Propuesta de estrategia para avanzar, desde la perspectiva de América Latina y el Caribe, hacia una convención internacional sobre los derechos humanos de las personas de edad

En la Declaración de Brasilia, aprobada en la segunda Conferencia regional intergubernamental sobre envejecimiento en América Latina y el Caribe: hacia una sociedad para todas las edades y de protección social basada en derechos en 2007, y ratificada por la CEPAL mediante la resolución 644(XXXII); de 2008, se insta a los gobiernos participantes a realizar esfuerzos encaminados a impulsar la elaboración de una convención internacional sobre los derechos de las personas de edad (artículo 24);. Se solicitaba asimismo la designación de un relator especial en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos encargado de velar por la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos de las personas de edad (artículo 25);.En el pasado bienio se celebraron tres reuniones de conformidad con ese compromiso. Las dos primeras tuvieron lugar, respectivamente, en Río de Janeiro (Brasil); (2008); y en Buenos Aires (Argentina); (2009);. En la tercera reunión, celebrada en Santiago (Chile); los días 5 y 6 de octubre de 2009, los países participantes solicitaron a la Secretaría de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL); que elaborara "una propuesta de estrategia sobre cómo avanzar en el seguimiento de los artículos 24 y 25 de la Declaración de Brasilia". La propuesta debería incluir "los contenidos mínimos que deberían estar presentes, desde la perspectiva de América Latina y el Caribe, en una convención internacional sobre los derechos de las personas de edad".En respuesta a esa solicitud, en este documento se presenta, en primer lugar, un panorama general sobre las normas existentes en materia de derechos humanos que están relacionadas con la promoción y protección de los derechos de las personas de edad, tanto a nivel internacional como regional. A continuación se señalan los argumentos que, desde la perspectiva de América Latina y el Caribe, justifican la aprobación de una convención internacional sobre los derechos de las personas de edad, así como los contenidos mínimos que esa convención debería incluir. Por último, se presenta una propuesta de estrategia para promover la aprobación.

Análisis comparativo de las implicaciones de la política macroeconómica: los choques externos y los sistemas de protección social en la pobreza y la desigualdad en siete países de América Latina

Incluye bibliografía

Implicaciones de la política macroeconómica, los choques externos y los sistemas de protección social en la pobreza, la desigualdad y la vulnerabilidad en América Latina y el Caribe: México

Incluye bibliografía

Transferencias no contributivas a personas mayores. Análisis comparativo de dos programas: 70 y más y pensión alimentaria de la Ciudad de México

El trabajo compara dos programas de transferencias no contributivas a personas mayores (PTNCPM) en México: uno local (el Programa de la Pensión Alimentaria del Distrito Federal, creado en 2001) y otro nacional (el Programa 70 y Más, impulsado en 2007). Se documenta el proceso de envejecimiento de la población en los países de la Región Norte de América Latina y el Caribe; se revisan los principales instrumentos internacionales sobre los derechos de las personas mayores, así como los marcos jurídicos de ambos programas; se propone una guía para el análisis de los PTNCPM desde un enfoque de derechos, y se lleva a cabo una comparación sobre la base de diversas variables. Entre los hallazgos principales del trabajo se encontraron modificaciones de los criterios de elegibilidad: el programa nacional dejó de lado la universalidad para iniciar un proceso de focalización en 2012; la cobertura alcanzó el 100% en ambos casos y se redujo a casi 60% en el programa nacional y a 82% en el local; las prestaciones monetarias directas e indirectas en el caso local duplican las del nacional; en éste hay un sesgo de género favorable a los varones, mientras que en aquél es favorable a las mujeres; la sostenibilidad financiera está asegurada por ley sólo en el programa local; el presupuesto asignado como porcentaje del PIB es del doble en el caso local con respecto al nacional; y la capacitación de tomadores de decisiones, cuadros medios y personal operativo es fundamental para el mejoramiento y ampliación de los programas. Se concluye que el enfoque de derechos garantiza la institucionalidad y sostenibilidad de los programas, además de un ingreso mínimo universal que promueve la cohesión social.

Social cohesion: inclusion and a sense of belonging in Latin America and the Caribbean. Summary

Includes bibliography

L'Orientamento politico come fattore di differenziazione delle politiche pubbliche locali: I casi di Modena e Verona

La tesi ha per oggetto lo studio delle politiche pubbliche locali ed in particolare delle politiche sociali che dal 2011 sono diventate politiche esclusivamente territoriali. L’obiettivo è quello di verificare se il differente orientamento politico delle amministrazioni genera politiche differenti. Per verificare le ipotesi si sono scelti 2 Comuni simili sul piano delle variabili socio-economiche, ma guidati da giunte con orientamento politico differente: il Comune di Modena a guida Partito Democratico e il Comune di Verona con un sindaco leghista a capo di una giunta di centro-destra. Nella prima parte vengono esposti ed analizzati i principali paradigmi di studio delle politiche (rational choice, paradigma marxista, economia del benessere, corporativismo e pluralismo, neo-istituzionalismo e paradigma relazionale) e viene presentato il paradigma che verrà utilizzato per l’analisi delle politiche (paradigma relazionale). Per la parte empirica si è proceduto attraverso interviste in profondità effettuate ai due Assessori alle Politiche sociali e ai due Dirigenti comunali dei Comuni e a 18 organizzazioni di Terzo settore impegnate nella costruzione delle politiche e selezionate attraverso la metodologia “a palla di neve”. Sono analizzate le disposizioni normative in materia di politica sociale, sia per la legislazione regionale che per quella comunale. L’analisi dei dati ha verificato l’ipotesi di ricerca nel senso che l’orientamento politico produce politiche differenti per quanto riguarda il rapporto tra Pubblica Amministrazione e Terzo settore. Per Modena si può parlare di una scelta di esternalizzazione dei servizi che si accompagna ad un processo di internalizzazione dei servizi tramite le ASP; a Verona almeno per alcuni settori delle politiche (disabilità e anziani) sono stati realizzati processi di sussidiarietà e di governance. Per la fase di programmazione l’orientamento politico ha meno influenza e la programmazione mostra caratteristiche di tipo “top-down”.

