1000 resultados para ÁGUAS SUBTERRÂNEAS


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A Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos e as legislações estaduais têm como principal objetivo racionalizar o uso da água devido à sua escassez. Para isto, instituem cinco instrumentos para a gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil e dentre eles estão a outorga e a cobrança pelo uso da água. A água subterrânea vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada em todo o mundo devido, principalmente, ao seu baixo custo e boa qualidade. Ferramentas que auxiliem aos órgãos gestores na aplicação destes instrumentos são, portanto, de extrema necessidade. Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral o desenvolvimento de metodologias para gestão de águas subterrâneas, a partir de sugestões de critérios de outorga e cobrança, no intuito de preencher uma lacuna metodológica existente nas práticas brasileiras de gestão de recursos hídricos subterrâneos. O modelo de simulação/otimização proposto visa auxiliar aos órgãos gestores dos recursos hídricos em suas “tomadas de decisão”, quando estas se referirem à gestão da água subterrânea. O modelo foi aplicado no Aqüífero dos Ingleses, localizado no litoral de Santa Catarina/Brasil, e os resultados obtidos demonstraram a grande utilidade desta ferramenta como base para a emissão de outorgas e referência para a cobrança de águas subterrâneas.

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Este trabalho apresenta um estudo hidrogeológico realizado em um setor denominado aqüífero Cenozóico da bacia hidrográfica do rio Gravataí localizado na região nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O aqüífero Cenozóico, dentro da área da bacia, tem uma abrangência de 88,2 km2 em uma extensão longitudinal de aproximadamente 17,0 km no sentido sudoeste-nordeste. Fundamentou-se este estudo na necessidade de se obter o diagnóstico do potencial hidrogeológico desta região visando estimar a capacidade do aqüífero. Tendo por objetivo definir um critério de prospecção de áreas potencialmente favoráveis para exploração de águas subterrâneas na região de ocorrência do aqüífero Cenozóico. Os elementos necessários para alimentar o modelo hidrogeológico conceitual foram obtidos através da integração de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto para a identificação de zonas de recarga, confinamento e descarga, geofísica para a obtenção das cotas de topo e base do aqüífero e geoprocessamento. Quanto a modelagem aplicada, considerando as simplificações adotadas, verificou-se que o aqüífero apresenta potencialidade razoável, mostrando ser possível prover municípios que hoje tem seu abastecimento feito por captações no rio Gravataí. O estudo mostrou também que tal aqüífero comporta-se como uma área de passagem da água advinda da recarga da Coxilha das Lombas para o Banhado Grande. Para toda área modelada os valores de drenança apresentaram-se negativos demonstrando que o aqüífero está cedendo água ao aqüífero freático. Este fato sugere ser possível a exploração do aqüífero livre ajustado ao confinado. A aplicação da metodologia proposta para o conhecimento técnico específico da área de estudo, apesar das limitações devidas à escassez de dados, oferece subsídios a uma melhor gestão da bacia e propicia o uso sustentável do seu manancial subterrâneo.

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As águas subterrâneas são significantemente afetadas pelo ambiente deposicional no Sistema Aqüífero Granular Cenozóico. Os sedimentos terciários e quaternários da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul que ocorrem em Porto Alegre foram depositados em Sistemas de Laguna/Barreira que geraram depósitos de leques aluviais, fluviais, lacustres e deltáicos. O Sistema Aqüífero Granular Cenozóico na área estudada sofreu influência de transgressões e regressões marinhas iniciadas há 400 mil anos. No presente estudo foram analisadas 39 amostras de água subterrânea na região de Porto Alegre, que se destacam por possuir alto conteúdo de íons, em particular: cloreto (13 a 1680 mg/L), sulfato (4 a 500 mg/L), cálcio (0,9 a 125 mg/L), magnésio (0,7 a 154 mg/L) e sódio (17 a 740 mg/L), permitindo classificá-las como cloretada-cálcico-sódicas com elevados teores de sulfato. Os resultados físico-químicos foram tratados estatisticamente (análise fatorial e análise discriminante), o que permitiu identificar 4 grupos de águas, a partir dos parâmetros de maior correlação, que compreendem cloreto, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, sulfato, sódio, dureza e condutividade elétrica. A dissolução de sais de ambiente marinho ou mixohalino associada com condições hidrodinâmicas de fluxos de baixa velocidade e elevado tempo de residência, são fatores decisivos para a existência dos vários tipos hidroquímicos. O modelamento geoquímico indicou subsaturação em fluorita, halita e gipsita, enquanto calcita e dolomita tendem a saturação. Por outro lado, os cálculos indicam supersaturação em fluorapatita, gibsita, caolinita e goetita.

