Molecular and isotopic characterization of organic samples from the wreck of the Saint-Etienne merchant ship (XVIIIth century): Identification of pitch, fat, hair and sulfur

The wreck U Pezzo, excavated within the Saint Florent Gulf in northern Corsica was identified as the pink, Saint Etienne, a merchant ship which sank on January 31, 1769. In order to determine the composition of organic materials used to coat the hull or to waterproof different parts of the pink, a study of several samples, using molecular biomarker and carbon isotopic analysis, was initiated. The results revealed that the remarkable yellow coat, covering the outside planks of the ship's bottom under the water line, is composed of sulfur, tallow (of ox and not of cetacean origin) and black pitch which corresponds to a mixture called ``couroi'' or ``stuff'. Onboard ropes had been submitted to a tarring treatment with pitch. Hairs mixed with pitch were identified in samples collected between the two layers of the hull or under the sheathing planking. The study also provides a key model for weathering of pitch, as different degrees of degradation were found between the surface and the heart of several samples. Accordingly, molecular parameters for alteration were proposed. Furthermore novel mixed esters between terpenic and diterpenic alcohols and the free major fatty acids (C(14:0), C(16:0), C(18:0)) were detected in the yellow coat. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

El cultivo de arroz en el Perú

Realiza una investigación sobre el cultivo del arroz en toda la costa peruana y su importancia en el desarrollo económico para el país. Trata de estudiar sus variedades clasificándolos de acuerdo al tipo de selección de acuerdo a las zonas geográficas.

Bulles de papes. Titres des maisons de LA JUGIE (1313-1623). — MELANGES (1222-1623).

