鲤鱼发育早期HPG轴和GH/IGF轴相关因子的转录起始分析

采用RT-PCR的方法,以不同发育时期的鲤鱼胚胎和幼鱼为材料,研究了与鱼类生殖相关的HPG轴以及与生长相关的GH/IGF轴中GnRH、GtH以及GH、GHR和IGF重要信号分子的转录起始特征。结果显示,sGnRH、cGnRH、GtH-Iβ亚基和GHR于鲤鱼胚胎受精后20h开始转录,IGF-1于受精后23h开始转录,GtH-IIβ亚基于受精后26h开始转录,GtHα亚基于受精后46h开始转录,GH于1dph(孵出后第1天)开始转录。其中,GHR和IGF-1均早于GH开始转录,GtHα亚基和β亚基的转录起始时

奇奇核158Ho和124Cs高自旋态的实验研究

奇奇核作为研究准质子和准中子间相互作用的独特侯选核，近年来，人们给予了越来越多的关注。奇奇核高j组态带中观测到的低自旋旋称反转现象(Signature inversion)已成为原子核高自旋态领域中一个十分活跃的研究课题。近十年来，一系列基于二准粒子加转子模型框架的计算结果表明，奇奇核中这两个准粒子之间的相互作用与旋称反转现象的发生密切相关。相对于偶偶核和奇A核，奇奇核的能级结构更复杂一些，实验上对其高自旋态的研究比较困难，这主要体现在实验上所提供的许多奇奇核的能级纲图存在着一定程度的不确定性，例如能级的激发能位置、转动带的组态、自旋和宇称的指定，甚至在纲图结构、级联系列的核素归属等方面都有一些问题。其中，转动带能级自旋的指定直接关系到准粒子能量的劈裂属性(即正常劈裂还是反常劈裂、旋称反转发生在低自旋区还是高自旋区及旋称反转的发生位置等)：自旋的奇偶性定错了，会导致本来是反转的旋称劈裂变成不反转的(反之亦然)；自旋值定错了△I，会导致旋称反转的位置发生相应的漂移。由于实验上奇奇核转动带能级自旋指定的混乱局面，掩盖了旋称反转现象的客观规律，使得相关理论模型的计算结果得不到及时检验。基于激发能系统学分析方法、以顺排角动量相加性为判据，我们曾对A～160轻稀土区的πhl_(11/2)direct X vi_(13/2)转动带(17个核素)和A～130过渡区的πh_(11/2)direct XVh_(ll/2)转动带(20个核素)进行了系统研究，对其中20个核的自旋数据提出质疑、并提出了相应的修正方案，在此基础上总结了两核区旋称反转现象的系统规律。利用激发能系统学方法指定奇奇核转动带的能级自旋，主要遵循以下三点原则：①自旋奇偶性：根据推转壳模型的描述，当准粒子处于优惠态(Favored)时、较非优惠态(Unfavored)具有更大的顺排角动量。这样，通过对转动带中两signature分支系列的i_x大小的比较，可以辅助推断能级自旋的奇偶性；②顺排角动量相加性：在忽略p-n剩余相互作用条件下，奇奇核中总的顺排角动量近似等于相邻奇A核中相应组态带提取的准粒子顺排角动量之和。这样，利用i_x对自旋值比较敏感的特点，可以推断出能级自旋取值的大致范围；③激发能系统性分析：由于集体转动反映大量核子的集体行为，少数核子的改变不会对这种运动产生明显影响，利用转动惯量的组态相关特性，在一组同位素或同中子素系列链中，对应一定内禀结构的转动带，随着质子数或中子数的均匀递增，能级能量应表现光滑的变化趋势(即不发生突变)。这三个方面基于不同角度、相对独立地指定转动带自旋。其结论的统一、往往可以给出正确的自旋数据。然而，必须指出的是：系统学分析过程是一种经验方法，并不具有严格的理论基础，上述的自旋修正以及总结出的旋称反转规律，必须得到实验核谱学测量的支持。基于这一思想，针对两核区，我们分别选择情况较为阿典型的奇奇核~(158)Ho和~(124)Cs进行了集中的实验测量。本论文的主要研究目标就是要建立两核中晕带与低激发态或基态的联系，找出原纲图中错误自旋指定的原因所在，验证系统学结论的有效性，并用旋称反转的实验规律性对理论模型的系统计算结果进行检验。(一)奇奇核~(158)58Ho高自旋态的实验研究在原子能研究院的HI-13串列加速器上，通过~(152)Sm(~(11)B，5nγ)~(158)Ho融合蒸发反应(束流轰击能E_(lab)=60 MeV)、对目标核~(158)Ho的高自旋态进行布居。探测阵列由八个高纯锗探测器构成，为了提高低能射线的收集效率，使用了一个平面型高纯锗探测器。