Maritime transportation in the Gulf of Finland in 2007 and in 2015

The Gulf of Finland is said to be one of the densest operated sea areas in the world. It is a shallow and economically vulnerable sea area with dense passenger and cargo traffic of which petroleum transports have a share of over 50 %. The winter conditions add to the risks of maritime traffic in the Gulf of Finland. It is widely believed that the growth of maritime transportation will continue also in the future. The Gulf of Finland is surrounded by three very different national economies with, different maritime transportation structures. Finland is a country of high GDP/per capita with a diversified economic structure. The number of ports is large and the maritime transportation consists of many types of cargoes: raw materials, industrial products, consumer goods, coal and petroleum products, and the Russian transit traffic of e.g. new cars and consumer goods. Russia is a large country with huge growth potential; in recent years, the expansion of petroleum exports has lead to a strong economic growth, which is also apparent in the growth of maritime transports. Russia has been expanding its port activities in the Gulf of Finland and it is officially aiming to transport its own imports and exports through the Russian ports in the future; now they are being transported to great extend through the Finnish, Estonian and other Baltic ports. Russia has five ports in the Gulf of Finland. Estonia has also experienced fast economic growth, but the growth has been slowing down already during the past couples of years. The size of its economy is small compared to Russia, which means the transported tonnes cannot be very massive. However, relatively large amounts of the Russian petroleum exports have been transported through the Estonian ports. The future of the Russian transit traffic in Estonia looks nevertheless uncertain and it remains to be seen how it will develop and if Estonia is able to find replacing cargoes if the Russian transit traffic will come to an end in the Estonian ports. Estonia’s own import and export consists of forestry products, metals or other raw materials and consumer goods. Estonia has many ports on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but the port of Tallinn dominates the cargo volumes. In 2007, 263 M tonnes of cargoes were transported in the maritime traffic in the Gulf of Finland, of which the share of petroleum products was 56 %. 23 % of the cargoes were loaded or unloaded in the Finnish ports, 60 % in the Russian ports and 17 % in the Estonian ports. The largest ports were Primorsk (74.2 M tonnes) St. Petersburg (59.5 M tonnes), Tallinn (35.9 M tonnes), Sköldvik (19.8 M tonnes), Vysotsk (16.5 M tonnes) and Helsinki (13.4 M) tonnes. Approximately 53 600 ship calls were made in the ports of the Gulf of Finland. The densest traffic was found in the ports of St. Petersburg (14 651 ship calls), Helsinki (11 727 ship calls) and Tallinn (10 614 ship calls) in 2007. The transportation scenarios are usually based on the assumption that the amount of transports follows the development of the economy, although also other factors influence the development of transportation, e.g. government policy, environmental aspects, and social and behavioural trends. The relationship between the development of transportation and the economy is usually analyzed in terms of the development of GDP and trade. When the GDP grows to a certain level, especially the international transports increase because countries of high GDP produce, consume and thus transport more. An effective transportation system is also a precondition for the economic development. In this study, the following factors were taken into consideration when formulating the future scenarios: maritime transportation in the Gulf of Finland 2007, economic development, development of key industries, development of infrastructure and environmental aspects in relation to maritime transportation. The basic starting points for the three alternative scenarios were: • the slow growth scenario: economic recession • the average growth scenario: economy will recover quickly from current instability • the strong growth scenario: the most optimistic views on development will realize According to the slow growth scenario, the total tonnes for the maritime transportation in the Gulf of Finland would be 322.4 M tonnes in 2015, which would mean a growth of 23 % compared to 2007. In the average growth scenario, the total tonnes were estimated to be 431.6 M tonnes – a growth of 64 %, and in the strong growth scenario 507.2 M tonnes – a growth of 93%. These tonnes were further divided into petroleum products and other cargoes by country, into export, import and domestic traffic by country, and between the ports. For petroleum products, the share of crude oil and oil products was estimated and the number of tanker calls in 2015 was calculated for each scenario. However, the future development of maritime transportation in the GoF is dependent on so many societal and economic variables that it is not realistic to predict one exact point estimate value for the cargo tonnes for a certain scenario. Plenty of uncertainty is related both to the degree in which the scenario will come true as well as to the cause-effect relations between the different variables. For these reasons, probability distributions for each scenario were formulated by an expert group. As a result, a range for the total tonnes of each scenario was formulated and they are as follows: the slow growth scenario: 280.8 – 363 M tonnes (expectation value 322.4 M tonnes)

De caussis frigoris hiemalis

Invocatio: Q.F.F.S.