Who's in Charge in the Inner City? The Conflict Between Efficiency and Equity in the Design of a Metropolitan Area

A circular metropolitan area consists of an inner city and a suburb. Households sort over the two jurisdictions based on public service levels and their costs of commuting to the metropolitan center. Using numerical simulations, we show (1) there typically exist two equilibria: one in which the poor form the majority in the inner city and the other in which the rich form the majority in the inner city; (2) there is an efficiency vs. equity trade-off as to which equilibrium is preferred; and (3) if the inner city contains only poor households, equity favors expanding the inner city to include rich households.

A Mathematical Representation of "Excitement" in Games from the Viewpoint of a Neutral Audience

Researchers have long believed the concept of "excitement" in games to be subjective and difficult to measure. This paper presents the development of a mathematically computable index that measures this concept from the viewpoint of an audience. One of the key aspects of the index is the differential of the probability of "winning" before and after one specific "play" in a given game. If the probability of winning becomes very positive or negative by that play, then the audience will feel the game to be "exciting." The index makes a large contribution to the study of games and enables researchers to compare and analyze the "excitement" of various games. It may be applied to many fields especially the area of welfare economics, ranging from allocative efficiency to axioms of justice and equity.

A Mathematical Representation of "Excitement" in Games: A Contribution to the Theory of Game Systems

Researchers have long believed the concept of "excitement" in games to be subjective and difficult to measure. This paper presents the development of a mathematically computable index that measures the concept from the viewpoint of an audience and from that of a player. One of the key aspects of the index is the differential of the probability of "winning" before and after one specific "play" in a given game. The index makes a large contribution to the study of games and enables researchers to compare and analyze the “excitement” of various games. It may be applied in many fields, especially the area of welfare economics, and applications may range from those related to allocative efficiency to axioms of justice and equity.

Commercialization of agriculture in the Himalayas

Increased market integration and commercialization of traditional agriculture in the Himalayas is part of a development strategy towards growth and better standard of living. More than 97 percent households depend upon agricultural and allied activities for livelihood which constitutes 30 percent of the household income. Given the importance of commercialization of agriculture to improve the productivity, per capita income and thereby the standard of living in the Himalayas, we examine the factors affecting the commercialization of agriculture on the basis of primary survey data. The results reveal that the land size, gender of the household head, livestock assets, ethnicity, education and location are important determinants of commercialization. Although commercialization of agriculture is considered as stimulated private-sector activity, public policy is essential to facilitate driving forces viz., trade and market reforms, rural infrastructure, and the institutional framework for legal and contractual arrangements between farmers and processors.

A dynamic, probabilistic model for city building

The problem of interdependence between housing and commuting in a city has been analysed within the framework of welfare economics. Uncertain changes overtime in the working population has been considered by means of a dynamic, probabilistic model. The characteristics of irreversibility and durability in city building have been explicitly dealt with. The ultimate objective is that the model after further development will be an auxiliary tool in city planning.

The Migration of Doctors and Nurses from South Pacific Island Nations

Little is known of the structure of the international migration of skilled health professionals. Accelerated migration of doctors and nurses from the Pacific island states of Fiji, Samoa and Tonga to the Pacific periphery is part of the globalization of health care. The findings from a recent survey of 251 doctors and nurses from the three island countries are reported here. Key determinants of both present migration status and future migration intentions were analyzed using econometric methods. Nurses' and doctors' propensities to migrate are influenced by both income and non-income factors, including ownership of businesses and houses. Migrants also tend to have more close relatives overseas, to have trained there, and so experienced superior working conditions. Migration propensities vary between countries, and between nurses and doctors within countries. Tongan nurses have a higher propensity to migrate, mainly because of greater relative earnings differentials, but are also more likely to return home. The role of kinship ties, relative income differentials and working conditions is evident in other developing country contexts. Remittances and return migration, alongside business investment, bring some benefits to compensate for the skill drain. National development policies should focus on encouraging return migration, alongside retention and recruitment, but are unlikely to prevent out migration. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

How does social security affect economic growth? Evidence from cross-country data

This paper investigates how social security interacts with growth and growth determinants (savings, human capital investment, and fertility). Our empirical investigation finds that the estimated coefficient on social security is significantly negative in the fertility equation, insignificant in the saving equation, and significantly positive in the growth and education equations. By contrast, the estimated coefficient on growth is insignificant in the social security equation. The results suggest that social security may indeed be conducive to growth through tipping the trade-off between the number and quality of children toward the latter.