Management and evaluation of a range of forest species for use as cut foliage

This project explored the possibility of harvesting marketable foliage stems in addition to producing timber from plantations of Larix leptolepis, Cupressus macrocarpa ‘Goldcrest’ and Tsuga heterophylla. Data recorded from trial sites included both growth parameters, in the form of height and diameter increments, and production parameters in the form of foliage stem yields. Results varied with species and site type. In many cases, results achieved appear to have been influenced more by the biology of the trees than by the treatments alone. Trials were also established to investigate methods of managing old or over grown Abies procera Christmas tree plantations for forest foliage production. Shelf life testing and market research into the domestic trade of forest foliage were also conducted over the course of the project. Recommendations for managing forest plantations for foliage production as well as a general discussion on the industry are presented in this report.

Canopy stratification in peatland forests in Finland

Abstract

Polytypism and Silicon carbide : a solid state nuclear magnetic resonance study

A survey of predominantly industrial silicon carbide has been carried out using Magic Angle Spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS nmr); a solid state technique. Three silicon carbide polytypes were studied; 3C, 6H, and 15R. The 13C and 29 Si MAS nmr spectra of the bulk SiC sample was identified on the basis of silicon (carbon) site type in the d iff ere n t pol Y t Y pes • Out to 5.00 A fro mac en t r a lsi 1 i con (0 r carbon) atom four types of sites were characterized using symmetry based calculations. This method of polytype analysis was also considered, in the prelminary stages, for applications with other polytypic material; CdBr 2 , CdI 2 , and PbI 2 " In an attempt to understand the minor components of silicon carbide, such as its surface, some samples were hydrofluoric acid washed and heated to extreme temperatures. Basically, an HF removable species which absorbs at -110 ppm (Si0 2 ) in the 29 Si MAS nmr spectrum is found in silicon carbide after heating. Other unidentified peaks observed at short recycle delays in some 29 Si MAS nmr spectra are considered to be impurities that may be within the lattice. These components comprise less than 5% of the observable silicon. A Tl study was carried out for 29 Si nuclei in a 3C ii polytype sample, using the Driven Equilibrium Single-Pulse Observation of T1 (DESPOT) technique. It appears as though there are a number of nuclei that have the same chemical shift but different T1 relaxation times. The T1 values range from 30 seconds to 11 minutes. Caution has to be kept when interpreting these results because this is the first time that DESPOT has been used for solid samples and it is not likely in full working order. MAS nmr indicates that the 13C and 29 Si ~sotropic chemical shifts of silicon carbide appear to have a reciprocal type of relationship_ Single crystal nmr analysis of a 6H sample is accordance with this finding when only the resultant isotropic shift is considered. However, single crystal nmr also shows that the actual response of the silicon and carbon nuclear environment to the applied magnetic field at various angles is not at all reciprocal. Such results show that much more single crystal nmr work is required to determine the actual behavior of the local magnetic environment of the SiC nuclei.

La pratique médicale des omnipraticiens : influence des contextes organisationnel et géographique

