERE

Sonic boom propagation in a quiet) stratified) lossy atmosphere is the subject of this dissertation. Two questions are considered in detail: (1) Does waveform freezing occur? (2) Are sonic booms shocks in steady state? Both assumptions have been invoked in the past to predict sonic boom waveforms at the ground. A very general form of the Burgers equation is derived and used as the model for the problem. The derivation begins with the basic conservation equations. The effects of nonlinearity) attenuation and dispersion due to multiple relaxations) viscosity) and heat conduction) geometrical spreading) and stratification of the medium are included. When the absorption and dispersion terms are neglected) an analytical solution is available. The analytical solution is used to answer the first question. Geometrical spreading and stratification of the medium are found to slow down the nonlinear distortion of finite-amplitude waves. In certain cases the distortion reaches an absolute limit) a phenomenon called waveform freezing. Judging by the maturity of the distortion mechanism, sonic booms generated by aircraft at 18 km altitude are not frozen when they reach the ground. On the other hand, judging by the approach of the waveform to its asymptotic shape, N waves generated by aircraft at 18 km altitude are frozen when they reach the ground. To answer the second question we solve the full Burgers equation and for this purpose develop a new computer code, THOR. The code is based on an algorithm by Lee and Hamilton (J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 906-917, 1995) and has the novel feature that all its calculations are done in the time domain, including absorption and dispersion. Results from the code compare very well with analytical solutions. In a NASA exercise to compare sonic boom computer programs, THOR gave results that agree well with those of other participants and ran faster. We show that sonic booms are not steady state waves because they travel through a varying medium, suffer spreading, and fail to approximate step shocks closely enough. Although developed to predict sonic boom propagation, THOR can solve other problems for which the extended Burgers equation is a good propagation model.

Geometrías no euclídeas: un acercamiento con tecnología digital

En este curso corto utilizamos distintas aplicaciones de geometría dinámica para realizar construcciones geométricas en el modelo de Poincaré para geometría hiperbólica con el propósito de investigar y determinar la naturaleza de algunos teoremas de geometría para la enseñanza secundaria y superior. De esta forma clasificamos algunos de los teoremas de geometría plana como neutrales, estrictamente euclidianas o estrictamente hiperbólicos.

Cognitive issues in information visualisation design for interaction for the visually impaired

This paper reports on the findings of a study on improving interaction design for visually impaired students, focusing upon the cognitive criteria for information visualisation.