Anxiolytic-like effects of 4-phenyl-2-trichloromethyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine hydrogen sulfate in mice

The pharmacological effects of 4-phenyl-2-trichloromethyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine hydrogen sulfate (PTMB), a novel synthetic benzodiazepine, were examined in mice. In the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety, 0.3-1 mg/kg diazepam ip (F(3,53) = 3.78; P<0.05) and 1-10 mg/kg PTMB ip increased (F(5,98) = 3.26; P<0.01), whereas 2 mg/kg picrotoxin ip decreased (F(3,59) = 8.32; P<0.001) the proportion of time spent in the open arms, consistent with an anxiolytic action of both benzodiazepines, and an anxiogenic role for picrotoxin. In the holeboard, 1.0 mg/kg diazepam ip increased (F(3,54) = 2.78; P<0.05) and 2 mg/kg picrotoxin ip decreased (F(3,59) = 4.69; P<0.01) locomotor activity. Rotarod assessment revealed that 1 mg/kg diazepam ip and 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg PTMB ip produced significant motor incoordination compared to vehicle control (F(4,70) = 7.6; P<0.001). These data suggest that the recently synthesized PTMB compound possesses anxiolytic activity and produces motor incoordination similar to those observed with diazepam.

Pauta de observación de patrones motores en niños de 4 a 5 años.

Los objetivos de esta investigación son: 1. Diseñar y validar una pauta de observación de las conductas motoras básicas o patrones motores fundamentales en niños y niñas chilenos de 4 y 5 años. 2. Identificar en una muestra representativa de la región de Maule, el grado de adquisición de los patrones motores fundamentales de los niños y niñas chilenos de 4 a 5 años. 3. Detectar y analizar los procedimientos de intervención utilizados en las aulas de párvulos chilenos para ayudar a la adquisición de los patrones motores fundamentales en niños de 4 a 5 años. 4. Elaborar y proponer actividades de estimulación motriz utilizables en las escuelas de párvulos de la región del Maule, para ayudar al desarrollo de los patrones motores fundamentales en niños de 4 a 5 años. 5. Aplicar un programa de estimulación motriz a un grupo experimental, compuesto por niños de 4 a 5 años de ambos sexos para verificar su efectividad y comprobar el periodo requerido para la adquisición de un determinado patrón motor fundamental. La muestra de la investigación está decidida de acuerdo a un estudio descriptivo regional sobre el diagnóstico de la presencia de los patrones motores fundamentales, un estudio de caso y finalmente un estudio pre-experimental. La muestra de aplicación de la pauta de observación de las conductas motoras para párvulos corresponde a 2249 niños y niñas de 4 a 5 años 11 meses de edad correspondientes a los que se encontraban presentes en el momento de evaluación y pertenecientes a jardines infantiles de Junji, Integra y Mineduc de la Región de Maule. El trabajo constituye un diseño descriptivo pre-experimental, considerando procedimientos cualitativos. En la primera fase de la investigación se elaboró una pauta de observación para cotejar la presencia o ausencia de los patrones motores fundamentales de locomoción, manipulación y de estabilidad, una vez estructurada la batera se aplicó en una muestra piloto de 100 párvulos, la mitad de cada sexo y posteriormente se aplicó a la población que constituyó la muestra definitiva. El instrumento utilizado para llevar a cabo esta investigación fue una pauta de observación para verificar el desarrollo de los patrones motores en niños de 4 a 5 años creada por el doctorando y que considera las siguientes variables: equilibro, cuadrupedia, marcha, vertical, salto, lanzamiento, carrera y golpear. Estas variables se definen conforme a la descripción que Mc Clenaghan y Gallahue (1985) realizan sobre los patrones motores fundamentales clasificándolos en tres grupos: locomoción, manipulación y estabilidad. El método utilizado para la recogida de datos fue la observación no participante y el instrumento para la recogida de los datos de una cámara de vídeo. Posteriormente se transcribieron y ordenaron los datos en una hoja de registros para describir la información y el posterior análisis de los mismos. Los resultados indican que en la muestra de la región del Maule, todas las conductas en términos de promedio porcentual presentan una mayor presencia de mayor edad, incluso con un nivel de dispersión menor en la medida en que los niños aumentan en edad. La única variable que no se presenta adquirida a la edad de 4 años, es golpear, ni el indicador botar con una mano 3 veces. El estudio pre-experimental indica que en el sexo femenino se advierten diferencias significativas en las variables equilibrio, marcha, salto, carrera y golpear. Asimismo los varones presentan diferencias significativas en carrera y golpear, e independiente del sexo, existen diferencias significativas en casi todas las variables excepto en cuadrupedia y lanzamiento. Desde el punto de vista teórico-conceptual este estudio aporta las características que deben presentar los patrones motores fundamentales de locomoción, estabilidad y manipulación. Además, presenta un resumen una serie de pautas de evaluación en el ámbito de la psicomotricidad que pueden ayudar a los maestros de educación infantil.