分别进行了激发函数曲线测量、γ-γ-t符合测量和剩余放射性测量。数据反演后，两重符合总记数～120x10~6。实验结果概括如下：1．建立了基态带，组态指定为：{πh_(11/2)[523]7／2-direct Xvh_(9/2)[521]3／2~-}K~π=5~+；2．建立了一个强度仅次于晕带的强耦合带结构(亚晕带：yrare band)。通过转动参数、跃迁几率、顺排角动量、带交叉频率等特征参量的分析，其组态指定为：{πg_(7／2)[404】7／2]~+ direct X vi_(3／2)[651]3／2~+}K~π=5~+。 尽管该带带头附近的结构还不完整，但观测到了带内几条能级退激、分别贯入到晕带和基态带，从而将晕带和亚晕带同基态联系起来，固定了晕带和亚晕带中能级的激发能位置，并通过对这些连接跃迁多极性的分析，指定了两个带中的能级自旋和宇称；3.晕带(πh_(11/2)direct X vi~(13/2))向高自旋端拓展了7条能级，最高自旋态达到26h，激发 能4．9MeV。肯定了原纲图中不确定的617kev跃迁的存在和放置，观测到了反转点(I_(inv.)≈16h)，肯定了系统学研究对该核的自旋修正。基于本实验建立的连接关系，晕带中观测到的最低态(即70.8kev跃迁贯入能级)激发能为207．6kev，而对应该能级，原纲图中激发能为156．9kev。这意味着原能级纲图中，晕带向基态退激途径中漏掉了一个～5lkeV的"能隙"(Energy gap)，自旋差|△I|=3。根据晕带与退激5-同质异能态的跃迁(156．9kev)的快符合关系，该"能隙"至少由两个跃迁构成。该结果否定了原纲图中对晕带带头处理的三种可能性(①70．8kev为连接跃迁，其退激的能级为带头；②70．8kev为带内跃迁，156．9kev、5-同质异能态为带头：⑨70．8kev为带内跃迁，156．9kev、5-同质异能态为带头，但带头附近仍存在尚未观测的跃迁)。不确切的连接关系是过去实验中无法正确指定晕带自旋的原因；4．建立了一个强耦合的转动带结构，其能级间距(跃迁E_γ)随角动量的增加均匀递增，组态指定为{πh_(11/2)[523]7／2~-direct Xvh_(11/2)[505]11／2~-}K~π=9~+；同时，观测到了另一高K激发态退激到该转动带。其内禀结构指定为：{πg_(7／2)[404]7／2~+direct Xvh_(11/2)[505]1 l／2~-}K~π=9~-；5．建立了基于156．9 kev(I~π=5~-、T_(1/2)=29 ns)同质异能态上的转动带，该带观测完整，具有较强耦合的结构特点。其内禀准粒子轨道指定为：{πh_(11/2)[523]_(7／2)~-direct X vd_(3／2)[402]3／2~+}K~π=5~-，与处于较低激发能(67．3 kev)的2~-态(T_(1／2)=27 min．)构成了一对GM伙伴态。否定了过去的实验中把该态指定为{πg_(7/2)~2+direct Xvh_(9/2)[521]3／2~-}K~π=2~-组态；6．观测到了一个基于65．5 kev激发态的转动带，通过理论模型预言的带头激发能及转动参数与实验值的比较、考虑到其较弱的布居强度和很低的顺排角动量、以及较强耦合的结构特点， 其组态指定为： {πd~(5／2)[402]5／2~direct X vh_(9／2)[521]3／2~-}K~π=4~-。这一结果肯定了过去放射性测量中对处于较高激发能(139．2 kev)、T_(1／2)=1．85 ns、I~π=1~-激发态的讨论，即二者构成了一对GM伙伴态；7．建立了基于{πh_(11／2)[523]7／2~-direct X v_(7／2)[523]5／2~-}K~π=6~+激发态的强耦合转动带结构，其带头激发能为450．1 kev，与I~π=1~+、激发能为146．9 kev的同质异能态构成了一对GM伙伴态；8．在过去的放射性衰变测量中，提供了三个2~+激发态(激发能分别为117．7 kev、74．95 kev和316 kev)。其中两个2~+态(117．7和74．95 kev)同时指定具有{πh_(11／2)[523↑]7／2~-direct X vh_(9／2)[521↓]3／2~-}K~π=2~+组态。这里，我们指定1 17．