Heterotic string on the CHL orbifold of K3

We study N = 2 compactifications of heterotic string theory on the CHL orbifold (K3 x T-2)/Z(N) with N = 2, 3, 5, 7. Z(N) acts as an automorphism on K3 together with a shift of 1/N along one of the circles of T-2. These compactifications generalize the example of the heterotic string on K3 x T-2 studied in the context of dualities in string theories. We evaluate the new supersymmetric index for these theories and show that their expansion can be written in terms of the McKay-Thompson series associated with the Z(N) automorphism embedded in the Mathieu group M-24. We then evaluate the difference in one-loop threshold corrections to the non-Abelian gauge couplings with Wilson lines and show that their moduli dependence is captured by Siegel modular forms related to dyon partition functions of N = 4 string theories.

Electromechanical influence of crack velocity at bifurcation for poled ferroelectric materials

The piezoelastodynamic field equations are solved to determine the crack velocity at bifurcation for poled ferroelectric materials where the applied electrical field and mechanical stress can be varied. The underlying physical mechanism, however, may not correspond to that assumed in the analytical model. Bifurcation has been related to the occurrence of a pair of maximum circumferential stress oriented symmetrically about the moving crack path. The velocity at which this behavior prevails has been referred to as the limiting crack speed. Unlike the classical approach, bifurcation will be identified with finite distances ahead of a moving crack. Nucleation of microcracks can thus be modelled in a single formulation. This can be accomplished by using the energy density function where fracture initiation is identified with dominance of dilatation in relation to distortion. Poled ferroelectric materials are selected for this study because the microstructure effects for this class of materials can be readily reflected by the elastic, piezoelectic and dielectric permittivity constants at the macroscopic scale. Existing test data could also shed light on the trend of the analytical predictions. Numerical results are thus computed for PZT-4 and compared with those for PZT-6B in an effort to show whether the branching behavior would be affected by the difference in the material microstructures. A range of crack bifurcation speed upsilon(b) is found for different r/a and E/sigma ratios. Here, r and a stand for the radial distance and half crack length, respectively, while E and a for the electric field and mechanical stress. For PZT-6B with upsilon(b) in the range 100-1700 m/s, the bifurcation angles varied from +/-6degrees to +/-39degrees. This corresponds to E/sigma of -0.072 to 0.024 V m/N. At the same distance r/a = 0.1, PZT-4 gives upsilon(b) values of 1100-2100 m/s; bifurcation angles of +/-15degrees to +/-49degrees; and E/sigma of -0.056 to 0.059 V m/N. In general, the bifurcation angles +/-theta(0) are found to decrease with decreasing crack velocity as the distance r/a is increased. Relatively speaking, the speed upsilon(b) and angles +/-theta(0) for PZT-4 are much greater than those for PZT-6B. This may be attributed to the high electromechanical coupling effect of PZT-4. Using upsilon(b)(0) as a base reference, an equality relation upsilon(b)(-) < upsilon(b)(0) < upsilon(b)(+) can be established. The superscripts -, 0 and + refer, respectively, to negative, zero and positive electric field. This is reminiscent of the enhancement and retardation of crack growth behavior due to change in poling direction. Bifurcation characteristics are found to be somewhat erratic when r/a approaches the range 10(-2)-10(-1) where the kinetic energy densities would fluctuate and then rise as the distance from the moving crack is increased. This is an artifact introduced by the far away condition of non-vanishing particle velocity. A finite kinetic energy density prevails at infinity unless it is made to vanish in the boundary value problem. Future works are recommended to further clarify the physical mechanism(s) associated with bifurcation by means of analysis and experiment. Damage at the microscopic level needs to be addressed since it has been known to affect the macrocrack speeds and bifurcation characteristics. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Evaluación de dieciseis variedades comerciales de frijol en tres épocas de siembra en Campos Azules, Masatepe, Departamento de Masaya

