The non-linear response of a gyrostabilized platform: Effects of correction torque time delay and of random inputs

First, the non-linear response of a gyrostabilized platform to a small constant input torque is analyzed in respect to the effect of the time delay (inherent or deliberately introduced) in the correction torque supplied by the servomotor, which itself may be non-linear to a certain extent. The equation of motion of the platform system is a third order nonlinear non-homogeneous differential equation. An approximate analytical method of solution of this equation is utilized. The value of the delay at which the platform response becomes unstable has been calculated by using this approximate analytical method. The procedure is illustrated by means of a numerical example. Second, the non-linear response of the platform to a random input has been obtained. The effects of several types of non-linearity on reducing the level of the mean square response have been investigated, by applying the technique of equivalent linearization and solving the resulting integral equations by using laguerre or Gaussian integration techniques. The mean square responses to white noise and band limited white noise, for various values of the non-linear parameter and for different types of non-linearity function, have been obtained. For positive values of the non-linear parameter the levels of the non-linear mean square responses to both white noise and band-limited white noise are low as compared to the linear mean square response. For negative values of the non-linear parameter the level of the non-linear mean square response at first increases slowly with increasing values of the non-linear parameter and then suddenly jumps to a high level, at a certain value of the non-linearity parameter.

1-(3,5-Diethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-phenylisoquinoline

In the title molecule, C22H21N3, the isoquinoline ring is almost planar maximum deviation = 0.046 (1) A] and makes dihedral angles of 52.01 (4) and 14.61 (4)degrees with the pyrazole and phenyl rings, respectively. The phenyl ring and the pyrazole ring are twisted by 44.20 (6)degrees with respect to each other. The terminal C atoms of both of the ethyl groups attached to the pyrazole ring are disordered over two sites with occupancy ratios of 0.164 (7):0.836 (7) and 0.447 (16):0.553 (16). A weak intramolecular C-H...N contact may influence the molecular conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by C-H...pi contacts involving the phenyl and pyrazole rings, and by pi-pi stacking interactions involving the pyridine and benzene rings centroid-centroid distance = 3.5972 (10) A].

Solution concepts in continuous-kernel multicriteria games

This paper considers nonzero-sum multicriteria games with continuous kernels. Solution concepts based on the notions of Pareto optimality, equilibrium, and security are extended to these games. Separate necessary and sufficient conditions and existence results are presented for equilibrium, Pareto-optimal response, and Pareto-optimal security strategies of the players.

Purification and properties of xylanase from the thermophilic fungus, Humicola lanuginosa (Griffon and Maublanc) Bunce

An extracellular xylanase was purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate of the thermophilic fungus, Humicola lanuginosa (Griffon and Maublanc) Bunce and its properties were studied. A fourfold purification and a yield of 8% were achieved. The molecular-weight of the protein was found to be 22,500 based on electrophoretic mobility and 29,000 by gel filtration behavior. The protein is rich in acidic amino acids, glycine and tyrosine, and poor in sulfur-containing amino acids. The kinetic properties of the enzyme are similar to those of other fungal xylanases. The enzyme shows high affinity toward larchwood xylan (Km = 0.91 mg/ml) and hydrolyzes only xylan. The enzyme becomes inactivated when stored for more than 2 months at −20 °C in the dry state. Such an inactivation has not been reported so far for any xylanase. Using chromatographic techniques, one species of protein differing from the native protein in charge but enzymatically active was isolated in low yields. However, a large molecular-weight species of the protein devoid of enzyme activity was isolated in substantial quantities and further characterized. Based on ultracentrifugation and gel electrophoretic studies, it was concluded that this species may be an aggregate of the native protein and that such an aggregation might be taking place on storage in the dry state at −20 °C, leading to loss in activity.

Influence of Starch Polysaccharide on the Remolded Properties of 2 Indian clay Samples

The reported presence in marine clays and the recognized role of polysaccharide as a bonding agent provided the motivation to examine the role of starch polysaccharide in the remoulded properties of nonswelling (kaolinite) and swelling (bentonite) groups of clays. The starch polysaccharide belongs to a group of naturally occurring, large-sized organic molecules (termed polymers) and is built up by extensive repetition of simple chemical units called repeat units. The results of the study indicate that the impact of the starch polysaccharide on the remoulded properties of clays is dependent on the mineralogy of the clays. On addition to bentonite clay, the immensely large number of segments (repeat units) of the starch polysaccharide create several polymer segment - clay surface bonds that cause extensive aggregation of the bentonite units layers. The aggregation of the bentonite unit layers greatly curtails the available surface area of the clay mineral for diffuse ion layer formation. The reduction in diffuse ion layer thickness markedly lowers the consistency limits and vane shear strength of the bentonite clay. On addition to kaolinite, the numerous polymer segment - clay surface bonds enhance the tendency of the kaolinite particles to flocculate. The enhanced particle flocculation is responsible apparently for a small to moderate increase in the liquid limit and remoulded undrained strength of the nonswelling clay.