L’utilisation des services de santé est au centre de l’organisation des soins. La compréhension des processus qui déterminent cette utilisation est essentielle pour agir sur le système de santé et faire en sorte qu’il réponde mieux aux besoins de la population. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre le phénomène complexe qu’est l’utilisation des services de santé en s’intéressant à la pratique des médecins omnipraticiens. En nous appuyant sur le cadre théorique de Donabedian, nous décomposons les déterminants de l’utilisation des services de santé en trois niveaux : le niveau individuel, le niveau organisationnel, et le niveau environnemental. Pour tenir compte de la complexité des phénomènes de cette étude nous proposons de nous appuyer sur l’approche configurationnelle. Notre question de recherche est la suivante : dans quelle mesure le mode d’exercice des omnipraticiens influence-t-il la prestation des services et comment l’environnement géographique et la patientèle modulent-ils cette relation ? Nous avons utilisé des bases de données jumelées du Collège des médecins du Québec, de la Régie d’assurance maladie du Québec et de la banque de données iCLSC. Notre échantillon est constitué des médecins omnipraticiens de l’année 2002, ayant satisfait aux critères d’inclusion, ce qui représente près de 70% de la population totale. Des analyses de correspondances multiples et des classifications ascendantes hiérarchiques ont été utilisées pour réaliser la taxonomie des modes d’exercice et des contextes géographiques. Nous avons construit des indicateurs d’utilisation des services de santé pour apprécier la continuité, la globalité, l’accessibilité et la productivité. Ces indicateurs ont été validés en les comparant à ceux d’une enquête populationnelle. Nous présentons tout d’abord les modes d’exercice des médecins qui sont au nombre de sept. Deux modes d’exercice à lieu unique ont émergé : le mode d’exercice en cabinet privé d'une part, caractérisé par des niveaux de continuité et productivité élevés, le mode d’exercice en CLSC d'autre part présentant un niveau de productivité faible et des niveaux de globalité et d'accessibilité légèrement au-dessus de la moyenne. Dans les cinq autres modes d’exercice, les médecins exercent leur pratique dans une configuration de lieux. Deux modes d’exercice multi-institutionnel réunissent des médecins qui partagent leur temps entre les urgences, les centres hospitaliers et le cabinet privé ou le CLSC. Les médecins de ces deux groupes présentent des niveaux d’accessibilité et de productivité très élevés. Le mode d’exercice le moins actif réunit des médecins travaillant en cabinet privé et en CHLSD. Leur niveau d’activité est inférieur à la moyenne. Ils sont caractérisés par un niveau de continuité très élevé. Le mode d’exercice ambulatoire regroupe des médecins qui partagent leur pratique entre le CLSC, le cabinet privé et le CHLSD. Ces médecins présentent des résultats faibles sur tous les indicateurs. Finalement le mode d’exercice hospitaliste réunit des médecins dont la majorité de la pratique s’exerce en milieu hospitalier avec une petite composante en cabinet privé. Dans ce mode d’exercice tous les indicateurs sont faibles. Les analyses ont mis en évidence quatre groupes de territoires de CSSS : les ruraux, les semi-urbains, les urbains et les métropolitains. La prévalence des modes d’exercice varie selon les contextes. En milieu rural, le multi-institutionnel attire près d’un tiers des médecins. En milieu semi-urbain, les médecins se retrouvent de façon plus prédominante dans les modes d’exercice ayant une composante CLSC. En milieu urbain, les modes d’exercice ayant une composante cabinet privé attirent plus de médecins. En milieu métropolitain, les modes d’exercice moins actif et hospitaliste attirent près de 40% des médecins. Les omnipraticiens se répartissent presque également dans les autres modes d’exercice. Les niveaux des indicateurs varient en fonction de l’environnement géographique. Ainsi l’accessibilité augmente avec le niveau de ruralité. De façon inverse, la productivité augmente avec le niveau d’urbanité. La continuité des soins est plus élevée en régions métropolitaines et rurales. La globalité varie peu d’un contexte à l’autre. Pour pallier à la carence de l’analyse partielle de l’organisation de la pratique des médecins dans la littérature, nous avons créé le concept de mode d’exercice comme la configuration de lieux professionnels de pratique propre à chaque médecin. A notre connaissance, il n’existe pas dans la littérature, d’étude qui ait analysé simultanément quatre indicateurs de l’utilisation des services pour évaluer la prestation des services médicaux, comme nous l’avons fait. Les résultats de nos analyses montrent qu’il existe une différence dans la prestation des services selon le mode d’exercice. Certains des résultats trouvés sont documentés dans la littérature et plus particulièrement quand il s’agit de mode d’exercice à lieu unique. La continuité et la globalité des soins semblent évoluer dans le même sens. De même, la productivité et l’accessibilité sont corrélées positivement. Cependant il existe une tension, entre les premiers indicateurs et les seconds. Seuls les modes d’exercice à lieu unique déjouent l’arbitrage entre les indicateurs, énoncé dans l’état des connaissances. Aucun mode d’exercice ne présente de niveaux élevés pour les quatre indicateurs. Il est donc nécessaire de travailler sur des combinaisons de modes d’exercice, sur des territoires, afin d’offrir à la population les services nécessaires pour l’atteinte concomitante des quatre objectifs de prestation des services. Les modes d’exercice émergents (qui attirent les jeunes médecins) et les modes d’exercice en voie de disparition (où la prévalence des médecins les plus âgés est la plus grande) sont préoccupants. A noter que les modes d’exercice amenés à disparaître répondent mieux aux besoins de santé de la population que les modes d’exercice émergents, au regard de tous nos indicateurs. En conclusion, cette thèse présente trois contributions théoriques et trois contributions méthodologiques. Les implications pour les recherches futures et la décision indiquent que, si aucune mesure n’est mise en place pour renverser la tendance, le Québec risque de vivre des pénuries dans la prestation des services en termes de continuité, globalité et accessibilité.