El frijol ocupa el segundo lugar en el consumo de los granos básicos del pueblo de Nicaragua, ya que constituye una de las principales fuentes de proteínas en la dieta del pueblo Nicaragüense. El rendimiento promedio nacional ha sido bajo durante los últimos cinco años con 736 kilogramos por hectárea en 1969 (6). Para incrementar este rendimiento es necesario sembrar variedades con rendimientos superiores al material criollo. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la adaptación y rendimiento de 16 variedades de frijol, en tres épocas de siembra tratando de encontrar algunas con rendimientos que nos ayuden a aumentar la producción nacional. Estos ensayos se llevaron a cabo en la Estación Regional de Diversificación Agrícola "Campos Azules" clasificada como zona 3.3/1 de baja probabilidad de obtener buenos rendimientos (6). En los tres ensayos se empleo el diseño de bloques al azar con tres, cuatro y cinco repeticiones, respectivamente. De acuerdo a los resultados en el numero de vainas por planta, hubo diferencia significativa para variedades negras y rojas lo mismo que para el numero de granos por vaina. El mayor numero promedio de vainas por plantas fue obtenido por la variedad negra Porrillo N°. 1 con 10.0 entre las rojas Honduras 24 con 8.2. El mayor numero de granos por vaina entre las variedades negras y rojas fueron 51052 y Honduras 24 con 6.6 y 5.8, respectivamente. La variedad negra de mayor rendimiento promedio de las tres épocas fue 51051 con 1.517 kilogramos por hectárea pero fue la que obtuvo el menor rendimiento en la siembra de primera con 1.056 kilogramos por hectárea. La variedad roja de mayor rendimiento promedio de las tres épocas fue 27-R con 1.083 kilogramos por hectárea, pero en la siembra de primera fue superada por la variedad Rico Rojo con 1.660 kilogramos por hectárea.

Potencial económico de la raicilla (Psychotria ipecacuana), de ocho productores en cinco comunidades del Castillo, Rio San Juan, 2013-2014

Las principales actividades económicas del municipio del Castillo Rio San Juan, son el cultivo de Maíz, frijoles, arroz, palma africana y la reforestación maderable, así como la ganadería en menor proporción. El estudio se realizó para evaluar el potencial económico de la raicilla. Para llevar acabo la investigación se aplicó una encuesta con preguntas semi-estructurada que fue aplicada a ocho productores de cinco comunidades del municipio del Castillo, departamento de Rio San Juan la cual permitió la obtención de información necesaria para la investigación. Las variables evaluadas fueron: producción, costos de producción y rentabilidad. El análisis de los resultados reveló que los ocho productores tienen una producción total de 13,476.66 kg de raicilla en un área establecida de 2.079 hectáreas, los rendimientos promedios de la raicilla en estas comunidades son de 6,488.86Kg, y los costos promedio totales de producción equivalen a 8938.76 dólares por hectáreas alcanzando una utilidad promedio de $138,626.44, la rentabilidad promedio es de 1,056%, generando utilidades superiores a los costos de producción.

State of Technology for In Situ Measures of Salinity Using Conductive Temperature Sensors, Savannah, Georgia, December 3-5, 2007: workshop proceedings

This Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) workshop was convened to assess the availability and state of development of conductivity-temperature sensors that can meet the needs of coastal monitoring and management communities. Rased on the discussion, there are presently a number of commercial sensor options available, with a wide range of package configurations suitable for deployment in a range of coastal environments. However, some of the central questions posed in the workshop planning documents were left somewhat unresolved. The workshop description emphasized coastal management requirements and, in particular, whether less expensive, easily deployed, lower-resolution instruments might serve many management needs. While several participants expressed interest in this class of conductivity-temperature sensors, based on input from the manufacturers, it is not clear that simply relaxing the present level of resolution of existing instruments will result in instruments of significantly lower unit cost. Conductivity-temperature sensors are available near or under the $1,000 unit cost that was operationally defined at the workshop as a breakpoint for what might be considered to be a "low cost" sensor. For the manufacturers, a key consideration before undertaking the effort to develop lower cost sensors is whether there will be a significant market. In terms of defining "low cost," it was also emphasized that the "life cycle costs" for a given instrument must be considered (e.g., including personnel costs for deployment and maintenance). An adequate market survey to demonstrate likely applications and a viable market for lower cost sensors is needed. Another topic for the workshop was the introduction to the proposed ACT verification for conductivity-temperature sensors. Following a summary of the process as envisioned by ACT, initial feedback was solicited. Protocol development will be pursued further in a workshop involving ACT personnel and conductivity-temperature sensor manufacturers.[PDF contains 28 pages]

El oro en el arte: materia y espítu. Contribución a la restauración en el arte contemporáneo

50 p. : il., col.