Origin and evolution of flavivirus 5'UTRs and panhandles: trans-terminal duplications?

Flavivirus replication is mediated by interactions between complementary ssRNA sequences of the 5'- and 3'-termini that form dsRNA cyclisation stems or panhandles, varying in length, sequence and specific location in the mosquito-borne, tick-borne, non-vectored and non-classified flaviviruses. In this manuscript we manually aligned the flavivirus 5'UTRs and adjacent capsid genes and revealed significantly more homology than has hitherto been identified. Analysis of the alignments revealed that the panhandles represent evolutionary remnants of a long cyclisation domain that probably emerged through duplication of one of the UTR termini.

Influence of counter anions on the structures and magnetic properties of trinuclear Cu(II) complexes containing a mu(3)-OH core and Schiff base ligands

Four trinuclear Cu(II) complexes, [(CuL1)(3)(mu(3)-OH)](NO3)(2) (1), [(CuL2)(3)(mu(3)-OH)](I)(2)center dot H2O (2), [(CuL3)(3)(mu(3)-OH)](I)(2) (3) and [(CuL1)(3)(mu(3)-OH)][(CuI3)-I-1] (4), where HL1 (8-amino-4-methyl-5-azaoct-3-en-2-one), HL2 [7-amino-4-methyl-5-azaoct-3-en-2-one] and HL3 [7-amino-4-methyl-5-azahept-3-en-2- one] are the three tridentate Schiff bases, have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. All four complexes contain a partial cubane core, [(CuL)(3)(mu(3)-OH)](2+) in which the three [CuL] subunits are interconnected through two types of oxygen bridges afforded by the oxygen atoms of the ligands and the central OH- group. The copper(II) ions are in a distorted square-pyramidal environment. The equatorial plane consists of the bridging oxygen of the central OH- group together with three atoms (N, N, O) from the Schiff base. The oxygen atom of the Schiff base also coordinates to the axial position of Cu(II) of another subunit to form the cyclic trimer. Magnetic susceptibilities have been determined for these complexes over the temperature range of 2-300 K. The isotropic Hamiltonian, H = -J(12)S(1)S(2) - J(13)S(1)S(3) - J(23)S(2)S(3) has been used to interpret the magnetic data. The best fit parameters obtained are: J = - 54.98 cm(-1) g = 2.24 for 1; J = - 56.66 cm(-1), g = 2.19 for 2; J = -44.39 cm(-1), g = 2.16 for 3; J = - 89.92 cm(-1), g = 2.25 for 4. The EPR data at low temperature indicate that the phenomenon of spin frustration occurs for complexes 1-3. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trinuclear cu(ll) complexes containing peripheral ketonic oxygen bridges and a mu(3)-OH core: Syntheses, crystal structures, spectroscopic and magnetic properties