Contient : Titres de la Jugie ; N° 623 (1) Contrat de mariage de Jacques de la Jugie et de Guillemette de la Borgayrie (23 juillet 1313) ; copie du 18 mars 1314 a. st ; N° 624 (2) Contrat de mariage de Pierre de la Jugie et de Jeanne Pebeyre (août1316) ; restes de sceau sur simple queue ; N° 625 (3) Testament de Geraud de Rajaut, de Tulle, damoiseau (9 août 1329) ; N° 626 (4) Contrat de mariage de Gui Aimoin de Puydeval et d'Hélie de la Jugie (14 décembre 1339) ; N° 627 (5) Donation de biens faite par Guillemette de la Limosnie à Gui de Puydeval, son oncle (30 janvier 1351) ; copie du XVIIe siècle ; N° 628 (6) Accord entre Archambaud, vicomte de Comborn, et Gui de Puydeval (24 mai 1351) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 629 (7) Contrat de mariage de Raimond de Bossac et de Marie de Puydeval (2 août 1352) ; N° 630 (8) Testament de Gui de Puydeval (26 janvier 1371 a. st.) ; copie du XVIIe siècle ; N° 631 (9) Testament de Nicolas de la Jugie, seigneur de Levinerie (26 mars 1374 a. st.) ; vidimus du 18 mai 1402 ; N° 632 (10) Testament de Guillaume de la Jugie, alias de Puydeval (20 août 1397) ; N° 633 (11) Testament d'Aelis de la Jugie (19 juillet 1409) ; N° 634 (12) Décisions prises par divers seigneurs du Limousin, relativement à l'expédition contre les Anglais, pour la levée du siège d'Auberoche (4 septembre 1419) ; N° 635 (13) Contrat de mariage d'Aimar de Puydeval et de Marguerite de Gimel (12 juillet 1426) ; N° 636 (14) Testament d'Hélène de Puydeval, veuve de Jean « de Sadone » (2 juin 1436) ; N° 637 (15) Testament de Jean de la Jugie, alias de Puydeval (7 décembre 1461) ; N° 638 (16) Contrat de mariage de Jean de Sourries, seigneur de Vaur, et d'Anne de Puydeval (29 janvier 1492 a. st.) ; copie, papier ; N° 639 (17) Testament d'Antoine de Puydeval (9 octobre 1495) ; copie du 28 mars 1502, a. st ; N° 640 (18) Contrat de mariage de Pons de Gourdon, seigneur de La Roque, et de Françoise de Puydeval (20 janvier 1497 a. st.) ; copie du 23 août 1579 ; N° 641 (19) Quittance générale donnée par Blanche de Malesec, veuve d'Antoine de Puydeval, à Gilles de Malesec, son frère (23 juin 1512) ; N° 642 (20) Testament de Gabrielle de Puydeval, dame de Miremont (20 mars 1516-1517) ; copie du XVIe siècle ; N° 643 (21) Testament de Denis de Puydeval (18 août 1523) ; copie du XVIe siècle ; N° 644 (22) Quittance générale donnée à Géraud de Puydeval par Pierre de Rajaut et Anne de Puydeval sa femme, 2 août 1534 ; N° 645 (23) Contrat de mariage de Rigaut de Saint-Martial, baron de Conros, et de Françoise de Puydeval (18 juin 1559) ; copie du 22 juillet 1583 ; N° 646 (24) Testament de Géraud de Puydeval (20 mai 1563) ; N° 647 (25) Procès-verbal de visite de bois faite par les arbitres choisis par les seigneurs de Puydeval et de Vaur (5 janvier 1564) ; N° 648 (26) Accord entre Géraud de Puydeval et Bonaventure de Sourries, seigneur de Vaur, au sujet du lieu de La Reynie (21 novembre 1560) ; N° 649 (27) Accord entre Anne de Puydeval, veuve de Jean de Sourries, seigneur de Vaur, et Bonaventure de Sourries (27 septembre 1559) ; N° 650 (28) Testament d'Anne de Puydeval, veuve de Jean [de Sourries, seigneur de] Vaur (8 septembre 1555) ; N° 651 (29) Testament de Jean de Puydeval, doyen de l'église de Tulle ; N° 652 (30) Testament de Françoise de Puydeval, veuve de Rigaut de Saint-Marsal, baron de Conros (16 juin 1601) ; N° 653 (31) Autre testament de ladite dame (22 août 1604) ; N° 654 Copie du précédent testament ; N° 655 (32) Accord entre Josias de Cosnac, seigneur d'Assy, et sa soeur, Marie de Cosnac, femme de Henry de Puydeval, baron de Conros (31 mars 1623 ; N° 656 (33) Contrat de mariage de Pierre de Soudeilles et d'Anne de Puydeval (s. d.) ; N° 657 (33 bis) Copie de la pièce précédente ; Mélanges ; N° 658 (1) Accord entre Guillaume, évêque de Paris, et son chapitre, d'une part, et Philippe-Auguste, de l'autre, au sujet des droits de l'église de Paris (décembre 1222) ; N° 659 (2) Accord entre Philippe le Bel et l'église de Paris pour l'affectation de certaines redevances à la réparation des ponts de la Seine (mars 1296-1297) ; N° 660 (3) Décret de l'Université de Paris établissant des règlements pour le collège de Narbonne, à Paris (4 octobre 1377) ; N° 661 (4) Sentence rendue par Jean, abbé de Saint-Taurin d'Evreux, sur le procès entre Jacques Sacquespée, docteur en médecine, et Jean Daigny, chanoine de la Sainte-Chapelle de Paris (15 mai 1428) ; N° 662 (15) Articles de la Ligue (s. d. [1586 (?)]) ; N° 663 (6) Privilèges accordés par Louis, comte de Flandre, aux marchands castillans trafiquant