Hoffnung für einige Nordseefischbestände

In the first quarter of 1997 R.V. “Walther Herwig III” took part in the internationally (ICES) coordinated International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) in the North Sea. A total of 365 half-hour tows using a standardized GOV-net were made by seven research vessels in order to determine the strength of incoming yearclasses of cod, haddock, whiting, Norway pout, herring, sprat, and mackerel. Overall results, though preliminary show a considerable increase of the index figures for cod, Norway pout, herring, and mackerel whereas the indices for haddock, sprat, and whiting indicate lower recruitment figures. Water temperatures and salinity values were unhomogeneously below and above of the longterm mean.

应用于PLC控制程序的Petri网执行模型

在现有的工业控制系统中经常使用PLC实现顺序控制、定时等功能.控制程序经常需要执行同步操作且输入开关量的触发时机具有不确定性,因此无法充分描述真实的执行过程.为此提出下述解决方法:首先在控制程序的编译阶段,使用Petri网建立网模型以表示程序执行逻辑,其次在控制程序的执行阶段,根据程序真实执行状况动态运行上述网模型,当程序运行结束时网模型停止执行,由此判断程序中存在的逻辑错误.

Iso-specific Ziegler-Natta polymerization of α-olefins with a single-component organoyttrium catalyst

The synthesis of a sterically tailored ligand array (M)_2((C_5H_2-2-Si(CH_3)_3-4-C(CH_3)_3)S_2i(CH_3)_2]("M_2Bp") (M = Li, 16; K, 19) is described. Transmetallation of Li_2Bp with YCl_3(THF)_3 affords exclusively the C_2 symmetric product rac-[BpY(µ_2-Cl)_2Li(THF)_2], 20. A X-ray crystal structure of 20 has been determined; triclinic, P1, a= 13.110 (8), b = 17.163 (15), c = 20.623 (14) Å, α = 104.02 (7), β = 99.38 (5), γ = 100.24 (6)° , Z = 4, R = 0.056. Transmetallation of K_2Bp with YCl_3(THF)_3 affords the halide free complex rac-BpYCl, 23. The corresponding rac-BpLaCl, 28, is prepared in an anlogous manner. In all cases the achiral meso isomer is not obtained since only for the racemic isomers are the unfavorable steric interactions between the Si(CH3)_3 groups in the narrow portion of the [Cp-M'-Cp] wedge avoided. Alkylation of 20 or 23 with LiCH(Si(CH_3)_3)_2 affords rac-BpYCH(Si(CH_3)_3)_2, 26 in good yield. Alkylation of 28 with LiCH(Si(CH_3)_3)_2 affords rac-BpLaCH(Si(CH_3)_3)_2 29. Hydrogenation of 26 cleanly affords the bridging hydride species [BpY(µ_2-H)]_2, 27, as the homochiral (R,R) and (S,S) dimeric pairs. 26 is an efficient initiator for the polymerization of ethylene to high molecular weight linear polyethylene. 27 catalyzes the polymerization of propylene (25% v/v in methylcyclohexane) and neat samples of 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene to moderately high molecular weight polymers: polypropylene (M_n = 4,200, PDI 2.32, T_m 157 °C); poly-1-butene (M_n = 8,500, PDI 3.44, T_m 105 °C); poly-1-pentene (M_n = 20,000, PDI 1.99, T_m 73 °C); poly-1-hexene (M_n = 24,000, PDI 1.75, T_m < 25 °C). ^(13)C NMR spectra at the pentad analysis level indicates that the degree of isotacticity is 99% mmmm for all polymer samples. 27 is the first single component iso-specific α-olefin polymerization catalyst. The presumed origins of the high isospecificity are presented.