Four new trinuclear copper(II) complexes, [(CuL1)(3)(mu(3)-OH)](ClO4)(2)center dot H2O (1), [(CuL2)(3)(mu(3)-OH)](CIO4)(2) (2), [(CuL3)(3)-(mu(3)-OH)](ClO4)(4)center dot H2O (3), and [(CuL4)(3)(mu(3)-OH)](ClO4)(2)center dot H2O (4), where HL1 = 8-amino-4,7,7-trimethyl-5-azaoct-3-en-2-one, HL2 = 7-amino-4-methyl-5-azaoct-3-en-2-one, HL3 = 7(ethylamino)-4-methyl-5-azahept-3-en-2-one, and HL4 = 4-methyl-7-(methylamino)-5-azahept-3-en-2-one, have been derived from the four tridentate Schiff bases (HL1, HL2, HL3, and HL4) and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. For all compounds, the cationic part is trinuclear with a CU3OH core held by three carbonyl oxygen bridges between each pair of copper(II) atoms. The copper atoms are five-coordinate with a distorted square-pyramidal geometry; the equatorial plane consists of the bridging oxygen atom of the central OH group together with three atoms (N, N, O) from one ligand whereas an oxygen atom of a second ligand occupies the axial position. Magnetic measurements have been performed in the 2-300 K temperature range. The experimental data could be satisfactorily reproduced by using an isotropic exchange model, H = -J(S1S2+S2S3+S1S3) yielding as best-fit parameters: J = -66.7 and g = 2.19 for 1, J = -36.6 and g = 2.20 for 2, J = -24.5 and g = 2.20 for 3, and J = -14.9 and g = 2.05 for 4. EPR spectra at low temperature show the existence of spin frustration in complexes 3 and 4, but it has not been possible to carry out calculations of the antisymmetric exchange parameter, G, from magnetic data. In frozen methanolic solution, at 4 K, hyperfine splitting in all complexes and spin frustration in complex 4 seem to be confirmed. ((c) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)

Different supramolecular hydrogen bond structures and significant changes in magnetic properties in dinuclear mu(2)-1,1-N-3 copper(II) complexes with very similar tridentate Schiff base blocking ligands

Three new basal-apical, mu(2)-1,1-azide bridged complexes, [CuL1(N-3)](2) (1), [CuL2(N-3)](2) (2) and [CuL3(N-3)]2 (3) with very similar tridentate Schiff base blocking ligands [L-1=N-(3-aminopropyl) salicylaldimine, L-2=7-amino-4-methyl-5-azahept-3-en-2-one and L-3=8-amino-4-methyl-5-azaoct-3-en-2-one) have been synthesised and their molecular structures determined by X-ray crystallography. In complex 1, there is no inter-dimer H-bonding. However, complexes 2 and 3 form two different supramolecular structures in which the dinuclear entities are linked by strong H-bonds giving one-dimensional systems. Variable-temperature (300-2 K) magnetic susceptibility measurements and magnetization measurements at 2 K reveal that complexes 1 and 2 have antiferromagnetic coupling while 3 has ferromagnetic coupling which is also confirmed by EPR spectra at 4-300 K. Magnetostructural correlations have been made taking into consideration both the azido bridging ligands and the existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in complexes 2 and 3.

Fulvalene cyclopentadienyl titanium and zirconium(III) and -(IV) complexes. X-Ray crystal structure of [{Ti(η5-C5H5) Cl}2 (μ-O)(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)]

The reaction of the fulvalene titanium(III) hydride [{Ti(η5-C5H5)(μ-H)}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (1) with chlorine leads to [{Ti(η5-C5H5)(μ-Cl)}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (3) and [{Ti(η5-C5H5)Cl2}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (4). The reaction of 3 with azobenzene, in wet toluene, gives [{Ti(η5-C5H5)Cl}2(μ-O)(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (5) and 1,2-diphenyl hydrazine. The alkylation of 4 and the analogous zirconium complex [{Zr(η5-C5H55)Cl2}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (2) with LiCH2SiMe3 or LiCH3 permits isolation of the tetraalkyl derivatives [{M(η5-C5H5)(CH2SiMe3)2}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (M  Ti (6); Zr (8)) and [{Ti(η5-C5H5)(CH3)2}2(μ-η5-η5C10H8)] (7). All the new fulvalene compounds were characterized by IR, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscope, and mass spectra and 5 by X-ray diffraction. The structure of 5 is very similar to that of the comparable TiIV compound [{Ti(η5-C5H5)2Cl}2(μ-O)] except for the smaller TiOTi angle (159.4° against 173.81°) and a significant deviation from linearity.

