Interocular transfer in perceptual learning of a pop-out discrimination task.

The specificity of the improvement in perceptual learning is often used to localize the neuronal changes underlying this type of adult plasticity. We investigated a visual texture discrimination task previously reported to be accomplished preattentively and for which learning-related changes were inferred to occur at a very early level of the visual processing stream. The stimulus was a matrix of lines from which a target popped out, due to an orientation difference between the three target lines and the background lines. The task was to report the global orientation of the target and was performed monocularly. The subjects' performance improved dramatically with training over the course of 2-3 weeks, after which we tested the specificity of the improvement for the eye trained. In all subjects tested, there was complete interocular transfer of the learning effect. The neuronal correlate of this learning are therefore most likely localized in a visual area where input from the two eyes has come together.

Pre-Attentive Segmentation in the Primary Visual Cortex

Stimuli outside classical receptive fields have been shown to exert significant influence over the activities of neurons in primary visual cortexWe propose that contextual influences are used for pre-attentive visual segmentation, in a new framework called segmentation without classification. This means that segmentation of an image into regions occurs without classification of features within a region or comparison of features between regions. This segmentation framework is simpler than previous computational approaches, making it implementable by V1 mechanisms, though higher leve l visual mechanisms are needed to refine its output. However, it easily handles a class of segmentation problems that are tricky in conventional methods. The cortex computes global region boundaries by detecting the breakdown of homogeneity or translation invariance in the input, using local intra-cortical interactions mediated by the horizontal connections. The difference between contextual influences near and far from region boundaries makes neural activities near region boundaries higher than elsewhere, making boundaries more salient for perceptual pop-out. This proposal is implemented in a biologically based model of V1, and demonstrated using examples of texture segmentation and figure-ground segregation. The model performs segmentation in exactly the same neural circuit that solves the dual problem of the enhancement of contours, as is suggested by experimental observations. Its behavior is compared with psychophysical and physiological data on segmentation, contour enhancement, and contextual influences. We discuss the implications of segmentation without classification and the predictions of our V1 model, and relate it to other phenomena such as asymmetry in visual search.

Visual search in spatial neglect studied with a preview paradigm.

Impaired visual search is a hallmark of spatial neglect. When searching for an unique feature (e.g., color) neglect patients often show only slight visual field asymmetries. In contrast, when the target is defined by a combination of features (e.g., color and form) they exhibit a severe deficit of contralesional search. This finding suggests a selective impairment of the serial deployment of spatial attention. Here, we examined this deficit with a preview paradigm. Neglect patients searched for a target defined by the conjunction of shape and color, presented together with varying numbers of distracters. The presentation time was varied such that on some trials participants previewed the target together with same-shape/different-color distracters, for 300 or 600 ms prior to the appearance of additional different-shape/same-color distracters. On the remaining trials the target and all distracters were shown simultaneously. Healthy participants exhibited a serial search strategy only when all items were presented simultaneously, whereas in both preview conditions a pop-out effect was observed. Neglect patients showed a similar pattern when the target was presented in the right hemifield. In contrast, when searching for a target in the left hemifield they showed serial search in the no-preview condition, as well as with a preview of 300 ms, and partly even at 600 ms. A control experiment suggested that the failure to fully benefit from item preview was probably independent of accurate perception of time. Our results, when viewed in the context of existing literature, lead us to conclude that the visual search deficit in neglect reflects two additive factors: a biased representation of attentional priority in favor of ipsilesional information and exaggerated capture of attention by ipsilesional abrupt onsets.

Perceiving Illumination Inconsistencies in Scenes

The human visual system is adept at detecting and encoding statistical regularities in its spatio-temporal environment. Here we report an unexpected failure of this ability in the context of perceiving inconsistencies in illumination distributions across a scene. Contrary to predictions from previous studies [Enns and Rensink, 1990; Sun and Perona, 1996a, 1996b, 1997], we find that the visual system displays a remarkable lack of sensitivity to illumination inconsistencies, both in experimental stimuli and in images of real scenes. Our results allow us to draw inferences regarding how the visual system encodes illumination distributions across scenes. Specifically, they suggest that the visual system does not verify the global consistency of locally derived estimates of illumination direction.