Monimuotoinen paha

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Barcarole

Soitinnus: piano.

L'Univers

1869/02/07 (Numéro 651).

Análise da estrutura arbustivo-arbórea de uma área de cerrado sensu stricto, município de Aquidauana-Mato Grosso do Sul

Este trabalho teve como objetivo registrar a composição florística e estrutura de uma área de Cerrado stricto senso, com ênfase no estrato arbustivo-arbóreo. Foram instaladas 30 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, distribuídas em blocos de 10 parcelas contíguas, onde os indivíduos com PAP superior ou igual a 10 cm foram incluídos. O número total de indivíduos amostrados foi de 1.107, pertencentes a 33 famílias e 88 espécies, evidenciando-se alta riqueza. A área basal total e a densidade total foram, respectivamente, de 6,651 m² e 3.690 indivíduos por hectare. Os valores de diversidade (3.868 nats/indivíduo) e equabilidade (0,86) indicaram grande heterogeneidade e baixa dominância ecológica. As espécies mais importantes foram Qualea grandiflora Mart., Lafoensia pacari St. Hil., Magonia pubescens St. Hil e Qualea parviflora Mart., que juntas representaram 57,7% do VI

COMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE NO CERRADO DO LESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL, BRASIL

Neste estudo, avaliaram-se a composição e diversidade no Cerrado em três áreas do Leste de Mato Grosso do Sul, uma das regiões mais ameaçadas e menos estudadas do Cerrado brasileiro. Para tanto, levantaram-se as espécies vasculares em trilhas percorridas em diferentes fisionomias desse bioma, com enfoque especial para as espécies arbustivas e arbóreas. Adicionalmente, nas áreas de Cerrado sensu stricto foram instaladas 30 parcelas de 10 x 3 m, nas quais foram amostrados apenas indivíduos lenhosos > 1 m de altura. No geral, foram levantadas 220 espécies, 150 gêneros e 65 famílias de diferentes formas de vida, incluindo espécies consideradas raras nos Cerrados brasileiros e possíveis novas ocorrências nos Cerrados de Mato Grosso do Sul. A riqueza de espécies arbustivas e arbóreas no Cerrado sensu stricto foi alta (79-101 espécies por área). Houve baixa similaridade florística entre as áreas estudadas, de modo que apenas 50 espécies foram comuns a todas elas. O estudo da vegetação lenhosa por meio de parcelas (total de 651 indivíduos e 105 espécies) revelou uma diferença na riqueza média, diversidade (índice de Shannon) e dominância (Berger-Parker) entre as áreas estudadas. Adicionalmente, a densidade relativa das espécies e a composição florística foram bastante variáveis entre as áreas estudadas (similaridade entre 0,42 e 0,53). Tais resultados colocam as áreas estudadas entre as mais ricas áreas de Cerrado sensu stricto do Brasil, mostrando que áreas marginais de Cerrado podem ser tão ricas quanto suas áreas centrais, mesmo que através da contribuição de elementos florísticos de outras formações florestais. Os resultados reforçam ainda a existência de elevada heterogeneidade florística no Cerrado, mesmo em distâncias relativamente curtas (≤60 km), que pode ser desencadeada por diferenças entre fragmentos em relação à característica de solo, histórico de perturbação e proximidade de outras formações vegetais.