en Flandre (15 avril 1366) ; copie du XVe siècle ; N° 664 (7) Serment prêté au duc d'Alençon par le chapitre de Cambrai (20 août 1580) ; N° 665 (8) Serment prêté au même personnage par les échevins de la ville de Cambrai (même date) ; N° 666 (9) Aveu rendu à Henri, comte de Rodez, par Pierre de Panat, pour divers fiefs, (juillet 1280) ; N° 667 (10) Aveu rendu par Bernard, comte d'Armagnac et de Rodez, à Guillaume, évêque de Mende, pour les fiefs tenus par ledit comte dans ce diocèse (2 mai 1309) ; N° 668 (11) Autorisation donnée par l'archevêque Michel et le chapitre d'Arles à Jean [de Matha], fondateur de l'Ordre de la Trinité, d'établir une église et un cimetière dans la ville d'Arles (novembre 1203) ; N° 669 (12) Charte de G[uillaume], comte de Forcalquier, abandonnant divers droits à l'église de Ganagobie (10 juin 1206) ; à la suite est transcrite une lettre de A., prieur du dit lieu, à G[uillaume], abbé de Cluny, relative à la donation précédente ; N° 670 (13) Lettres de Charles II, roi de Sicile, comte de Provence, chargeant Hugues de Voisines, senéchal de Provence, de faire sortir du royaume de France la somme de 50.000 livres autorisée par le Roi (24 mars 1297) ; N° 671 (14) Lettres de l'empereur Henri VII, autorisant Gaillard, archevêque d'Arles, à poursuivre la révocation des aliénations de biens ecclésiastiques consenties par ses prédécesseurs (9 juillet 1312) ; N° 672 (15) Lettres de Jean de Clermont, cardinal-évêque de Tusculum, légat du pape dans les provinces de Vienne, Aix, etc., chargeant Jean Ferrier, archevêque d'Arles, de l'assister dans ses fonctions (9 juillet 1533) ; N° 673 (16) Lettres de Raoul de Sendelay, trésorier d'Angleterre, portant donation de terres près de Rouen à Michel de Paris, son ancien serviteur (3 janvier 1445-1446) ; N° 674 (17) Lettre de l'empereur Ferdinand au pape Urbain VIII (28 avril 1635) ; N° 675 (18) Aveu rendu à Bernard, abbé de Charroux, par Jean de Rochefort, pour le château de Saint-Angel (18 mai 1393) ; copie du 17 juillet 1407 ; N° 676 (19) Lettres de l'Université d'Avignon conférant à Pierre Charpin le titre de docteur en droit canon (16 septembre 1405) ; N° 677 (20) Contrat de mariage de Charles d'Apchon, vicomte de Mirmont, et de Lucrèce de Gadaigne (3 août 1579) ; N° 678 (21) Procuration donnée par Philippe de Commynes à Baude Talboein, son secrétaire (9 mars 1474) ; signature autographe ; N° 679 (22) Ratification par Galéas-Marie Sforza du traité conclu en son nom à Amboise entre Tristan Sforza et Louis XI (21 avril 1468) ; N° 680 (23) Lettres d'Etat accordées par le roi Charles VI à Lermite, seigneur de La Faye, son chambellan, envoyé en Angleterre (28 octobre 1407) ; copie du 4 novembre 1407 ; papier ; N° 681 (24) « Plaintes sur le trépas du sage et vertueux chevalier... Jean de La Roche-Aymon ; » pièce de vers (s. d. [1522]) ; miniature en tête ; N° 682 (25) Lettres de Raimond « de Poioliis », archidiacre de Périgueux, recteur du duché de Spolète, pour le paiement de la compagnie de Guillaume de Primat ; N° 683 (26) Lettres de l'Université d'Orléans accordant à Hugues Berthelot le titre de bachelier en droit canon (28 juillet 1409) ; N° 684 (27) Lettres de l'Université d'Orléans au prieur de Marcigny, pour faire pourvoir d'un bénéfice Raoul « Druci », prêtre, licencié en décret (2 septembre 1460 ; N° 685 (28) Lettres de l'Université de Paris à l'abbé de Cluny, pour faire pourvoir d'un bénéfice Jean de Mont, maître ès arts et bachelier en théologie (3 mars 1478-1479) ; N° 686 (29) Lettres de l'Université de Paris à l'abbé de Cluny pour faire pourvoir d'un bénéfice Jean Paulain, maître ès arts (21 février 1538-1539) ; N° 687 (30) Testament de Jacques de Plaigne, seigneur dudit lieu (5 mars 1551-1552) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 688 (31) Contrat de mariage de Pierre de Guasquet et de Marguerite d'Henry (31 mars 1581) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 689 (32) Testament d'Antoine de Guasquet, seigneur de Paramelle (30 août 1585) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 690 (33) Testament de Jean Chantois, sieur de Laumosnerie (30 septembre 1617) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 691 (34) Testament de Claude des Rozières, seigneur de Cherouac (octobre 1623) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 692 (35) Délibération de l'assemblée du clergé de la ville de Reims au sujet de la répartition des deniers à lever sur ledit clergé (30 mars 1585) ; N° 693 (36) Lettre de J[ean de] C[andida] à [Denis Briçonnet], évêque de Saint-Malo (16 novembre, s. d.)