Psychophysische Skalierung visueller Merkmalssalienz

Die Messung der Stärke von Empfindungen hat in der Psychologie eine lange Tradition, die bis in die Zeit der Entstehung der Psychologie als eine eigenständige Wissenschaft gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zurückreicht. Gustav Theodor Fechner verband die Beobachtung Webers der Konstanz des Koeffizienten des eben merklichen Unterschieds zu der Vergleichsintensität (sog. "Weber-Quotient") mit der Annahme einer sensorischen Schwelle, und entwickelte daraus erstmals eine Skala für die Stärke von Empfindungen. Die Fechner-Skala verwendet die Anzahl sukzessiver Schwellenschritte als natürliche, psychologische Einheit. Die Stärke einer Empfindung für eine gegebene Reizintensität wird ausgedrückt als die Anzahl von Schwellenschritten, die man gehen muss, um von keiner Empfindung bis zur in Frage stehenden Empfindung zu gelangen. Die Funktion, die den Zusammenhang von Reizintensität und der Anzahl nötiger Schwellenschritte beschreibt, ist stets logarithmisch und über sukzessive Schwellenmessungen für Reize aus den verschiedensten Sinnesmodalitäten bestimmbar. Derart sich ergebende Skalierungen heißen "indirekt", weil die in Frage stehende Reizintensität selbst nicht von der Urteilsperson bewertet wird. Intensitäten sind vom Urteiler nur mit anderen Intensitäten in Bezug auf ein "stärker" oder "schwächer", also ordinal, zu vergleichen. Indirekte Skalierungsmethoden eignen sich insbesondere, wenn der Reizeindruck flüchtig und von der absoluten Stärke her schwer durch den Urteiler zu quantifizieren ist. Ein typisches Beispiel hierfür ist die Auffälligkeit (Salienz) von visuellen Objekten, die in zufällig wechselnde Hintergründe eingebettet sind und dem Betrachter nur als ein rasches raumzeitliches Aufblitzen präsentiert werden. Die Stärke des Unterschieds in Merkmalen wie Helligkeit, Farbe, Orientierung, Schattierung, Form, Krümmung, oder Bewegung bestimmt das Ausmaß der Salienz von Objekten. Obschon eine Fülle von Arbeiten existiert zu der Frage, welche Merkmale und deren Kombinationen ohne Wissen des Ortes ihrer Präsentation automatisch starke Salienz ("Pop-Out") erzeugen, existieren bislang keine systematischen Versuche, die Salienz von Merkmalen für einen weiten Bereich von Merkmalsunterschieden zu erfassen und vergleichbar zu machen. Indirekte Skalierungen liegen vor für die Merkmale Kontrast (Legge und Foley, 1980) und Orientierung (Motoyoshi und Nishida, 2001). Ein Vergleich der Salienz über mehrere Merkmale und der Nachweis, dass die Salienz eine eigene, von der Merkmalsdimension unabhängige sensorische Qualität ist, steht aber bislang aus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass der Unterschied von Objekten zur einbettenden Umgebung hinsichtlich visueller Merkmale zu Salienz führt und diese Salienz unabhängig von dem sie erzeugenden Merkmal der Stärke nach skalierbar ist. Es wird ferner gezeigt, dass die Einheiten der für zwei Merkmale erhobenen indirekten Skalierungsfunktionen in einem absoluten Sinne gleich sind, solange sichergestellt ist, dass (i) keine alternativen Hinweisreize existieren und nur der reine Merkmalsunterschied von Objekt und Umgebung bewertet wird und (ii) das sensorische Rauschen in den aktivierten Merkmalskanälen für beide Merkmale gleich ist. Für diesen Aufweis wurden exemplarisch die Merkmale Orientierung und Ortsfrequenz ausgewählt und die Salienz ihrer Merkmalskontraste über Naka-Rushton-Funktionen, gewonnen aus den zugrundeliegenden Salienz-Inkrementschwellenmessungen, indirekt skaliert. Für das Merkmal Ortsfrequenz liegt hiermit erstmals eine indirekte Skalierung vor. Hierfür musste eine spezielle Messtechnik entwickelt werden, die die Bewertung reiner Ortsfrequenzunterschiede, frei von konfundierenden absoluten Ausprägungen der Ortsfrequenzen, sicherstellt. Die Methode ist in Kapitel 7 dargestellt. Experimente, die die konfundierende Wirkung absoluter Merkmalsausprägungen auf die Salienzmessung demonstrieren, sind in Kapitel 6 dargestellt. In Kapitel 8 findet sich ein empirischer Abgleich der Ergebnisse von Inkrement- und Dekrementschwellenmessungen, eine Messtechnik, die zur Erfassung von Unterschiedsschwellen im Extrembereich der Orientierungsunterschiede von 90° nötig ist. Kapitel 9 enthält den empirischen Aufweis der Transitivität der Gleichheitsrelation für Salienzmessungen von Orientierung und Ortsfrequenz durch Abgleich mit einem dritten Merkmal und erbringt damit den Beleg der merkmalsunabhängigen Erfassung von Auffälligkeit über die indirekte Skalierungsmethodik. Ferner wird dort die Wirksamkeit der Grundsalienz von Mustern, gegeben über externes Rauschen in den Merkmalen (sog. "Merkmalsjitter") für die Verschiebung des Nullpunktes der Skalierungsfunktion aufgezeigt. Im letzten Experiment (Kapitel 10) wird dann die Skalierung von Orientierung und Ortsfrequenz bei gleicher Grundsalienz der Muster verglichen und gezeigt, dass beide Skalen in einem absoluten Sinne gleiche Einheiten aufweisen (also gleiche Skalenzahlen gleiche sensorische Auffälligkeiten anzeigen, obwohl sie von verschiedenen Merkmalen stammen), wenn der Effekt des sensorischen Rauschens, der im Merkmal Orientierung nicht über die verschiedenen Schwellenschritte konstant ist, kompensiert wird. Die Inkonstanz des Effektes des sensorischen Rauschens im Merkmal Orientierung wird über die Veränderung der Steigung der psychometrischen Präferenzfunktion für die Vergleichsurteile der Orientierungssalienz für eine fest vorgegebene Ortsfrequenzsalienz greifbar, und der Effekt der Steigungsveränderung kompensiert exakt die Nichtlinearität in der für beide Merkmale erhobenen Salienz-Matchingfunktion. Im letzten Kapitel wird ein Ausblick auf eine mögliche Modellierung der Salienzfunktionen über klassische Multikanal-Feedforwardmodelle gegeben. In den ersten fünf Kapiteln sind einführend die Gebiete der indirekten Skalierung, der Merkmalssalienz und der Texturtrennung im menschlichen visuellen System dargestellt.