7 kev的2~+激发态为{πg_(7／2)[404↓]7／2~+ direct X vi_(l3／2)[651↓]3／2~+}K~π=2+组态，即与本实验建立的亚晕带内禀激发态构成了一对GM伙伴态，而74．95 kev的2~+激发态指定为 {πh_(11/2)[523↑]7／2~-direct X vh_(9/2)[521↓]3／2~-}K~π=2~+组态，即与基态构成了一对GM伙伴态。基于本实验中K~π=9~+激发态的观测及其转动带的建立，我们指定激发能为3 1 6 kev的2~+激发态具有{πh_(11/2)[523↓]7／2~-direct X vh_(11/2)[505个]1 1／2~-}K~π=2~+组态，即这两个态构成了一对GM伙伴态；9．通过本实验、提供了~(158)Ho中各能态的跃迁强度和跃迁几率等数据。概括起来，奇奇核~(158)Ho的能级纲图大大完善了。综合本实验观测到的高自旋转动带结构和放射性测量中的部分激发态信息，我们可以整理出10对GM伙伴态，并提供了四个分别对应自旋平行和反平行耦合的GM能量漂移(GM Shift)，即：{πh_(ll／2)[523]7／2~-direct Xvh_(9／2)[521]3／2~-}K~π=5~+、2~+，EGM=101．4 kev；{πh_(11/2)[523] 7／2~-direct X vd_(3／2)[402]3／2~+}K~π=5~-、2~-，E_(GM)=64．1 kev；{πd_(5/2)[402]5／2~+direct X vh_(9／2)[521]3／2~-}K~π =4~-、1~-，E_(GM)=113．3 kev；{πh_(11/2)[523]7／2~-direct Xvf_(7/2)[523]5／2~-}K~π=6~+、1~+，EGM=255．7 keV。(二)奇奇核~(124)Cs高自旋态的实验研究在原子能院的HI-13串列加速器上，利用~（116）Sn（~（11)B，3nγ)~(124)Cs融合蒸发反应(束流轰击能E_(lab.)=45 MeV)，对奇奇核~(124)Cs的高自旋态进行了布居。探测阵列由10个高纯锗探测器和一个小平面探测器组成。数据反演后，总的两重符合事件数达到160x10~6。实验结果概括如下：1．高自旋转动带的信息更丰富了：建立了三个新的转动带结构，其中两个耦合带、一个退耦带，组态分别为：{πh_(11／2)[550]1／2~- direct X vhd_(5/2)[413]5／2~+}K~π=3~-、{πg_(7／2)[413]5／2~+direct X vg_(7/2)[402】5／2~+}K~π=5~+以及{πh_(11/2)[550]1／2~- direct X vd_(3/2)[400]l／2~+}K~π=1~-；2．低激发态的信息更丰富了：观测到了20多条新的低激发态跃迁，增加了10多个新的低激发态；3．转动带之间以及转动带与低激发态间耦合的信息大大丰富了：在过去的研究中观测到了三个彼此孤立、悬空的转动带结构，这里指定它们的组态为：{πh_(11／2) [550]1／2~-direct X vh_(11/2)[523]7／2~-}K~π=4~+(晕 带) ； {πh_(11/2)[550]1／2~- (direct X)vg_(7/2)[402]5/2~+}K~π=3~-(亚晕带：布居强度仅次于晕带)；{πh_(11/2)[550]1/2~-(direct X)vs_(1/2)[411]1／2~+}K~π=1~-(双退耦结构)。其中，亚晕带(yrare band)通过至少三个独立的退激路径与低激发态联系起来；同时，建立了晕带与亚晕带间的多条连接关系。其它转动带分别与晕带和亚晕带联系起来，从而，在奇奇核~(124)Cs中，转动带的"悬空"不再存在，限定了各转动带中能级的激发能位援，并通过这些连接跃迁多极性的分析，分别指定了各能态的自旋和宇称。4．基于本实验建立的连接关系，晕带的最低态(124kev射线贯入能级)的激发能为618．9kev，该能量值比过去研究中的同一能级高出11．7kev。这表明原能级纲图中晕带的退激途径漏掉了一个11．7kev的"能隙"(根据Weisskopf估计，该能隙很可能由两个偶极跃迁构成)。该"能隙"的漏观测，正是导致过去实验中无法正确指定晕带自旋的原因所在；