Does changing the taxonomical resolution alter the value of soil macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of metal pollution?

Ecological indicators are taxa that are affected by, and indicate effects of, anthropogenic environmental stress or disturbance on ecosystems. There is evidence that some species of soil macrofauna (i.e. diameter > 2 min) constitute valuable biological indicators of certain types of soil perturbations. This study aims to determine which level of taxonomic resolution, (species, family or ecological group) is the best to identify indicator of soil disturbance. Macrofauna were sampled in a set of sites encompassing different land-use systems (e.g. forests, pastures, crops) and different levels of pollution. Indicator taxa were sought using the IndVal index proposed by Dufrene and Legendre [Dufrene, M., Legendre, P., 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67, 345-3661. This approach is based on a hierarchical typology of sites. The index value changes along the typology and decreases (increases) for generalist (specialist) faunal units (species, families or ecological groups). Of the 327 morphospecies recorded, 19 were significantly associated with a site type or a group of sites (5.8%). Similarly, species were aggregated to form 59 families among which 17 (28.8%) displayed a significant indicator value. Gathering species into 28 broad ecological assemblages led to 14 indicator groups (50%). Beyond the simple proportion of units having significant association with a given level of the site typology, the proportion of specialist and generalist groups changed dramatically when the level of taxonomic resolution was altered. At the species level 84% of the indicator units were specialist, whereas this proportion decreased to 70 and 43% when families and ecological groups were considered. Because specialist groups are the most interesting type of indicators either in terms of conservation or for management purposes we come to the conclusion that the species level is the most accurate taxonomic level in bioindication studies although it requires a high amount of labour and operator knowledge and is time-consuming. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Association of ALLHAT investigator characteristics with participant recruitment

Clinical trials are often not successful because of the inability to recruit a sufficient number of patients. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), the largest antihypertensive trial ever conducted, provided highly generalized results and successful recruitment of over 42,000 participants. The overall purpose of this study was to examine the association of investigator characteristics with anti-hypertensive (AHT) participant recruitment in ALLHAT. This secondary data analyses collected data from the ALLHAT investigator profile survey and related investigator characteristics to recruitment success. The sample size was 502 investigators, with recruitment data from 37,947AHT participants. Recruitment was dichotomized by categorizing all sites with recruitment numbers at or above the overall median recruitment number of 46 as "Successful Recruitment". Frequency distributions and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were conducted. When adjusting for all other factors, Hispanic ethnicity, suburban setting, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMC) site type, number of clinical site staff working on the trial, study coordinator hours per week, medical conference sessions attended, the investigator's primary goal and the likelihood that a physician will convince a patient to continue on randomized treatment, have significant impacts on the recruitment success of ALLHAT investigators. Most of the ALLHAT investigators described their primary commitment as being towards their patients and not to scientific knowledge alone. However, investigators that distinguished themselves as leaders in research had greater recruitment success than investigators who were leaders in clinical practice. ALLHAT was a highly successful trial that proved that community based cardiovascular trials can be implemented on a large scale. Exploring characteristics of ALLHAT investigators provides data that can be generalized to sponsors, sites, and others interested in maximizing clinical trial recruitment numbers. Future studies should further evaluate investigator and study coordinator factors that impact cardiovascular clinical trial recruitment success.^