Deformation Studies of Tungsten-Gold Contacts at the Nanometer Scale.

The deformation behavior of atomically clean, nanometer sized tungsten / gold contacts was studied at room temperature in ultra-high vacuum. An instrument that combines atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and field ion microscopy (FIM) into a single experimental apparatus was designed, constructed, and calibrated. A cross-hair force sensor having a spring constant of - 442 N/m was developed and its motion was monitored during indentation experiments with a differential interferometer. Tungsten tips of controlled size (12.8 nm < tip radius < 2 1.6 nm) were first shaped and characterized using FIM and then indented into a Au (1 10) single crystal to depths ranging from 1.5 nrn to 18 nm using the force sensor. Continuum mechanics models were found to be valid in predicting elastic deformation during initial contact and plastic zone depths despite our small size regime. Multiple discrete yielding events lasting < 1.5 ms were observed during the plastic deformation regime; at the yield points a maximum value for the principal shear stress was measured to be 5 + 1 GPa. During tip withdrawal, "pop-out" events relating to material relaxation within the contact were observed. Adhesion between the tip and sample led to experimental signatures that suggest neck formation prior to the break of contact. STM images of indentation holes revealed various shapes that can be attributed to the (1 1 1 ) (1 10) crystallographic slip system in gold. FIM images of the tip after indentation showed no evidence of tip damage