Noise measurements of a phase fluorometric instrument

We present noise measurements of a phase fluorometric oxygen sensor that sets the limits of accuracy for this instrument. We analyze the phase sensitive detection measurement system with the signal ''shot'' noise being the only significant contribution to the system noise. Based on the modulated optical power received by the photomultiplier, the analysis predicts a noise spectral power density that was within 3 dB of the measured power spectral noise density. Our results demonstrate that at a received optical power of 20 fW the noise level was low enough to permit the detection of a change oxygen concentration of 1% at the sensor. We also present noise measurements of a new low-cost version of this instrument that uses a photodiode instead of a photomultiplier. These measurements show that the noise for this instrument was limited by noise generated in the preamplifier following the photodiode. (C) 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Optimization of Helicopter Rotor Using Polynomial and Neural Network Metamodels

This study aims to determine optimal locations of dual trailing-edge flaps and blade stiffness to achieve minimum hub vibration levels in a helicopter, with low penalty in terms of required trailing-edge flap control power. An aeroelastic analysis based on finite elements in space and time is used in conjunction with an optimal control algorithm to determine the flap time history for vibration minimization. Using the aeroelastic analysis, it is found that the objective functions are highly nonlinear and polynomial response surface approximations cannot describe the objectives adequately. A neural network is then used for approximating the objective functions for optimization. Pareto-optimal points minimizing both helicopter vibration and flap power ale obtained using the response surface and neural network metamodels. The two metamodels give useful improved designs resulting in about 27% reduction in hub vibration and about 45% reduction in flap power. However, the design obtained using response surface is less sensitive to small perturbations in the design variables.

Systematic crystallographic investigation of hydrogen-bonded networks involving monohydrogen tartrate-amine complexes: Potential materials for nonlinear optics

Crystal structures of six binary salts involving aromatic amines as cations and hydrogen tartrates as anions are presented. The materials are 2,6-xylidinium-L-monohydrogen tartrate monohydrate, C12H18O6.5N, P22(1)2(1), a = 7.283(2) Angstrom, b = 17.030(2) Angstrom, c = 22.196(2) Angstrom, Z = 8; 2,6-xylidinium-D-dibenzoyl monohydrogen tartrate, C26H25O8N, P2(1), a = 7.906(1) Angstrom, b = 24.757(1) Angstrom, c = 13.166(1) Angstrom, beta = 105.01(1)degrees, Z = 4; 2,3-xylidinium-D-dibenzoyl monohydrogen tartrate monohydrate, C26H26O8.5N, P2(1), a = 7.837(1) Angstrom, b = 24.488(1) Angstrom, c = 13.763(1) Angstrom, beta = 105.69(1)degrees, Z = 4; 2-toluidinium-D-dibenzoyl monohydrogen tartrate, C25H23O8N, P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 13.553(2) Angstrom, b = 15.869(3) Angstrom, c = 22.123(2) Angstrom, Z = 8; 3-toluidinium-D-dibenzoyl monohydrogen tartrate (1:1), C25H23O8N, P1, a = 7.916(3) Angstrom, b = 11.467(6) Angstrom, c = 14.203(8) Angstrom, alpha = 96.44(4)degrees, beta = 98.20(5)degrees, = 110.55(5)degrees, Z = 2; 3-toluidinium-D-dibenzoyl tartrate dihydrate (1:2), C32H36O10N, P1, a = 7.828(3) Angstrom, b = 8.233(1) Angstrom, c = 24.888(8) Angstrom, alpha = 93.98 degrees, beta = 94.58(3)degrees, = 89.99(2)degrees, Z = 2. An analysis of the hydrogen-bonding schemes in terms of crystal packing, stoichiometric variations, and substitutional variations in these materials provides insights to design hydrogen-bonded networks directed toward the engineering of crystalline nonlinear optical materials.

Pentoxifylline improves sperm capacitation and in vitro fertilization of oocytes in the golden hamster

Pentoxifylline (PF) is used to improve motility of spermatozoa from subfertile or nonfertile males to accomplish in vitro fertilization in humans. The possible adverse effect of PF on pre- and peri- implantation stage embryo development in a suitable rodent model, such as the golden hamster, is yet to be determined. In this study, hamster cauda epididymal spermatozoa were exposed to different concentrations (0.23 to 3.6 mM) of PF, and their quantitative [percentage of motility] and qualitative [Score 0 to 5] motility were assessed and values expressed as the sperm motility index. Upon addition of spermatozoa to dishes containing PF, an immediate increase in sperm motility and sperm motility index was evident, which increased up to 4 to 6 h and then declined. The sperm motility index increase by PF was dose-dependant, and greater than or equal to 1.8 mM PF was detrimental after 4 h. The optimum dose of PF was found to be 0.45 mM. To assess the fertilizing ability of PF-treated spermatozoa, in vitro fertilization was carried out. Fertilization rates for spermatozoa treated with 3.6 mM PF were lower (53.8 +/- 7.8) than for the controls (69.5 +/- 10.2), whereas, treatment with 0.45 mM PF increased the rates (91.6 +/- 4.3) compared with that of the controls (80.2 +/- 5.9). In conclusion, low concentrations (0.23 to 0.45 mM) of PF improve sperm capacitation and fertilization of oocytes in vitro in the golden hamster.