Det demokratiska samtalet : en studie av deliberativ demokrati i ett medborgarforum

Behovet av deliberativ demokrati, dvs. politiskt beslutsfattande som bygger på överläggningar där olika skäl vägs mot varandra, betonas allt oftare i samhällsdebatten. Dylika överläggningar förväntas bidra med beslutsfattande som är mer förnuftsorienterat, respektfullt och inkluderande, samt beslut som är mer avvägda och äger större legitimitet. Genom att analysera samtal från ett diskussionsforum där vanliga medborgare samlats för att rådslå om utvecklingen av kärnkraft i Finland redogör denna avhandling för hur deliberativ demokrati som omfattar vanliga medborgare tar sig uttryck. Resultaten är tudelade. Även om deliberativa överläggningar kan ge medborgarna mer insikt och klargöra den egna åsikten i sakfrågan, visar det sig att deltagarna har svårt att ta åt sig argument och åsikter som inte stämmer överrens med den egna uppfattningen. Dessutom visar det sig att särskilt kvinnor, yngre och mindre utbildade deltagare har svårigheter att hävda sig i det deliberativa samtalet. De brister som uppdagas ifrågasätter om deliberativ demokrati i praktiken kan bidra till ett mer jämlikt och välfungerande beslutsfattande.

Foot Health In Older People - Development of a preventive, evaluative instrument for nurses

Foot health is a part of overall health in every age group and its importance increases during ageing. Health care professionals are in a vital position for preventing foot health problems, and identifying and caring them in older people. Despite the rather high number of studies conducted in the field of foot health in older people, reliable and valid nurse-administered foot health assessment instruments seem to be lacking. By identifying foot health in older people, it is possible to develop nursing interventions to enhance safe, independent living at home. The purpose of this three-phase study was to develop an instrument to assess the level of foot health in older people and evaluate foot care practices from the perspective of older people themselves and nurses in home care. The ultimate goal is to prevent foot health problems by increasing the attention paid to older people’s feet and recognizing those foot health problems which need further care; thus not focus on different foot health problems. The study was conducted in different phases and contexts. In phase 1, a descriptive design with a literature review from the Medline (R) and CINAHL databases to explore foot health in older people and nurses’ role in foot health care and pre-post design intervention study in nursing home with nursing staff (n=16) and older residents (n=43) were conducted. In phase 2, a descriptive and explorative study design was employed to develop an instrument for assessing foot health in older people (N=651, n=309, response rate 47%) and explore the psychometrics of the instrument. The data were collected from sheltered housing and home care settings. Finally, in phase 3, descriptive and explorative as well as cross-sectional correlational survey designs were used to assess foot health and evaluate the foot self-care activities of older people (N=651, n=309, response rate 47%) and to describe foot care knowledge and caring activities of nurses (N=651, n=322, response rate 50%) in home care in Finland. To achieve this, the Foot Health Assessment Instrument (FHAI) developed in phase 2 was used; at the same time, this large sample also was used for the psychometric evaluation of the FHAI. The data analysis methods used in this study were content analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics including factor and multivariate analysis. Many long-term diseases can manifest in feet. Therefore, the FHAI, developed in this study consisted of items relating to skin and nail health, foot structure and foot pain. The FHAI demonstrated acceptable preliminary psychometric properties. A great deal of different foot health problems in older people were found of which edema, dry skin, thickened and discoloured toenails and hallux valgus were the most prevalent foot health problems. Moreover, many older people had difficulties in performing foot self-care. Nurses’ knowledge of foot care was insufficient and revealed a need for more information and continuing education in matters relating to foot care in older people. Instead, nurses’ foot care activities were mainly adequate, though the findings indicate the need for updating foot care activities to correspond with the evidence found in the field of foot care. Practical implications are presented for nursing practice, education and administration. In future, research should focus on developing interventions for older people and nurses to promote foot health in older people and to prevent foot health problems, as well as for further development of the FHAI.