纳米TiO_2催化下表层土壤中BaP的紫外光降解

采用光解试验,研究了紫外照射与纳米TiO2联合作用下,土壤表层中苯并[a]芘(BaP)的降解动力学;同时考察了催化剂的浓度、土壤pH、腐植酸和光质对BaP的光催化降解的影响。结果表明,土壤中BaP的光催化降解表现为准一级动力学。催化剂TiO2可以明显地促进土壤中BaP的光降解,较少量的催化剂(0.5%)使光解的半衰期从363.22h减少到103.26h。H+和OH-离子对BaP的催化光解起促进作用,在酸性和碱性土壤中BaP光催化降解高于中性土壤,酸性土壤中的降解速率最快。腐殖质吸收紫外光照射时,产生的活性氧中间产物能够攻击BaP,添加腐植酸能增加土壤表层中BaP的光催化降解。BaP的光解半衰期从无外加腐植酸的89.34h,减少到添加浓度分别为5、10、20和40mg·kg-1的29.37、32.69、35.73和38.51h。BaP的催化降解随波长的增加而降低,在波长254、310和365nm下,BaP降解的一级动力学常数分别为0.0078h-1、0.0061h-1和0.005h-1。

Idéias e fatos na entrevista de Afonso Arinos de Mello Franco

Este texto tem por objeto o conjunto de entrevistas concedidas por Afonso Arinos de Mello Franco ao Programa de História Oral do CPDOC entre setembro de 1982 e outubro de 1983, com um total de 26h 40m de gravação. As entrevistas foram realizadas por Aspásia Camargo e Maria Clara Mariani e contaram com a participação especial de Pedro Nava (na entrevista de 27.9.1982) e dos jornalistas Carlos Castelo Branco, Fernando Pedreira e Otto Lara Resende (na mesa-redonda de 8.2.1983). O objetivo imediato desta série de entrevistas foi sua transformação em livro: ainda em 1983, o CPDOC publicava, em conjunto com o Senado Federal e a Editora Dom Quixote, o livro O intelectual e o político: encontros com Afonso Arinos, cuja primeira parte é o resultado do trabalho de edição das entrevistas gravadas.

Activation and early parthenogenesis of bovine oocytes treated with ethanol and strontium

Efficient artificial activation is indispensable for the success of cloning programs. Strontium has been shown to effectively activate mouse oocytes for nuclear transfer procedures, however, there is limited information on its use for bovine oocytes. The present study had as objectives: (1) to assess the ability of strontium to induce activation and parthenogenetic development in bovine oocytes of different maturational ages in comparison with ethanol; and (2) to verify whether the combination of both treatments improves activation and parthenogenetic development rates. Bovine oocytes were in vitro matured for 24, 26, 28, and 30 h, and treated with ethanol (E, 7% for 5 min) or strontium chloride (S, 10 mM SrCl2 for 5 h) alone or in combination: ethanol + strontium (ES) and strontium + ethanol (SE). Activated oocytes were cultured in vitro in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium and assessed for pronuclear formation (15-16 h), cleavage (46-48 h) and development to the blastocyst stage (M). Treatment with ethanol and strontium promoted similar results regarding pronuclear formation (E, 20-66.7%; S, 26.7-53.3%; P > 0.05) and cleavage (E, 12.8-40.6%; S, 16.1-41.9%; P > 0.05), regardless of oocyte age. The actions of both strontium and ethanol were influenced by oocyte age: ethanol induced greater activation rates after 28 and 30 h of maturation (48.4 and 66.7% versus 20.0 and 23.3% for 24 and 26 It, respectively; P < 0.05) and strontium after 30 It (53.3%) was superior to 24 and 26h (26.7% for both). Blastocyst development rates were minimal in all treatments (0.0-6.3%; P > 0.05), however, when the mean (+/-S.D.) cell number in blastocysts at the same maturational period was compared, strontium treatment was superior to ethanol for activation rates (82 +/- 5.7 and 89.5 +/- 7.8 versus 54 and 61, at 28 and 30 h, respectively). Improved results were obtained by combined treatments. The combination of ethanol and strontium resulted in similar pronuclear formation (ES, 36.7-83.9%; SE, 53.1-90.3%) and cleavage rates (ES, 31.3-81.3%; SE, 65.6-80.7%). Regarding embryo development, there was no difference (P > 0.05) between treatments, and blastocysts were only obtained in treatment SE at 24 and 26 h (6.5% for both). It is concluded that, SrCl2 induces activation and parthenogenetic development in bovine oocytes. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes using single and combined strontium, ionomycin and 6-dimethylaminopurine treatments