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Concomitantemente à produção de etanol, a partir da fermentação de diferentes matérias-primas (cana-de-açúcar, beterraba, milho, trigo, batata, mandioca), produz-se a vinhaça. A vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar é gerada na proporção média de 12 litros para cada litro de etanol. O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar (570 milhões de toneladas, em 2009) com a produção de 27 bilhões de litros/ano de etanol, no ciclo 2009/2010, basicamente para fins carburantes, e, portanto, a quantidade de vinhaça produzida é da ordem de 320 bilhões de litros/ano. Dentre as possíveis soluções para a destinação da vinhaça, tais como: concentração, tratamento químico e biológico ou produção de biomassa, é sua aplicação no solo a forma mais usual de disposição. No entanto, sua aplicação no solo não pode ser excessiva nem indiscriminada, sob pena de comprometer o ambiente e a rentabilidade agrícola e industrial da unidade sucroalcooleira. A necessidade de medidas de controle sobre a aplicação de vinhaça no solo do Estado de São Paulo, que concentra a produção de 60% do etanol produzido no Brasil, levou à elaboração da Norma Técnica P4.231, em 2005. A constatação do cumprimento dos itens desta Norma é uma das ações do agente fiscalizador, no monitoramento da geração e destinação da vinhaça pelos empreendimentos produtores de etanol. Os itens 5.7.1 e 5.7.2, desta Norma, tornam obrigatório o encaminhamento à CETESB (Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo), para fins de acompanhamento e fiscalização, até o dia 02 de abril de cada ano, o PAV (Plano de Aplicação de Vinhaça). Com o intuito de proporcionar melhor entendimento da Norma P4.231, contribuir para otimização de sua aplicabilidade e melhoria e perceber a realidade prática da aplicação da vinhaça, foram analisados PAVs protocolados na Agência Ambiental de Piracicaba, licenças concedidas, processos de licenciamento e realizadas vistorias a campo. Conclui-se que a Norma P4.231 representa um avanço no gerenciamento do uso da vinhaça no Estado de São Paulo, por disciplinar a disposição de vinhaça no solo, tornando obrigatórios: demarcações de áreas protegidas e núcleos populacionais, caracterização de solo e da vinhaça, doses máximas a serem aplicadas, estudos da geologia e hidrogeologia locais, monitoramento das águas subterrâneas, impermeabilização de tanques e dutos. Estabelece critérios a serem obedecidos por lei, e todos são condutas de boas práticas de proteção ao meio, que repercutem em maior rentabilidade agrícola e industrial. A Norma P4.231 é bem elaborada, complexa e extensa, o que a torna de difícil execução. Para facilitar sua aplicabilidade, sugere-se o estabelecimento de um cronograma de prioridades: impermeabilização dos tanques e dutos, drenos testemunha com funcionamento otimizado e boa caracterização do que está sendo aplicado, se vinhaça pura ou se misturada a águas residuárias. Das oito empresas deste estudo, apenas quatro (as maiores) vêm protocolando os PAVs com regularidade, desde 2005. As informações apresentadas foram incompletas e, em alguns casos, precárias. Mesmo com lacunas, os dados fornecidos, desde o início da obrigatoriedade do PAV, foram de utilidade para esboçar o perfil da atividade sucroalcooleira na região estudada.

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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

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Among the different types of pollutants typically attributed to human activities, the petroleum products are one of the most important because of its toxic potential. This toxicity is attributed to the presence of substances such as benzene and its derivatives are very toxic to the central nervous system of man, with chronic toxicity, even in small concentrations. The area chosen for study was the city of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte, where samples were collected in six different areas in the city, comprising 10 wells located in the urban area, being carried out in three distinct periods March/2009, December / June/2010 and 2009, and were evaluated for contamination by volatile hydrocarbons (BTEX - benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), so this work aimed to assess the quality of groundwater wells that supply funding for public supply and trade in the urban area of the city of Natal, in Rio Grande do Norte, contributing to the environmental assessment of the municipality. The analysis of BTEX in water was performed according to EPA Method 8021b. Was used the technique of headspace (TriPlus TP100) coupled to high resolution gas chromatography with selective photoionization detector (PID) and flame ionization (FID) - model Trace GC Ultra, Thermo Electron Corporation brand. The procedure adopted allowed the detection of concentrations of the order of μg.L-1. Data analysis with respect to BTEX in groundwater in the area monitored so far, shows that water quality is still preserved, because it exceeds the limits imposed by the potability Resolution CONAMA Nº. 396, April 2008