Avaliação da função endotelial em pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente

A hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR) é definida pela persistência da pressão arterial (PA)≥140/90mmHg a despeito do uso de 3 anti-hipertensivos em doses plenas, incluindo diurético. Revisão recente da literatura mostra poucos estudos avaliando o perfil e o comportamento da função endotelial em pacientes com HAR. Objetiva avaliar a função endotelial em pacientes hipertensos resistentes. Estudo transversal com 60 pacientes que foram avaliados em uma visita (V3) de um estudo longitudinal, onde numa primeira fase todos pacientes tiveram padronização do tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Foram incluídos pacientes (V0) com PA>160/100mmHg e <220mmHg e todos receberam clortalidona 25mg/dia e enalapril 20mg 2x/dia ou losartana 50mg 2x/dia (intolerantes ao enalapril). Visita 1: se PA>140/90mmHg acrescentou-se anlodipino 5mg/dia, foi realizado avaliação laboratorial de rotina do hipertenso e monitorização ambulatorial da PA-24h (MAPA). Visita 2: se PA>140/90mmHganlodipino foi titulado para 10mg/dia. Visita 3: todos os pacientes receberam avaliação clínica, da pressão arterial por MAPA, laboratorial de rotina e da função endotelial. Formaram-se dois grupos: os que controlaram a PA, grupo hipertensão arterial controlada (HAC); e os que permaneceram com PA de consultório>140/90mmHg e PA na MAPA-24h>130/80mmHg, foram considerados resistentes. O grupo HAR recebeu aleatoriamente espironolactona ou clonidina por mais 12 semanas para tentar controlar a PA e o grupo HAC teve assistência farmacológica mantida no mesmo período. A PA foi avaliada por método oscilométrico com aparelho digital semi-automático Microlife modelo BP3AC1-1PC e MAPA por aparelho SpaceLabs 90207. A função endotelial avaliada através de tonometria arteriolar periférica (PAT) pelo Endo-PAT2000 e por biomarcadores (I-CAM-1, V-CAM-1, VEGF, MCP-1, IL-6, adiponectina) através da técnica LuminexTMxMAP. Dos 60 pacientes avaliados, 36 controlaram a PA, grupo HAC, e 24 permaneceram resistentes ao tratamento, grupo HAR, na visitaV3. Na avaliação da PA pela MAPA-24h observamos que no grupo HAC a PAS-24h foi de 121,1+1,7mmHg e no grupo HAR 147+3,3mmHg, enquanto a PAD-24h no grupo HAC foi de 76,64+1,5mmHg e no grupo HAR 88,58+2,4mmHg (p<0,0001). O descenso noturno, apesar de maior no grupo HAC, não apresentou significância estatística entre os dois grupos (p> 0,05). A função endotelial avaliada através do PAT mostrou índice de hiperemia reativa de 1,850,056 e 1,65+0,074 nos grupos HAC e HAR respectivamente (p= 0,036) e quando avaliada através dos biomarcadores observamos: ICAM-1 (HAC= 186,6+12,65 vs HAR= 240,9+23,76ng/ml, p= 0,038), VCAM-1 (HAC= 627,137,09vs HAR= 706,086,10ng/ml, p= 0,372),VEGF (HAC= 403,394,91 vs HAR= 612,788,27pg/ml, p= 0,123) e MCP-1 (HAC= 694,969,09 vs HAR= 787,052,80pg/ml, p= 0,315). Na avaliação dos biomarcadores inflamatórios, observamos IL-6 no grupo HAC= 1,8970,2165pg/mle no HAR= 9,7934,421pg/ml (p= 0,027) e adiponectina no grupo HAC= 105701516pg/ml e HAR= 84221295pg/ml (p=0,301). A razão de prevalência do comprometimento da função endotelial no grupo HAR foi de 54% (OR= 3,55; 95% IC 1,18- 10.67; p= 0,029). No presente trabalho, as análises das variáveis estudadas na visita V3, mostraram que os pacientes com HAR têm maior comprometimento da função endotelial que os pacientes com HAC.