3-manifolds in Euclidean space from a contact viewpoint

We study the geometry of 3-manifolds generically embedded in R(n) by means of the analysis of the singularities of the distance-squared and height functions on them. We describe the local structure of the discriminant (associated to the distribution of asymptotic directions), the ridges and the flat ridges.

Structural, electronic, and magnetic entropy contributions of the orbital order-disorder transition in LaMnO(3)

Measurements of X-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity, and magnetization are reported across the Jahn-Teller phase transition in LaMnO(3). Using a thermodynamic equation, we obtained the pressure derivative of the critical temperature (T(JT)), dT(JT)/dP = -28.3 K GPa(-1). This approach also reveals that 5.7(3)J(mol K)(-1) comes from the volume change and 0.8(2)J(mol K)(-1) from the magnetic exchange interaction change across the phase transition. Around T(JT), a robust increase in the electrical conductivity takes place and the electronic entropy change, which is assumed to be negligible for the majority of electronic systems, was found to be 1.8(3)J(mol K)(-1).

Energy transfer processes in Yb(3+)-Tm(3+) co-doped sodium alumino-phosphate glasses with improved 1.8 mu m emission

Sodium alumino-phosphate glasses co-doped with Yb(3+) and Tm(3+) ions have been prepared with notably low OH(-) content, and characterized from the viewpoint of their spectroscopic properties. In these glasses, Yb(3+) acts as an efficient sensitizer of excitation energy at 0.98 mu m - which can be provided by high power and low cost diode lasers, and subsequently undergoes non-resonant energy transfer to Tm(3+) ions ((2)F(5/2), (3)H(6) --> (2)F(7/2), (3)H(5)). Through this process, the emitting level (3)F(4) is rapidly populated, generating improved emission at 1.8 mu m ((3)F(4) --> (3)H(6)). In order to guarantee the efficiency of such favorable energy transfer, energy losses via multiphonon decay, Yb-Yb radiative trapping, and non- radiative transfer to OH(-) groups were evaluated, and minimized when possible. The dipole - dipole energy transfer microscopic parameters corresponding to Yb(3+) --> Tm(3+), Yb(3+) --> Yb(3+) and Tm(3+) --> Tm(3+) transfers, calculated by the Forster-Dexter model, are C(Yb-Tm) = 2.9 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1), C(Yb-Yb) = 42 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1) and C(Tm-Tm) = 43 x 10(-40) cm(6) s(-1), respectively.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and X-ray structures of five-coordinate diorganotin(IV) complexes containing 5-hydroxypyrazoline derivatives as ligands

Four new diorganotin(IV) complexes have been prepared from R(2)SnCl(2) (R = Me, Ph) with the ligands 5-hydroxy-3-metyl-5-phenyl-1-(S-benzildithiocarbazate)-pyrazoline (H(2)L(1)) and 5-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1-(2-thiophenecarboxylic)-pyrazoline (H(2)L(2)). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR. (1)H (13)C, (119)Sn NMR and Mossbauer spectroscopes The complexes [Me(2)SnL(1)], [Ph(2)SnL(1)] and [Me(2)SnL(2)] were also studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction and the results showed that the Sn(IV) central atom of the complexes adopts a distorted trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) geometry with the N atom of the ONX-tridentate (X = O and S) ligand and two organic groups occupying equatorial sites. The C-Sn-C angles for [Me(2)Sn(L(1))] and [Ph(2)Sn(L(1))] were calculated using a correlation between (119)Sn Mossbauer and X-ray crystallographic data based on the point-charge model Theoretical calculations were performed with the B3LYP density functional employing 3-21G(*) and DZVP all electron basis sets showing good agreement with experimental findings General and Sn(IV) specific IR harmonic frequency scale factors for both basis sets were obtained from comparison with selected experimental frequencies (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