Optokinetic stimulation induces illusory movement of both out-of-the-body and on-the-body hand-held visual objects

The coding of body part location may depend upon both visual and proprioceptive information, and allows targets to be localized with respect to the body. The present study investigates the interaction between visual and proprioceptive localization systems under conditions of multisensory conflict induced by optokinetic stimulation (OKS). Healthy subjects were asked to estimate the apparent motion speed of a visual target (LED) that could be located either in the extrapersonal space (visual encoding only, V), or at the same distance, but stuck on the subject's right index finger-tip (visual and proprioceptive encoding, V-P). Additionally, the multisensory condition was performed with the index finger kept in position both passively (V-P passive) and actively (V-P active). Results showed that the visual stimulus was always perceived to move, irrespective of its out- or on-the-body location. Moreover, this apparent motion speed varied consistently with the speed of the moving OKS background in all conditions. Surprisingly, no differences were found between V-P active and V-P passive conditions in the speed of apparent motion. The persistence of the visual illusion during the active posture maintenance reveals a novel condition in which vision totally dominates over proprioceptive information, suggesting that the hand-held visual stimulus was perceived as a purely visual, external object despite its contact with the hand.

Comportamento visual e perfil socioeconômico e demográfico de recém-nascidos prematuros da Maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco - UFPE

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the behavior of premature newborns in the first year of chronological age. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study, bound to a longitudinal study titled: Comparison of visual behavior on the first quarter of year of life of premature nursling born at two maternities of Recife/PE. The sample was composed by 52 premature newborns selected from June, 2007 to June, 2008 from the Maternity of the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE). Biological, socioeconomic and demographic data was collected through medical records and interviews with progeny. Newborns were evaluated by the Assessment Guide of Visual Ability in Infants. RESULTS: Most of the newborns were male at a gestational period between 33 weeks and 36 weeks and 6 days, showed a good visual behavior development for the age researched, and most of the families showed good socioeconomical and demographic profile. Besides, it was possible to detect ocular signs in 19% of sample, that were referred to an Ophthalmology Service. CONCLUSION: This study results point out the method like an important key in the early detection and visual screening for premature nursling since the first month of life and it led us to believe that clinical view for occupational therapy intervention must be focused not only on biological risks but also at the influence environment in newborn performance.

Estimulação perceptivo-motora em crianças portadoras de deficiencia visual : proposta de utilização de material pedagogico

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

A variação da acuidade visual durante esforços fisicos em atletas com baixa visão

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Percepções de escolares com deficiência visual em relação ao seu processo de escolarização

A promoção da inclusão escolar de pessoas com deficiência visual demanda que os profissionais conheçam as percepções que estes alunos têm a respeito de suas limitações e possibilidades. Neste estudo, foram identificadas características e percepções de escolares com deficiência visual em relação ao seu processo de reabilitação. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal com escolares de 12 anos e mais, inseridos no sistema público de um município do Estado de São Paulo. Aplicou-se questionário mediante entrevista. Obteve-se população de 26 alunos, sendo 46,2% com visão subnormal e 53,8% com cegueira, com média de idade de 17,1 anos. A repetência escolar foi declarada por 73,1%. Entre as dificuldades escolares decorrentes da cegueira, sobressaiu-se a leitura de livros didáticos e, entre as decorrentes da visão subnormal, a visualização da lousa. O nível de escolaridade mostrou-se baixo em relação à média de idade. Evidenciaram-se percepções coerentes em relação à problemática da inclusão escolar.