Caracterização mecânica e tribológica de dois glazeadores disponíveis comercialmente e uma composição experimental

O objetivo desse estudo, in vitro, foi avaliar através de testes mecânicos e tribológicos, a aplicação de dois glazeadores disponíveis comercialmente e uma composição experimental como material de cobertura em restaurações de resina composta com relação à rugosidade superficial, à dureza e à resistência ao desgaste. Foram confeccionados 24 corpos de prova (CP) do compósito Z350XT (3M/ESPE) e divididos em 4 grupos. O grupo controle (GC) não recebeu selamento, o grupo Biscover LV (GB) recebeu aplicação do Biscover LV (Bisco), o grupo Natural Glaze (GN) recebeu aplicação do Natural Glaze (Nova DFL) e o grupo Experimental (GE) recebeu aplicação de um glazeador experimental contendo nanopartículas (1% em peso). Posteriormente, os CP foram submetidos à análise da rugosidade superficial utilizando um perfilômetro e avaliação da dureza através de um nanoindentador, que fornece também o módulo elástico do material. Em seguida, os CP foram submetidos ao teste de desgaste linear alternado, durante 15.000 ciclos, com carga de 5N, em água destilada. A profundidade máxima de desgaste foi avaliada através de um perfilômetro. A análise dos dados relativos à rugosidade superficial (m) foi realizada utilizando ANOVA/Duncan (p-valor = 0,000). As médias e desvio padrão foram: GC-0,12(0,01); GB-0,06(0,01); GN-0,13(0,02); GE-0,13(0,01). A análise da dureza (GPa) e módulo elástico (GPa) foram avaliados aplicando o teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. As médias e desvio padrão para dureza foram: GC-1,10(0,24); GB-0,31(0,004); GN-0,08(0,004); GE-0,12(0,008) para carga de 1,25mN; GC-1,08(0,139); GB-0,32(0,004); GN-0,08(0,003); GE-0,13(0,006) para carga de 2,5mN; GC-1,10(0,101); GB-0,33(0,003); GN-0,09(0,002); GE-0,13(0,056) para carga de 5,0mN. As médias e desvio padrão para módulo elástico foram: GC-17,71(1,666); GB-5,44(0,084); GN-3,484(0,114); GE-4,55(0,178) para carga de 1,25mN; GC-17,5(1,449); GB-5,18(0,065); GN-3,38(0,078); GE-4,55(0,12) para carga de 2,5mN; GC-17,69(1,793); GB-5,04(0,041); GN-3,63(0,066); GE-4,85(0,104) para carga de 5,0mN. A análise dos dados relativos à profundidade de desgaste (m) foi realizada utilizando ANOVA/Dunnett (p-valor = 0,000). As médias e desvio padrão foram: GC-12,51(0,89); GB-0,59(0,07); GN-1,41(0,12); GE-1,84(0,18). A partir dos resultados apresentados pode-se concluir que apenas o Biscover LV foi capaz de reduzir a rugosidade superficial da resina composta testada. Os demais, Natural Glaze e Experimental, não alteraram a rugosidade superficial e foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre si e com o grupo controle. Todos os glazeadores testados reduziram a dureza e o módulo elástico da resina composta quando comparados com o grupo controle, diferindo entre si, apresentando uma ordem crescente de dureza e módulo elástico (Natural Glaze < Experimental < Biscover < Controle). Todos os glazeadores testados foram capazes de reduzir o desgaste da resina composta, quando comparados com o grupo controle, diferindo entre si, apresentado uma ordem crescente de desgaste (Biscover < Natural Glaze < Experimental < Controle).