Effects of the transition time between muscle-tendon stretch and shortening on mechanical efficiency.

The net mechanical efficiency of positive work (eta(pos)) has been shown to increase if it is immediately preceded by negative work. This phenomenon is explained by the storage of elastic energy during the negative phase and its release during the subsequent positive phase. If a transition time (T) takes place, the elastic energy is dissipated into heat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between eta(pos) and T, and to determine the minimal T required so that eta(pos) reached its minimal value. Seven healthy male subjects were tested during four series of lowering-raising of the body mass. In the first series (S (0)), the negative and positive phases were executed without any transition time. In the three other series, T was varied by a timer (0.12, 0.24 and 0.56 s for series S (1), S (2) and S (3), respectively). These exercises were performed on a force platform sensitive to vertical forces to measure the mechanical work and a gas analyser was used to determine the energy expenditure. The results indicated that eta(pos) was the highest (31.1%) for the series without any transition time (S (0)). The efficiencies observed with transition times (S (1), S (2) and S (3)) were 27.7, 26.0 and 23.8%, respectively, demonstrating that T plays an important role for mechanical efficiency. The investigation of the relationship between eta(pos) and T revealed that the minimal T required so that eta(pos) reached its minimal value is 0.59 s.

Kinetics of K release from soils of Brazilian coffee regions: effect of organic acids

Kinetic studies on soil potassium release can contribute to a better understanding of K availability to plants. This study was conducted to evaluate K release rates from the whole soil, clay, silt, and sand fractions of B-horizon samples of a basalt-derived Oxisol and a sienite-derived Ultisol, both representative soils from coffee regions of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Potassium was extracted from each fraction after eight different shaking time periods (0-665 h) with either 0.001 mol L-1 citrate or oxalate at a 1:10 solid:solution ratio. First-order, Elovich, zero-order, and parabolic diffusion equations were used to parameterize the time dependence of K release. For the Oxisol, the first-order equation fitted best to the experimental data of K release, with similar rates for all fractions and independent of the presence of citrate or oxalate in the extractant solution. For all studied Ultisol fractions, in which K release rates increased when extractions were performed with citrate solution, the Elovich model described K release kinetics most adequately. The highest potassium release rate of the Ultisol silt fraction was probably due to the transference of "non-exchangeable" K to the extractant solution, whereas in the Oxisol exchangeable potassium represented the main K source in all studied fractions.