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Among the potentially polluting economic activities that compromise the quality of groundwater are the gas stations. The city of Natal has about 120 gas stations, of which only has an environmental license for operation. Discontinuities in the offices were notified by the Public Ministry of Rio Grande do Norte to carry out the environmental adaptations, among which is the investigation of environmental liabilities. The preliminary and confirmatory stages of this investigation consisted in the evaluation of soil gas surveys with two confirmatory chemical analysis of BTEX, PAH and TPH. To get a good evaluation and interpretation of results obtained in the field, it became necessary three-dimensional representation of them. We used a CAD software to graph the equipment installed in a retail service station fuel in Natal, as well as the plumes of contamination by volatile organic compounds. The tool was concluded that contamination is not located in the current system of underground storage of fuel development, but reflects the historical past in which tanks were removed not tight gasoline and diesel

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Today a major responsibility for the contamination of soil and groundwater and surface water are establishments known as gas stations of fuel which has attracted increasing attention from both the general population as the state agencies of environmental control due to leaks in storage tanks and mainly to disruption of pipe corrosion of tanks and pumping. Other services, like oil changes and car wash are also causes for concern in this type of establishment. These leaks can cause or waste produced, and the contamination of aquifers, serious health problems and public safety, since most of these stations located in urban areas. Based on this, the work was to evaluate soil contamination of a particular service station and fuel sales in the city of Natal, through the quantification of heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn of total organic carbon (TOC) and organic matter using different techniques such as optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source (ICP OES), Total Organic Carbon analyzer and gravimetric analysis respectively. And also to characterize the soil through particle size analysis. Samples were taken in 21 georeferenced points and collected in the same period. The soils sampled in sampling stations P3, P5, P6, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P17, P18 and P20 showed the smallest size fractions ranging from fine sand to medium sand. The other study sites ranged from fine sand to medium sand, except the point P8 showed that only the type size medium sand and P19, indicating a particle size of the coarse type. The small correlation of organic matter with the elements studied in this work suggests that these are not of anthropogenic origin but geochemical support

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Activities that have fuel subterranean storage system are considered potentially polluting fuels by CONAMA Resolution 273, due to the possibility of leak, outpouring and overflow of fuel into the ground. Being even more worrying when contaminate groundwater for public supply, as the case of Natal City. For this reason, the Public Ministry/RN, in partnership with UFRN, developed the project environmental suitability of Gas stations in Natal, of which 36% showed evidence of contamination. This paper describes the four stages of the management of contaminated areas: preliminary assessment of environmental liabilities, detailed confirmatory investigation of the contamination, risk analysis to human health (RBCA), as well as the remediation plan of degraded areas. Therefore it is presented a case study. For the area investigated has been proposed a mathematical method to estimate the volume of LNAPL by a free CAD software (ScketchUp) and compare it with the partition method for grid area. Were also performed 3D graphics designs of feathers contamination. Research results showed that passive benzene contamination in groundwater was 2791.77 μg/L, when the maximum allowed by CONAMA Resolution 420 is 5 μg/L which is the potability standards. The individual and cumulative risks were calculated from 4.4 x10-3, both above the limits of 1.0 x10-5 or by RBCA 1.0 x10-6 by the Public Ministry/RN. Corrective action points that remediation of dissolved phase benzene is expected to reach a concentration of 25 μg/L, based on carcinogenic risk for ingestion of groundwater by residents residential, diverging legislation. According to the proposed model, the volume of LNAPL using the ScketchUp was 17.59 m3, while by the grid partitioning method was 14.02 m3. Because of the low recovery, the expected removal of LNAPL is 11 years, if the multiphase extraction system installed in the enterprise is not optimized

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The treatment of oil produced water and its implications are continually under investigation and several questions are related to this subject. In the Northeast Region Brazil, the onshore reservoirs are, in its majority, mature oil fields with high production of water. As this oil produced water has high levels of oil, it cannot be directly discarded into the environment because it represents a risk for contamination of soil, water, and groundwater, or even may cause harm to living bodies. Currently, polyelectrolytes that promote the coalescence of the oil droplets are used to remove the dispersed oil phase, enhancing the effectiveness of the flotation process. The non-biodegradability and high cost of polyelectrolytes are limiting factors for its application. On this context, it is necessary to develop studies for the search of more environmentally friendly products to apply in the flotation process. In this work it is proposed the modeling of the flotation process, in a glass column, using surfactants derived from vegetal oils to replace the polyelectrolytes, as well as to obtain a model that represents the experimental data. In addition, it was made a comparative study between the models described in the literature and the one developed in this research. The obtained results showed that the developed model presented high correlation coefficients when fitting the experimental data (R2 > 0.98), thus proving its efficiency in modeling the experimental data.