Mães de crianças com deficiência visual: percepções, conduta e constribuição do atendimento em grupo

A presente pesquisa teve quatro objetivos: 1) identificar reações de mães em relação ao diagnóstico da deficiência visual; 2) identificar o responsável pela detecção da deficiência; 3) verificar dificuldades da criança no processo de escolarização, e 4) verificar possíveis contribuições de atividades terapêuticas direcionadas ao grupo de mães. Foi realizado um "survey" descritivo com as mães de crianças com deficiência visual, atendidas no CEPRE-FCM-Unicamp. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário aplicado por entrevista, desenvolvido após estudo exploratório. Compôs-se uma amostra não probabilística, constituída por 14 mães. Entre os resultados obtidos, com relação aos sentimentos apontados pelas mães em relação ao diagnóstico, destacaram-se: a tristeza (71,0 por cento); o medo (64,0 por cento) e a decepção (42,0 por cento). O problema visual foi percebido por mães em 53,0 por cento dos casos, por pediatras em 26,0 por cento e por familiares em 21,0 por cento. Entre as dificuldades da criança no processo de escolarização foram apontadas: medo de não conseguirem acompanhar as exigências escolares (75,0 por cento) e discriminação (63,0 por cento). A maioria das mães (78,0 por cento) acredita que as atividades do grupo contribuem para o esclarecimento de dúvidas, e as atividades terapêuticas contribuíram para que aprendessem a lidar com as dificuldades de seus filhos (78,0 por cento). Os resultados obtidos contribuíram para concluir: que os sentimentos de tristeza, medo e decepção mostraram-se mais evidentes; que, na maioria dos casos, a deficiência visual foi detectada pela mãe; que na opinião das mães, as crianças teriam dificuldades em acompanhar as atividades escolares e que o grupo contribuiu para esclarecer dúvidas e favorecer troca de experiências

Diagnostic performance of visual screening tests in the elderly

The aging of Portuguese population is characterized by an increase of individuals aged older than 65 years. Preventable visual loss in older persons is an important public health problem. Tests used for vision screening should have a high degree of diagnostic validity confirmed by means of clinical trials. The primary aim of a screening program is the early detection of visual diseases. Between 20% and 50% of older people in the UK have undetected reduced vision and in most cases is correctable. Elderly patients do not receive a systematic eye examination unless a problem arises with their glasses or suspicion vision loss. This study aimed to determine and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of visual screening tests for detecting vision loss in elderly. Furthermore, it pretends to define the ability to find the subjects affected with vision loss as positive and the subjects not affected with the same disease as negative. The ideal vision screening method should have high sensitivity and specificity for early detection of risk factors. It should be also low cost and easy to implement in all geographic and socioeconomic regions. Sensitivity is the ability of an examination to identify the presence of a given disease and specificity is the ability of the examination to identify the absence of a given disease. It was not an aim of this study to detect abnormalities that affect visual acuity. The aim of this study was to find out what´s the best test for the identification of any vision loss.

Strabismus, visual acuity, and uncorrected refractive error in Portuguese children aged 6 to 11 years

Introduction: Visual anomalies that affect school-age children represent an important public health problem. Data on the prevalence are lacking in Portugal but is needed for planning vision services. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of strabismus, decreased visual acuity, and uncorrected refractive error in Portuguese children aged 6 to 11 years. Methods and materials: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 672 school-age children (7.69 ± 1.19 years). Children received an orthoptic assessment (visual acuity, ocular alignment, and ocular movements) and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. Results: After orthoptic assessment, 13.8% of children were considered abnormal (n = 93). Manifest strabismus was found in 4% of the children. Rates of esotropia (2.1%) were slightly higher than exotropia (1.8%). Strabismus rates were not statistically significant different per sex (p = 0.681) and grade (p = 0.228). Decreased visual acuity at distance was present in 11.3% of children. Visual acuity ≤20/66 (0.5 logMAR) was found in 1.3% of the children. We also found that 10.3% of children had an uncorrected refractive error. Conclusions: Strabismus affects a small proportion of the Portuguese school-age children. Decreased visual acuity and uncorrected refractive error affected a significant proportion of school-age children. New policies need to be developed to address this public health problem.