Archaeological sites in China during the Neolithic and Bronze Age

A total of 51,074 archaeological sites from the early Neolithic to the early Iron Age (c. 8000-500 BC), with a spatial extent covering most regions of China (c. 73-131°E and c. 20-53°N), were analysed over space and time in this study. Site maps of 25 Chinese provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, published in the series 'Atlas of Chinese Cultural Relics', were used to extract, digitalise and correlate its archaeological data. The data were, in turn, entered into a database using a self-developed mapping software that makes the data, in a dynamic way, analysable as a contribution to various scientific questions, such as population growth and migrations, spread of agriculture and changes in subsistence strategies. The results clearly show asynchronous patterns of changes between the northern and southern parts of China (i.e. north and south of the Yangtze River, respectively) but also within these macro-regions. In the northern part of China (i.e. along the Yellow River and its tributaries and in the Xiliao River basin), the first noticeable increase in the concentration of Neolithic sites occurred between c. 5000 and 4000 BC; however, highest site concentrations were reached between c. 2000 and 500 BC. Our analysis shows a radical north-eastern shift of high site-density clusters (over 50 sites per 100 * 100 km grid cell) from the Wei and middle/lower Yellow Rivers to the Liao River system sometime between 2350 BC and 1750 BC. This shift is hypothetically discussed in the context of the incorporation of West Asian domesticated animals and plants into the existing northern Chinese agricultural system. In the southern part of China, archaeological sites do not show a noticeable increase in the absolute number of sites until after c. 1500 BC, reaching a maximum around 1000 BC.

R-codes, and coral abundance, water temperature and transect characteristics of nearshore reefs in Belize

Coral reefs are increasingly threatened by global and local anthropogenic stressors, such as rising seawater temperature and nutrient enrichment. These two stressors vary widely across the reef face and parsing out their influence on coral communities at reef system scales has been particularly challenging. Here, we investigate the influence of temperature and nutrients on coral community traits and life history strategies on lagoonal reefs across the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS). A novel metric was developed using ultra-high-resolution sea surface temperatures (SST) to classify reefs as enduring low (lowTP), moderate (modTP), or extreme (extTP) temperature parameters over 10 years (2003 to 2012). Chlorophyll-a (chl a) records obtained for the same interval were employed as a proxy for bulk nutrients and these records were complemented with in situ measurements to "sea truth" nutrient content across the three reef types. Chl a concentrations were highest at extTP sites, medial at modTP sites and lowest at lowTP sites. Coral species richness, abundance, diversity, density, and percent cover were lower at extTP sites compared to lowTP and modTP sites, but these reef community traits did not differ between lowTP and modTP sites. Coral life history strategy analyses showed that extTP sites were dominated by hardy stress-tolerant and fast-growing weedy coral species, while lowTP and modTP sites consisted of competitive, generalist, weedy, and stress-tolerant coral species. These results suggest that differences in coral community traits and life history strategies between extTP and lowTP/modTP sites were driven primarily by temperature differences with differences in nutrients across site types playing a lesser role. Dominance of weedy and stress-tolerant genera at extTP sites suggests that corals utilizing these two life history strategies may be better suited to cope with warmer oceans and thus may warrant further protective status during this climate change interval. Data associated with this project are archived here, including: -SST data -Satellite Chl a data -Nutrient measurements -Raw coral community survey data For questions contact Justin Baumann (j.baumann3 gmail.com)