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The city of Natal-RN is constructed on dune areas with wavy relives softly waved and green areas that help to keep a pleasant climate, amongst these is distinguished field Pirangi-Potengi the dune with the areas of San Vale and Lagoinha. These environments are being substituted gradual for property and other workmanships of engineering on behalf of the urban expansion. This study the elaboration of a geoambiental mapping of Field had as objective generality Pirangi-Potengi the Dune with emphasis the San Vale and Lagoinha in Natal-RN. The done mapping had as objective specific to elaborate a vegetation map, a map of registers in cadastre of ambient problems to dunes, a map of flooding susceptibility, a map of vulnerability to the underground water contamination and a map of use and occupation of the ground. Of the carried through analysis, the area in study reveals sufficiently degraded, remaining only few green areas and dunares, as well as, the vulnerable presence of areas of vulnerability in floods and areas the contamination of the water-bearing one. The gotten results allow to affirm that this type of mapping, is of great importance for analysis and evaluation of the environment of the city

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The Pitimbu River Basin is concern reason, therefore this is one of the mains freshwater sources for the Natal city supplying. The Pitimbu waters river flow into Jiqui pond, as the main supplier of this, that supplies 16% of Natal population and there is a bigger importance despite the supplying of a parcel of Natal city made joining underground waters with the water proceeding from the Jiqui pond, being used for dilution waters of contaminated wells with nitrate. Even with the importance of the Pitimbu, there is a strong pressure of occupation of its edge according to a critical urban growth, becoming the situation worse and increasing the necessity of management of the use and occupation of the ground and keeping the control of the prompt pollution, as punctual as diffuse. There are many studies about Pitimbu River Basin, however they summarize themselves to some months or even in a few years. This work, that gathers these information, increasing the amplitude and making possible an evaluation of the attitude of the water in a period extended for an evaluation of values of variable quality of water referring to the standards, that usually happens about the variable frequency distribution, central tendency and measures of dispersion, as the coefficient of variation, coefficient of skewness and the coefficient of determination of certain variable on another one. This work to evaluates the quality conditions of the Pitimbu river waters by analyzing thirty five (35) variables Physical, chemical and biological in eight (8) points of water course since 1993 to 2007. Given this situation, all knowledge about the waters quality conditions obtained in this work, is a strong subsidy for management of use and ground occupation, considering the river basin as territorial unit of management, and as the water is public good domain, being a priority human use, It is necessary to guarantee to current and the future generations available water resources in appropriate standards of quality as the established standard and identifying possible reasons of pollution through statistics analysis

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Urban centers in Pitimbu Watershed use significant groundwater sources for public supply. Therefore, studies in Dunas Barreiras aquifer are relevant to expand knowledge about it and help manage water resources in the region. An essential tool for this management is the numerical modeling of groundwater flow. In this work, we developed a groundwater flow model for Pitimbu Watershed, using the Visual Modflow, version 2.7.1., which uses finite difference method for solving the govern equation of the dynamics of groundwater flow. We carried out the numerical simulation of steady-state model for the entire region of the basin. The model was built in the geographical, geomorphological and hydrogeological study of the area, which defined the boundary conditions and the parameters required for the numerical calculation. Owing to unavailability of current data based on monitoring of the aquifer it was not possible to calibrate the model. However, the simulation results showed that the overall water balance approached zero, therefore satisfying the equation for the three-dimensional behavior of the head water in steady state. Variations in aquifer recharge data were made to verify the impact of this contribution on the water balance of the system, especially in the scenario in which recharge due to drains and sinks was removed. According to the results generated by Visual Modflow occurred significantly hydraulic head lowering, ranging from 16,4 to 82 feet of drawdown. With the results obtained, it can be said that modeling is performed as a valid tool for the management of water resources in Pitimbu River Basin, and to support new studies