Caracterização química e espectroscópica de ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos isolados da camada superficial de latossolos brasileiros

A determinação de características estruturais das substâncias húmicas (SH) é essencial para o entendimento do comportamento da química de superfície dos solos altamente intemperizados. Ácidos húmicos (AH) e fúlvicos (AF) obtidos no horizonte superficial de sete Latossolos de diferentes regiões do Brasil foram caracterizados mediante a análise da composição elementar, da acidez total e carboxílica, da capacidade de oxidação e por métodos espectroscópicos. As substâncias húmicas apresentaram elevado grau de oxidação, acidez e massa molecular relativamente baixas, caracterizando a matéria orgânica alcalina solúvel como bastante reativa. Os AF apresentaram menor teor de C e maior de O do que os AH. Foram observados valores elevados da relação entre absorvância em 465 e 665 nm (E4/E6) e a massa molar média foi estimada em 1.106 e 618 g mol-1 para AH e AF, respectivamente. A menor massa molar estimada para os AF foi compatível com sua menor complexidade química revelada pelos espectros de IV-TF, que apresentaram menor número de bandas de absorção bem definidas. A ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN ¹H) mostrou a presença de H mais hidrofóbico nos AH e de H ligado a átomos de O em maior quantidade nos AF, compatível com sua maior acidez e, portanto, solubilidade em qualquer valor de pH. Apesar da mesma funcionalidade química encontrada tanto nos AH como nos AF, a análise estatística permitiu separar a maioria desses ácidos, indicando a presença de frações humificadas de natureza química individual.

Modelling of soil penetration resistance for an oxisol under no-tillage

Soil penetration resistance is an important property that affects root growth and elongation and water movement in the soil. Since no-till systems tend to increase organic matter in the soil, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency with which soil penetration resistance is estimated using a proposed model based on moisture content, density and organic matter content in an Oxisol containing 665, 221 and 114 g kg-1 of clay, silt and sand respectively under annual no-till cropping, located in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil. Penetration resistance was evaluated at random locations continually from May 2008 to February 2011, using an impact penetrometer to obtain a total of 960 replications. For the measurements, soil was sampled at depths of 0 to 20 cm to determine gravimetric moisture (G), bulk density (D) and organic matter content (M). The penetration resistance curve (PR) was adjusted using two non-linear models (PR = a Db Gc and PR' = a Db Gc Md), where a, b, c and d are coefficients of the adjusted model. It was found that the model that included M was the most efficient for estimating PR, explaining 91 % of PR variability, compared to 82 % of the other model.

Family history of cancer and the risk of laryngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland.

Only limited data is available on the relationship between family history of laryngeal and other neoplasms and laryngeal cancer risk. We investigated the issue using data from a multicentre case-control study conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1992 and 2009 including 852 cases with histologically confirmed laryngeal cancer and 1970 controls admitted to hospital for acute, non neoplastic conditions. Unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, study center, education, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and number of siblings were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of laryngeal cancer. The multivariate OR was 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-5.3) in subjects reporting a first-degree relative with laryngeal cancer, as compared to subjects with no family history. The OR was higher when the relative was diagnosed before 60 years of age (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.4-8.8). As compared to subjects without family history, non-smokers, and moderate drinkers, the OR was 37.1 (95% CI 9.9-139.4) for current smokers, heavy drinkers, with family history of laryngeal cancer. Family history of colorectal (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.3) and kidney (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.2-12.1) cancer were also associated to an increased risk of laryngeal cancer, while no significant increase in risk was found for family history of cancer at all sites, excluding the larynx (OR = 1.1).

