Cytokine-specific Gene-knockout Studies in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis

Oropharyngeal candidiasis is a common clinical problem encountered in patients with defects in innate or cell-mediated immunity. We have previously shown that recovery from chronic oropharyngeal candidiasis is dependent on CD4+ T-cell augmentation of neutrophil and macrophage candidacidal activity, and that the immune response is characterised by the production of cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-gamma by cells in the local draining lymph nodes, and by the expression of TNF-alpha in the oral tissues. Objective: The purpose of this study was to elaborate on the role of these cytokines in recovery from oropharyngeal candidiasis, by using cytokine-specific gene-knockout mice. Methods: These mice are created by targeted gene mutation (tm1) of embryonic stem (ES) cells microinjected into host embryos. IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha knockout mice, and appropriate controls, were infected orally with 108 viable C. albicans yeasts. The infection was quantified by swabbing the oral cavity and plating on Sabouraud's agar. Results: Tnftm1mice developed an acute severe infection characterized by an increased fungal load in the early stages of infection, but cleared the yeast within the same time frame as control mice (21 days). On the other hand, Il12btm1 mice developed a chronic oropharyngeal infection (120 days) similar to that seen in T-cell deficient (Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu) mutant mice. There was no significant difference between Il4tm1, Il10tm1, and Ifngtm1 mice and their respective controls. Conclusions: Tnftm1 mice may be rendered more susceptible through impaired recruitment of phagocytic cells, and/or impaired killing of C. albicans, whereas Il12btm1 mice may not be capable of activating naïve T-cells or inducing an appropriate cellular immune response. Supported by NHMRC and ADRF.

Developing a research framework for understanding the social realities, with special reference to Sri Lankan entrepreneurs

This paper identifies and examines issues of relevance for increasing effectiveness of entrepreneurial management research. These issues emerged from research into entrepreneurial behaviour and underlying motivations in Sri Lanka. Understanding of socially- and culturally-bound social actors, social actions and social outputs in entrepreneurial activity requires context-sensitivity, expressed through cognisance of institutional characteristics, the interface between cultural values and business, and historical and cultural forces which impact on entrepreneurship. We suggest that this requires exploration through bottom-up translations of actions consistent with the beliefs and values of the actors involved, employing qualitative methodology to ground the reality of human behaviour in deep-rooted cultural and social contexts. Thorough interpretation of holistic case studies that are capable of capturing the actors' viewpoints brings appropriate insights to the field of entrepreneurship.

Are Sri Lankan entrepreneurs motivated by the need for achievement?

The entrepreneurship models in existence in Sri Lanka are often based on the assumptions of n-Ach and personality trait theory. In this paper we describe empirical research into entrepreneurial motivations in Sri Lanka that addresses the neglect of socio-cultural factors. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurial motivation in Sri Lanka is rooted not in a need for individual achievement, but in the conscious or unconscious need to satisfy a sense of social intimacy. The emphasis on social power, social relations and collectivism create a setting for entrepreneurial motivation in Sri Lanka that drives almost directly counter to western ideologies of entrepreneurial motivation (from paper).