Prokaryotic expression of a truncated form of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein E (gE) and its use in an ELISA for gE antibodies

This article describes the expression of a truncated form of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) glycoprotein E (gE) for use as immunodiagnostic reagent. A 651 nucleotide fragment corresponding to the amino-terminal third (217 amino acids) of BoHV-1 gE - that shares a high identity with the homologous BoHV-5 counterpart - was cloned as a 6×His-tag fusion protein in an Escherichia coli expression vector. A soluble protein of approximately 25 kDa purified from lysates of transformed E. coli was recognized in Western blot (WB) by anti-6xHis-tag and anti-BoHV-1 gE monoclonal antibodies. In addition, the recombinant protein was specifically recognized in WB by antibodies present in the sera of cattle seropositive to BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. An indirect ELISA using the expressed protein as coating antigen performed comparably to a commercial anti-gE ELISA and was able to differentiate serologically calves vaccinated with a gE-deleted BoHV-5 strain from calves infected with BoHV-1. Thus, the truncated gE may be useful for serological tests designed to differentiate BoHV-1/BoHV-5 infected animals from those vaccinated with gE-negative marker vaccines.

Palvelukohteiden seudullinen opastussuunnitelma : Etelä-Pohjanmaa

Vuonna 2007 otettiin liikenne- ja viestintäministeriön asetuksella käyttöön uusia palvelukohteiden opastusmerkkejä ja tunnuksia. Samalla opastuksen ohjeistusta uusittiin. Etelä-Pohjanmaan, Pohjanmaan ja Keski-Pohjanmaan maakunnallinen palvelukohteiden opastussuunnitelma valmistui joulukuussa 2007. Etelä-Pohjanmaan maakunnan opastusstrategian yhtenä tavoitteena on seudullisten suunnitelmien laatiminen alueelle. Tämä suunnitelma antaa lähtökohdat opastelupien hankkimiselle ja on lupapäätösten tukena. Suunnitelmassa on esitetty suunnitelman laatimisen aikainen tilanne, johon tulee myöhemmin muutoksia – kohteita poistuu, tulee uusia ja olemassa olevien kohteiden palvelutarjonta voi muuttua, jolloin on tarvetta tarkistaa viitoitusta ja sen laajuutta. Suunnitelmaa ylläpidetään ajantasaisena suunnitelman laatimisen jälkeen. Suunnitelmassa on kartoitettu kaikki alueen palveluntarjoajat ja selvitetty palvelukohteiden viitoituskelpoisuudet niille kohteille, joille on määritelty tieliikenneasetuksessa palvelukohteen tunnus. Samalla on tarkennettu valtakunnallisten ohjeiden pohjalta opastusperiaatteet, joiden mukaan viitoitussuunnitelma on laadittu. Samoja periaatteita on noudatettu Keski-Pohjanmaalle vuonna 2010 laaditussa seudullisessa palvelukohteiden opastussuunnitelmassa. Suunnitelmaan sisältyvät maantie-, katu- ja yksityistieverkko. Suunnittelussa mukana oli kunnat: Alajärvi, Evijärvi, Ilmajoki, Isojoki, Jalasjärvi, Karijoki, Kauhajoki, Kauhava, Kurikka, Lappajärvi, Lapua, Seinäjoki, Soini, Teuva ja Vimpeli. Suunnittelutyön aikana järjestettiin kolme yleisötilaisuutta, jotka pidettiin Kauhajoella (28.3.2012), Seinäjoella (11.6.2012) ja Alajärvellä (11.10.2012). Tilaisuuksiin osallistui yhteensä 16 palvelukohteiden opastuksesta kiinnostunutta kuntalaista. Etelä-Pohjanmaalla kartoitettiin noin 790 kpl palvelukohdetta, joista viitoituskelpoisiksi kohteiksi valikoitui 389 kpl. Näiden lisäksi on jonkin verran kohteita, jotka viitoitetaan ilman tunnusta. Kohteet, joiden viitoituskriteerit eivät täyty palvelukohteena, viitoitetaan tarvittaessa mustapohjaisella osoiteviitalla. Nykyisin palvelukohteena viitoitettuja kohteita on Etelä-Pohjanmaan alueella 223 kpl, joten viitoituskelpoisten kohteiden määrä kasvaa oleellisesti nykyisestä (+74 %), jos kaikki suunnitelmassa esitetyt palvelukohteet toteuttavat viitoituksensa. Suunnitelma ei velvoita kohteen ylläpitäjiä hankkimaan palvelukohteiden viitoitusta, mutta antaa sille rajat, kuinka se on laajimmillaan mahdollista toteuttaa.