Quantification of air quality in space and time and its effects on health

The long-term adverse effects on health associated with air pollution exposure can be estimated using either cohort or spatio-temporal ecological designs. In a cohort study, the health status of a cohort of people are assessed periodically over a number of years, and then related to estimated ambient pollution concentrations in the cities in which they live. However, such cohort studies are expensive and time consuming to implement, due to the long-term follow up required for the cohort. Therefore, spatio-temporal ecological studies are also being used to estimate the long-term health effects of air pollution as they are easy to implement due to the routine availability of the required data. Spatio-temporal ecological studies estimate the health impact of air pollution by utilising geographical and temporal contrasts in air pollution and disease risk across $n$ contiguous small-areas, such as census tracts or electoral wards, for multiple time periods. The disease data are counts of the numbers of disease cases occurring in each areal unit and time period, and thus Poisson log-linear models are typically used for the analysis. The linear predictor includes pollutant concentrations and known confounders such as socio-economic deprivation. However, as the disease data typically contain residual spatial or spatio-temporal autocorrelation after the covariate effects have been accounted for, these known covariates are augmented by a set of random effects. One key problem in these studies is estimating spatially representative pollution concentrations in each areal which are typically estimated by applying Kriging to data from a sparse monitoring network, or by computing averages over modelled concentrations (grid level) from an atmospheric dispersion model. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the health effects of long-term exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Particular matter (PM10) in mainland Scotland, UK. In order to have an initial impression about the air pollution health effects in mainland Scotland, chapter 3 presents a standard epidemiological study using a benchmark method. The remaining main chapters (4, 5, 6) cover the main methodological focus in this thesis which has been threefold: (i) how to better estimate pollution by developing a multivariate spatio-temporal fusion model that relates monitored and modelled pollution data over space, time and pollutant; (ii) how to simultaneously estimate the joint effects of multiple pollutants; and (iii) how to allow for the uncertainty in the estimated pollution concentrations when estimating their health effects. Specifically, chapters 4 and 5 are developed to achieve (i), while chapter 6 focuses on (ii) and (iii). In chapter 4, I propose an integrated model for estimating the long-term health effects of NO2, that fuses modelled and measured pollution data to provide improved predictions of areal level pollution concentrations and hence health effects. The air pollution fusion model proposed is a Bayesian space-time linear regression model for relating the measured concentrations to the modelled concentrations for a single pollutant, whilst allowing for additional covariate information such as site type (e.g. roadside, rural, etc) and temperature. However, it is known that some pollutants might be correlated because they may be generated by common processes or be driven by similar factors such as meteorology. The correlation between pollutants can help to predict one pollutant by borrowing strength from the others. Therefore, in chapter 5, I propose a multi-pollutant model which is a multivariate spatio-temporal fusion model that extends the single pollutant model in chapter 4, which relates monitored and modelled pollution data over space, time and pollutant to predict pollution across mainland Scotland. Considering that we are exposed to multiple pollutants simultaneously because the air we breathe contains a complex mixture of particle and gas phase pollutants, the health effects of exposure to multiple pollutants have been investigated in chapter 6. Therefore, this is a natural extension to the single pollutant health effects in chapter 4. Given NO2 and PM10 are highly correlated (multicollinearity issue) in my data, I first propose a temporally-varying linear model to regress one pollutant (e.g. NO2) against another (e.g. PM10) and then use the residuals in the disease model as well as PM10, thus investigating the health effects of exposure to both pollutants simultaneously. Another issue considered in chapter 6 is to allow for the uncertainty in the estimated pollution concentrations when estimating their health effects. There are in total four approaches being developed to adjust the exposure uncertainty. Finally, chapter 7 summarises the work contained within this thesis and discusses the implications for future research.