中国三种野生稻的遗传变异与保护生物学研究

稻属(OryzaL．)隶属禾本科(Poaceae)之稻族(OryzeaeDUmort.)，广布于全球热带与亚热带地区。目前认为该属约含20个野生种和2个栽培种，中国产4个种。亚洲栽培稻(O. sativaL．)是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一，而在中国则为第一粮食作物。在稻种基因库中，发掘野生稻中丰富的遗传多样性是解决当今人口与粮食矛盾的必由之路。因此，保护野生稻的遗传多样性举世瞩目。针对热带与亚热带地区的环境恶化而导致野生稻居群的大量绝灭与急剧萎缩的状况，制订有效的策略，最大限度地保护野生稻的遗传多样性已迫在眉睫。然而，目前对野生稻种内遗传多样性的知识十分贫乏，缺乏制订保护策略的科学基础。这一问题在中国尤为突出。本文基于1994-1995年对中国三种野生稻濒危状况的调查结果，利用等位酶分析对普通野生稻26个居群，药用野生稻8个居群和疣粒野生稻l7个居群进行了遗传多样性的研究，并重点对目前育种价值最大而濒危程度最高的普通野生稻从五个方面作了进一步的探讨。最后根据遗传多样性的研究结果讨论了它们的濒危原因，并提出了初步的保护策略。主要结果如下： 一．普通野生稻D．rufipogon Griff. 在中国的三种野生稻中，普通野生稻的遗传多样性水平最高(A=1.33，P= 0.227，Ho=0.033和He=_0.068)，遗传分化水平较低(Fst=0,310)。广西与广东的居群较其它地区的居群具有较丰富的遗传变异。因此，华南可能是中国普通野生稻的遗传多样性中心;云南现存的所有三个居群的遗传多样性水平偏低(A=1.10.p=0.148，Ho=0.007和He=0.079)，与该地区栽培稻丰富的遗传多样性形成鲜明对照，普通野生稻居群间的遗传一致度与地理距离无明显相关。 1．通过14个中央居群与5个边缘居群的对比研究表明了边缘居群的遗传结构明显不同于中央居群：其遗传多样性水平与遗传分化均低予中央居群，杂合子比中央居群更为不足。而且，从中央居群到边缘居群，位点的多态性逐渐丧失，遗传多样性水平递减，一些多态位点的等位基因频率逐渐地发生变化。 2. 通过7个受栽培稻基因渗入的居群与5个隔离较好居群的对比研究表明，被渗入居群虽然在形态上表现出复杂的变异式样，但遗传多样性水平并无相应的增高。栽培稻基因流对野生居群遗传结构的影响可能主要是遗传同化，即阻止其居群内与居群间的遗传分化。 3. 通过对2个低纬度居群与2个北缘居群两个生活史阶段的遗传多样性研究表明繁育系统是影响普通野生稻居群遗传结构的因素之一。在低纬度居群中种子阶段的遗传变异高于植株阶段，在高纬度居群中则相反。 4．通过对北缘居群(江西东乡)1980年，1985年和1994年的居群遗传结构的研究，发现该居群的遗传结构逐渐在发生变化，表现为遗传多样性水平不断下降，居群越来越偏移哈迪一温伯格平衡和杂合子变得越来越缺乏。 5．通过对一个典型的普通野生稻居群（元江居群）的居群内遗传结构的研究，表明遗传变异在3个亚居群间分布不均衡，基因型里聚集分布，使得亚居群间有一定的遗传分化。导致其居群遗传结构的亚划分的主要原因可能是有限的基因流(Nm=0.964

Lobster trap debris in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: distribution, abundance, density, and patterns of accumulation

The fishery for spiny lobster Panulirus argus in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary is well chronicled, but little information is available on the prevalence of lost or abandoned lobster traps. In 2007, towed-diver surveys were used to identify and count pieces of trap debris and any other marine debris encountered. Trap debris density (debris incidences/ha) in historic trap-use zones and in representative benthic habitats was estimated. Trap debris was not proportionally distributed with fishing effort. Coral habitats had the greatest density of trap debris despite trap fishers’ reported avoidance of coral reefs while fishing. The accumulation of trap debris on coral emphasizes the role of wind in redistributing traps and trap debris in the sanctuary. We estimated that 85,548 ± 23,387 (mean ± SD) ghost traps and 1,056,127 ± 124,919 nonfishing traps or remnants of traps were present in the study area. Given the large numbers of traps in the fishery and the lack of effective measures for managing and controlling the loss of gear, the generation of trap debris will likely continue in proportion to the number of traps deployed in the fishery. Focused removal of submerged trap debris from especially vulnerable habitats such as reefs and hardbottom, where trap debris density is high, would mitigate key habitat issues but would not address ghost fishing or the cost of lost gear.

Production of Thai sharpunti (Puntius gonionotus Bleeker) in polyculture with carps using low-cost feed

The effectiveness of duckweed and rice bran as a low cost supplementary feed was compared through a six months production trial of rajpunti (Barbodes gonionotus) with carps. Six earthen ponds of 360 m² each were used for the trial. Three ponds received duckweed, while the other three received rice bran as supplementary feed. Fish biomass after six months of rearing increased to an average of 2,056 kg/ha in ponds which received duckweed and 2,056 kg/ha in rice bran treated ponds. The net profit with duckweed and rice bran worked out to Tk. 69.752 and Tk. 73.480 kg/ha, respectively. This study revealed that duckweed is a low cost supplementary feed, particularly for farmers with limited income.