In vitro-matured (IVM) bovine oocytes were activated with single and combined treatments of strontium (S), ionomycin (1) and 6-DMAP (D). Using oocytes IVM for 26 h, we observed that activation altered cell cycle kinetics (faster progression, MIII arrest, or direct transition from MII to pronuclear stage) when compared to in vitro fertilization. The effect of oocyte age on early parthenogenesis was assessed in oocytes IVM for 22, 26 and 30 h. Better results in pronuclear development were obtained in treatments ISD (81.7%) at 22 h; D (66.7%), IS (63.3%), ID (73.3%) and ISD (76.7%) at 26 h; and D (86.7%), IS (85.0%) and ID (78.3%) at 30 h. Higher cleavage occurred on ISD (80.0%) at 22 h; ID (83.3%) and ISD (91.7%) at 26 h; and 1 (86.7%), IS (90.0%), ID (85.0%) and ISD (95.0%) at 30 h. More blastocysts were achieved in ID (25.0%) and ISD (18.3%) at 22h; and in ID at 26h (45.0%) and 30h (50.0%). We also observed that IS allowed higher haploid (77.4%) embryonic development, whilst ID was better for diploid (89.1%) development. It was concluded that association of S and D without I was not effective for blastocyst development; treatments using S were less influenced by oocyte age, but when S was associated with D there was a detrimental effect on aged oocytes; treatment ISD promoted higher activation and cleavage rates in young oocytes and ID protocol was the best for producing blastocysts.

Ocorrência de Listeria spp. e de Listeria monocytogenes, em um matadouro-frigorífico de bovinos do estado de São Paulo

We evaluated the presence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in environmental samples by means of swabs collected the bovine slaughter plant enabled to export, located in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. After the pre-enrichment at 30±1°C for 22 to 26h the samples were analyzed using the BAX System Listeria. Those positive for Listeria spp. were submitted a second PCR reaction to confirm the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. From 411 environmental samples analyzed, 62 (15.1%) were positive for Listeria spp. and 21 (5.1%) for Listeria monocytogenes, which showed their persistence in the slaughter plant. There were no statistical differences between the rainy and dry periods and between areas sampled, although it has been found between sectors. The floor surface and the sector cuts have higher rates of positivity.