Nonlinear optical activity of anhydrous and hydrated sodium p-nitrophenolate

Differently hydrated sodium p-nitrophenolate (NPNa) crystals were obtained while growing them from different solvents such as methanol and water. Thermal analysis and powder X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on these crystals. Kurtz powder SHG technique was used for qualitative assessment of their nonlinear optical (NLO) activity. From the detailed single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies it is established that NPNa has three different forms, of which only one is found to possess NLO activity. Additionally, a new NLO active crystal was also found to grow from aqueous solution. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and structures of oxyanion encapsulated copper(I)-dppm complexes (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino) methane)

Copper(I)-dppm complexes encapsulating the oxyanions ClO4-, NO3-, CH3C6H4CO2-, SO42-, and WO42- have been synthesized either by reduction of the corresponding Cu(II) salts and treatment with dppm, or by treating the complex [Cu-2(dppm)(2)(dmcn)(3)](BF4)(2) (1) (dmcn = dimethyl cyanamide) with the respective anion. The isolated complexes [Cu-2(dppm)(2)(dmcn)(2)(ClO4)] (ClO4) (2), [Cu-2(dppm)(2)(dmcn)(2)(NO3)] (NO3) (3), Cu-2(dppm)(2)(NO3)(2) (4), [Cu-2(dppm)(2)(CH3C6H4CO2)(2)]dmcn.2THF (5), Cu-2(dppm)(2)(SO4) (6), and [Cu-3(dppm)(3)(Cl)(WO4)] 0.5H(2)O (7) have been characterized by IR, H-1 and P-31{H-1} NMR, UV-vis, and emission spectroscopy. The solid-state molecular structure of complexes 1, 2, 4, and 7 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Pertinent crystal data are as follows: for 1, monoclinic P2(1)/c, a = 11.376(10) Angstrom, b = 42.503(7) Angstrom, c = 13.530(6) Angstrom, beta = 108.08(2)degrees, V = 6219(3) Angstrom(3), Z = 4; for 2, monoclinic P2(1)/c, a = 21.600(3) Angstrom, b = 12.968(3) Angstrom, c = 23.050(3) Angstrom, beta = 115.97(2)degrees, V = 5804(17) Angstrom(3), Z = 4; for 4, triclinic , a = 10.560(4) Angstrom, b = 10.553(3) Angstrom, c = 22.698(3) Angstrom, alpha = 96.08(2)degrees, beta = 96.03(2)degrees, gamma = 108.31(2)degrees, V = 2362(12) Angstrom(3), Z = 2; and for 7, orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 14.407(4) Angstrom, b = 20.573(7) Angstrom, c = 24.176(6) Angstrom, V = 7166(4) Angstrom(3), Z = 4. Analyses of the crystallographic and spectroscopic data of these complexes reveal the nature of interactions between the Cu-I-dppm core and oxyanion. The anchoring of the oxyanion to the Cu-n(dppm)(n) unit is primarily through coordination to the metal, but the noncovalent C-H ... O interactions between the methylene and phenyl protons of the dppm and oxygen atoms of the oxyanion play a significant role. The solid-state emission spectra for complexes 1-6 are very similar but different from 7. In CDCl3 solution, addition of ClO4- or NO3- (as their tetrabutylammonium salts) to 1 establishes a rapid equilibrium between the anion-complexed and uncomplexed forms. The association constant values for ClO4- and NO3- have been estimated from the P-31{H-1} NMR spectra.

Interfaces In Quasicrystalline Systems

Structural relations between quasicrystalline and related crystalline rational approximant phases have been of interest for some time now. Such relations are now being used to understand interface structures. Interfaces between structural motif - wise related, but dissimilarly periodic phases are expected to show a degree of lattice match in certain directions. Our earlier studies in the Al-Cu-Fe system using the HREM technique has shown this to be true. The structural difference leads to well defined structural ledges in the interface between the icosahedral Al-Cu-Fe phase and the monoclinic Al13Fe4 type phase. In the present paper we report our results on the HREM study of interfaces in Al-Cu-Fe and Al-Pd-Mn systems. The emphasis will be on heterophase interfaces between quasiperiodic and periodic phases, where the two are structurally related. An attempt will be made to correlate the results with calculated lattice projections of the two structures on the grain boundary plane.

Interfaces In Quasicrystalline Systems

Structural relations between quasicrystalline and related crystalline rational approximant phases have been of interest for some time now. Such relations are now being used to understand interface structures. Interfaces between structural motif - wise related, but dissimilarly periodic phases are expected to show a degree of lattice match in certain directions. Our earlier studies in the Al-Cu-Fe system using the HREM technique has shown this to be true. The structural difference leads to well defined structural ledges in the interface between the icosahedral Al-Cu-Fe phase and the monoclinic Al13Fe4 type phase. In the present paper we report our results on the HREM study of interfaces in Al-Cu-Fe and Al-Pd-Mn systems. The emphasis will be on heterophase interfaces between quasiperiodic and periodic phases, where the two are structurally related. An attempt will be made to correlate the results with calculated lattice projections of the two structures on the grain boundary plane.