Crystal structure, DNA binding studies, nucleolytic property and topoisomerase I inhibition of zinc complex with 1,10-phenanthroline and 3-methyl-picolinic acid

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Uso do 5-fluorouracil no intra-operatório da cirurgia do pterígio

Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade e as complicações com a aplicação do 5- fluorouracil (5-FLU) no intra-operatório da cirurgia do pterígio. Método: Foram avaliados 28 olhos de 26 indivíduos quanto ao tipo e tamanho do pterígio, cirurgias prévias e a resposta ao tratamento cirúrgico (no 7º , 21º , 60º e 90º dia de pós-operatório). Logo após a exerese do pterígio, aplicou-se 5-FLU (25 mg/ml) no leito cirúrgico, durante cinco minutos; a seguir, realizou-se a técnica de deslizamento de retalho conjuntival. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes tinha mais de 50 anos de idade e apresentava pterígio primário (70,0%), grau II (60,7%), do tipo involutivo (60,7%). No pós-operatório observaram-se: isquemia (10,7%), deiscência da conjuntiva (7,1%), ceratite (3,5%), conjuntivite (3,5%) e recidiva da lesão em 1 olho (3,5%).Conclusão: O 5-FLU se mostrou droga segura e efetiva na prevenção das recidivas, podendo ser usado como coadjuvante no tratamento do pterígio para prevenir recidivas.

Ferroelectric and optical properties of Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 thin film

Barium strontium titanate (Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3) thin films have been prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a soft solution processing. X-ray diffraction and also micro-Raman spectroscopy showed that the Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 thin films exhibited a tetragonal structure at room temperature. The presence of Raman active modes was clearly shown at the 299 and 725 cm(-1) peaks. The tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition in the Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 thin films is broadened, and suppressed at about 35 degreesC, with a maximum dielectric constant of 948 (100 kHz). Electrical measurements for the prepared Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 thin films showed a remnant polarization (P-r) of 6.5 muC/cm(2), a coercive field (E-c) of 41 kV/cm, and good insulating properties. The dispersion of the refractive index is interpreted in terms of a single electronic oscillator at 6.97 eV. The direct band gap energy (E-g) and the refractive index (n) are estimated to be 3.3 eV and n = 2.27-2.10, respectively. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

THE PHO-2A MUTANT OF NEUROSPORA-CRASSA WHICH IS DEFICIENT IN PI-REPRESSIBLE ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE (EC 3.1.3.1) IS ALSO DEFECTIVE IN PI-REPRESSIBLE ACID-PHOSPHATASE (EC 3.1.3.2)

1. The mycelial Pi-repressible acid phosphatase presented p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity with negative cooperativity and Michaelian behavior when synthesized by the wild-type and pho-2A mutant strains of Neurospora crassa, respectively.2. The major acid phosphatase present in cell extracts of the pho-2A mutant of N. crassa grown in low Pi medium is more thermolabile (t1/2 = 4 min at 54-degrees-C, pH 5.4) than that of the wild strain (stable for at least 80 min at 54-degrees-C, pH 5.4).3. The pho-2A mutant of N. crassa secreted a more thermolabile acid phosphatase (t1/2 = 30 min at 50-degrees-C, pH 5.4) than the wild strain (t1/2 of at least 80 min at 50-degrees-C, pH 5.4).4. The pho-2A mutant of N. crassa synthesized a more thermolabile acid phosphatase (t1/2 = 37 min at 54-degrees-C, pH 5.4) than the wild strain in high Pi medium (t1/2 = 14 min al 54-degrees-C, pH 5.4).5. The pleiotropic nature of the pho-2 locus and its possible involvement in the mechanism of phosphatase secretion by N. crassa are proposed.