Intoxicação experimental por Cestrum laevigatum em bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a toxicidade de Cestrum laevigatum para bubalinos e caracterizar o quadro clínico-patológico da intoxicação. Foram utilizados 4 bubalinos da raça Murrah, divididos em dois grupo. O Grupo 1 (búfalos 1 e 2) recebeu 20g/Kg de folhas dessecadas de Cestrum laevigatum, via oral; enquanto que o Grupo 2 (búfalos 3 e 4) recebeu 40g/Kg de peso vivo. O búfalo 1 (grupo 1), apresentou sinais clínicos discretos, caracterizados por diminuição dos movimentos ruminais e recuperou-se 60 horas após o início dos sinais clínicos. O búfalo 2 (grupo 1) não apresentou sinais clínicos. Os búfalos 3 e 4 (Grupo 2) apresentaram os primeiros sinais clínicos 26h 05min. e 37 h 22 min. após o fim da administração da planta, respectivamente. Os sinais clínicos da intoxicação foram apatia, anorexia, diminuição ou ausência dos movimentos ruminais, sialorreia, dificuldade respiratória, andar cambaleante, dismetria, excitação, agressividade, constipação, com fezes ressecadas contendo muco e sangue, gemidos, focinho seco, sonolência, decúbito lateral, movimentos de pedalagem e morte em 44h11min. (búfalo 3) e 60h 39min (búfalo 4) após a administração da planta. Na necropsia o búfalo 3 revelou superfície capsular e de corte do fígado de coloração marrom/laranja, leve edema da parede da vesícula biliar; endocardio do ventrículo esquerdo com equimoses extensas e endocardio do ventrículo direito com algumas petéquias; mucosas do abomaso levemente avermelhada; conteúdo do abomaso levemente ressequido; intestino grosso com pouco conteúdo levemente ressequido e envolto por muco. No búfalo 4 foi observado superfície capsular e de corte do fígado de coloração alaranjado, com nítido aspecto de noz moscada ; leve edema da parede da vesícula biliar; discreta esplenomegalia; mucosas do abomaso levemente avermelhada; intestino delgado com conteúdo catarral-mucoso; e meninges levemente congestas. Histologicamente, no fígado dos dois animais, observou-se acentuada necrose de coagulação dos hepatócitos nas zonas centro-lobulares e intermediária e vacuolização dos hepatócitos próximos às zonas de necrose.

Maturation of endogenous glucose production in preterm and term calves

Glucose disposability is often impaired in neonatal calves and even more in preterm calves. The objective of this study was to investigate ontogenic maturation of endogenous glucose production (eGP) in calves and its effects on postnatal glucose homeostasis. Calves (n = 7 per group) were born preterm (PT; delivered by section 9 d before term) or at term (T; spontaneous vaginal delivery), or spontaneously born and fed colostrum for 4 d (TC). Blood samples were taken immediately after birth and before and 2h after feeding at 24h after birth (PT; T) or on d 4 of life (TC) to determine metabolic and endocrine changes. After birth (PT and T) or on d 3 of life (TC), fasted calves were gavaged with deuterium-labeled water to determine gluconeogenesis (GNG) and intravenously infused with [U(13)C]-glucose to measure eGP and glucose oxidation (GOx) in blood plasma. After slaughter at 26h after birth (PT, T) or on d 4 of life (TC), glycogen concentrations in liver and hepatic mRNA concentrations and enzyme activities of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase were measured. Preterm calves had the lowest plasma concentrations of cortisol and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine at birth. Plasma glucose concentrations from d 1 to 2 decreased more, but plasma concentrations of lactate and urea and glucagon:insulin ratio were higher in PT than in T and TC calves. The eGP, GNG, GOx, as well as hepatic glycogen concentrations and PEPCK activities, were lowest in PT calves. Results indicate impaired glucose homeostasis due to decreased eGP in PT calves and maturation of eGP with ontogenic development.

Estudio de las formas de aplicación de la fotografía sobre los materiales pétreos para la arquitectura = Study of photography application methods over architectural stony materials