Urea coated with oxidized charcoal reduces ammonia volatilization

Urea is the most consumed nitrogen fertilizer in the world. However, its agronomic and economic efficiency is reduced by the volatilization of NH3, which can reach 78 % of the applied nitrogen. The coating of urea granules with acidic compounds obtained by charcoal oxidation has the potential to reduce the volatilization, due to the acidic character, the high buffering capacity and CEC. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of HNO3-oxidized carbon on the control of NH3 volatilization. These compounds were obtained by oxidation of Eucalyptus grandis charcoal, produced at charring temperatures of 350 and 450 ºC, with 4.5 mol L-1 HNO3. The charcoal was oxidized by solubilization in acidic or alkaline medium, similar to the procedure of soil organic matter fractionation (CHox350 and CHox450). CHox was characterized by C, H, O, N contents and their respective atomic relations, by the ratio E4 (absorbance 465 nm) by E6 (absorbance 665 nm), and by active acidity and total acidity (CEC). The inhibitory effect of CHox on the urease activity of Canavalia ensiformis was assessed in vitro. The NH3 volatilization from urea was evaluated with and without coating of oxidized charcoal (U-CHox350 or U-CHox450) in a closed system with continuous air flow. The pH of both CHox was near 2.0, but the total acidity of CHox350 was higher, 72 % of which was attributed to carboxylic groups. The variation in the ionization constants of CHox350 was also greater. The low E4/E6 ratios characterize the high stability of the compounds in CHox. CHox did not inhibit the urease activity in vitro, although the maximum volatilization peak from U-CHox450 and U-CHox350 occurred 24 h after that observed for uncoated urea. The lowest volatilization rate was observed for U-CHox350 as well as a 43 % lower total amount of NH3 volatilized than from uncoated urea.

Avaliação do potencial erosivo das chuvas em Urussanga, SC, no período de 1980 a 2012

O conhecimento do potencial erosivo das chuvas e a sua distribuição ao longo do ano contribuem para o planejamento de práticas de manejo e a conservação do solo, que visam a redução da erosão hídrica, diminuindo as perdas de solo e aumentando a produção agrícola. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as chuvas da região de Urussanga, SC, com relação ao potencial erosivo, determinando os Índices de Erosividade mensais e anuais (EI30) e estabelecendo assim o fator "R" para utilização na Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo, período de retorno e probabilidade de ocorrência das chuvas erosivas, a partir dos dados de chuva de diagramas diários do pluviógrafo da Estação Meteorológica de Urussanga, de outubro de 1980 a março de 2012. As chuvas foram digitalizadas em segmentos com intensidade constante. Foi elaborado um programa computacional para a leitura dos dados digitalizados, identificação das chuvas erosivas e realização dos cálculos de erosividade. A precipitação pluvial média anual foi de 1.781,8 mm, dos quais 1.502,6 mm foram de chuvas erosivas e 279,1 mm, de não erosivas. Ocorrem em média 184,9 chuvas por ano, sendo 77,7 % não erosivas e 22,3 %, erosivas. O valor médio anual do índice EI30 é 5.665,10 MJ mm ha-1 h-1, classificando as chuvas com erosividade média a forte. A época do ano com maior erosividade é de dezembro a março. O fator "R" da USLE, para regiões do entorno com características semelhantes de Urussanga, pode ser estimado com dados de pluviometria utilizando-se a equação linear ajustada.

EFNS guidelines on cognitive rehabilitation: report of an EFNS task force.

Disorders of language, spatial perception, attention, memory, calculation and praxis are a frequent consequence of acquired brain damage [in particular, stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI)] and a major determinant of disability. The rehabilitation of aphasia and, more recently, of other cognitive disorders is an important area of neurological rehabilitation. We report here a review of the available evidence about effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation. Given the limited number and generally low quality of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in this area of therapeutic intervention, the Task Force considered, besides the available Cochrane reviews, evidence of lower classes which was critically analysed until a consensus was reached. In particular, we considered evidence from small group or single cases studies including an appropriate statistical evaluation of effect sizes. The general conclusion is that there is evidence to award a grade A, B or C recommendation to some forms of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with neuropsychological deficits in the post-acute stage after a focal brain lesion (stroke, TBI). These include aphasia therapy, rehabilitation of unilateral spatial neglect (ULN), attentional training in the post-acute stage after TBI, the use of electronic memory aids in memory disorders, and the treatment of apraxia with compensatory strategies. There is clearly a need for adequately designed studies in this area, which should take into account specific problems such as patient heterogeneity and treatment standardization.