Desde que el Hombre era morador de las cavernas ha sido manifiesto su deseo innato por grabar y reproducir "instantáneas con las que perpetuarse o sobre las que mirarse ". La aparición y desarrollo de la fotografía como medio para poder captar y fijar "la imagen directa de la realidad circundante " pronto se convierte en un nuevo lenguaje estético y poético que permite al artista la interpretación y reflexión de lo observado. Se imprime a la imagen el carácter de la mirada del fotógrafo, estableciendo un diálogo conceptual con el juego de luces. La presente Tesis plantea la creación de una nueva piel de arquitectura mediante la impresión fotográfica sobre materiales pétreos. La búsqueda de la expresividad de los materiales como soporte de expresión artística implica un cambio de escala al trasladar la instantánea fotográfica a la arquitectura y la aplicación de un nuevo soporte al imprimir la fotografía sobre materiales arquitectónicos. Se justifica la elección del dispositivo láser CO2 como sistema de impresión fotográfica sobre los materiales pétreos arquitectónicos, como la técnica que permite la unión física de la imagen y el proyecto arquitectónico, generando un valor añadido a través del arte de la fotografía. Se justifica la elección de los materiales investigados, Silestone® Blanco Zeus y GRC® con TX Active® Aria, de forma que la investigación de esta nueva piel de arquitectura abarca tanto la envolvente del edificio como su volumen interior, permitiendo cerrar el círculo arquitectónico "in&out" y dota al proyecto arquitectónico de un valor añadido al introducir conceptos sostenibles de carácter estético y medioambiental. Se realiza una consulta a las empresas del sector arquitectónico relacionadas directamente con la producción y distribución de los materiales Silestone® y GRC®, así como a las empresas especializadas en sistemas de impresión fotográfica sobre materiales, acerca del estado del arte. Se recorre la Historia de la fotografía desde sus orígenes hasta el desarrollo de la era digital y se analiza su condición artística. Se recopilan los sistemas de impresión fotográfica que han evolucionado en paralelo con los dispositivos de captura de la instantánea fotográfica y se describe en profundidad el sistema de impresión fotográfica mediante dispositivo láser CO2. Se describen los procesos de fabricación, las características técnicas, cualidades y aplicaciones de los materiales pétreos arquitectónicos Silestone® Blanco Zeus y GRC® con TX Active® Aria. Se explica la técnica utilizada para la captación de la imagen fotográfica, su justificación artística y su proceso de impresión mediante dispositivo láser CO2 bajo diferentes parámetros sobre muestras de los materiales arquitectónicos investigados. Se comprueba la viabilidad de desarrollo de la nueva piel de arquitectura sobre Silestone® Blanco Zeus y GRC® con TX Active® Aria sometiendo a las piezas impresas bajo diferentes parámetros a tres ensayos de laboratorio. En cada uno de ellos se concreta el objetivo y procedimiento del ensayo, la enumeración de las muestras ensayadas y los parámetros bajo los que han sido impresas, el análisis de los resultados del ensayo y las conclusiones del ensayo. Ensayo de amplitud térmica. Se determina el grado de afectación de las imágenes impresas bajo la acción de contrastes térmicos. Series de muestras de Silestone® Blanco Zeus y GRC® con TX Active® Aria impresas con láser CO2 se someten a ciclos de contraste frío-calor de 12 horas de duración para una amplitud térmica total de 102°C. Se realiza una toma sistemática de fotografías microscópicas con lupa de aumento de cada pieza antes y después de los ciclos frío-calor y la observación de las transformaciones que experimentan los materiales bajo la acción del láser CO2. Ensayo de exposición a la acción de la radiación ultravioleta (UV). Se determina el grado de afectación de las imágenes impresas al activar la capacidad autolimpiante de partículas orgánicas. Una serie de muestras de GRC® con TX Active® Aria impresa con láser CO2 se someten a ciclos de exposición de radiación ultravioleta de 26 horas de duración. Se somete la serie a un procedimiento de activación del aditivo TX Active®. Se simula la contaminación orgánica mediante la aplicación controlada de Rodamina B, tinte orgánico, y se simula la radiación UV mediante el empleo de una bombilla de emisión de rayos ultravioleta. Se realiza una toma sistemática de fotografías macroscópicas de la serie de muestras ensayadas: antes de aplicación de la Rodamina B, momento 00:00h, momento 04:00h y momento 26:00h del ensayo. Se procede a la descarga y análisis del histograma de las fotografías como registro de la actividad fotocatalítica. Ensayo de la capacidad autodescontaminante del GRC® con TX Active® impreso con láser CO2. Se comprueba si la capacidad autodescontaminante del GRC® con TX Active® se ve alterada como consecuencia de la impresión de la imagen fotográfica impresa con láser CO2. Serie de muestras de GRC® con TX Active® Aria impresa con láser CO2 se someten a test de capacidad autodescontaminante: atmósfera controlada y contaminada con óxidos de nitrógeno en los que se coloca cada pieza ensayada bajo la acción de una lámpara de emisión de radiación ultravioleta (UV). Se registra la actividad fotocatalítica en base a la variación de concentración de óxido de nitrógeno. Se recopila el análisis e interpretación de los resultados de los ensayos de laboratorio y se elaboran las conclusiones generales de la investigación. Se sintetizan las futuras líneas de investigación que, a partir de las investigaciones realizadas y de sus conclusiones generales, podrían desarrollarse en el ámbito de la impresión fotográfica sobre materiales arquitectónicos. Se describe el rendimiento tecnológico y artístico generado por las investigaciones previas que han dado origen y desarrollo a la Tesis Doctoral. ABSTRACT Since ancient time, humanity has been driven by an innate wish to reproduce and engrave "snapshots that could help to perpetúate or to look at one self". Photography's birth and its development as a mean to capture and fix "the direct image of the surrounding reality" quickly becomes a new aesthetical and poetical language allowing the artist to interpret and think over what has been observed. The photographer's eye is imprinted onto the image, and so the conceptual dialogue between the artist and the light beams begins. The current thesis suggests the creation of a new architectural skin through photography imprinting over stony materials. The search for material's expressiveness as a medium of artistic expression involves a change of scale as it transfers photographic snapshot into architecture and the use of a new photographic printing support over architectural materials. CO2 laser is the chosen printing system for this technique as it allows the physical union of the image and the architectonic project, generating an added value through the art of photography. The researched materials selected were Silestone®, Blanco Zeus and GRC® with TX Active® Aria. This new architectural skin contains the building surrounding as well as its interior volume, closing the architectonic "in & out" circle and adding a value to the project by introducing aesthetical and environmental sustainable concepts. Architecture companies related to the production and distribution of materials like Silestone® and GRC®, as well as companies specialized in photography printing over materials were consulted to obtain a State of the Art. A thorough analysis of photography's History from its origins to the digital era development was made and its artistic condition was studied in this thesis. In this study the author also makes a compilation of several photographic printing systems that evolved together with photographic snapshot devices. The CO2 laser-based photographic printing system is also described in depth. Regarding stony materials of architecture like Silestone®, Blanco Zeus and GRC® with TX Active® Aria, the present study also describes their manufacture processes as well as technical features, quality and application. There is also an explanation about the technique to capture the photographic image, its artistic justification and its CO2 laser-based printing system over the researched materials under different parameters. We also tested the feasibility of this new architectural skin over Silestone® Blanco Zeus and GRC® with TX Active® Aria. The pieces were tested under different parameters in three laboratory trials. Each trial comprises of an explanation of its objective and its process, the samples were numbered and the printing parameters were specified. Finally, with the analysis of the results some conclusions were drawn. In the thermal amplitude trial we tried to determine how printed images were affected as a result of the action of thermal contrasts. Series of samples of Silestone® Blanco Zeus and GRC® with TX Active® Aria printed with CO2 laser were subjected to several 12h warm-cold cycles for thermal total amplitude of 102oc. Each sample was captured systematically with microscopic enhanced lenses before and after cold-warm cycles. The changes experienced by these materials under the effect of CO2 laser were observed and recorded. Trial regarding the Ultraviolet Radiation (UR) effect on images. We determined to which extent printed images were affected once the self-cleaning organic particles were activated. This time GRC® with TX Active® Aria samples printed with CO2 laser were exposed to a 26h UR cycle. The samples were subjected to the activation of TX Active® additive. Through the controlled application of Rodamine B and organic dye we were able to simulate the organic contamination process. UR was simulated using an ultraviolet beam emission bulb. A systematic capture of macroscopic pictures of the tested sample series was performed at different time points: before Rodamine B application, at moment 00:00h, moment 04:00h and moment 26:00h of the trial. Picture's histogram was downloaded and analyzed as a log of photocatalytic activity. Trial regarding the self-decontaminating ability of GRC® with TX Active® printed with CO2 laser. We tested if this self-decontaminating ability is altered as a result of CO2 laser printed image. GRC® with TX Active® Aria samples printed with CO2 laser, were subject to self-decontaminating ability tests with controlled and nitrogen oxide contaminated atmosphere. Each piece was put under the action of an UR emission lamp. Photocatalytic activity was recorded according to the variation in nitrogen oxide concentration. The results of the trial and their interpretation as well as the general conclusions of the research are also compiled in the present study. Study conclusions enable to draw future research lines of potential applications of photographic printing over architecture materials. Previous research generated an artistic and technological outcome that led to the development of this doctoral thesis.