O transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas como opção no tratamento de doenças não hematológicas

Nesta revisão são abordadas as doenças em que existem dados e perspectivas do uso de transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas em suas diversas modalidades. São apresentados também os aspectos referentes aos regimes de condicionamento empregados, e sua relação com toxicidade e taxa de mortalidade ligadas ao transplante. São apresentadas as doenças autoimunes e particularizados dados específicos do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, esclerose sistêmica e esclerose múltipla e diabetes mellitus tipo 1. A base do procedimento nas doenças autoimunes é a reprogramação imunológica. Aparentemente o procedimento tem sua indicação nas doenças em que os tratamentos convencionais de imunossupressão tenham falhado, e o dano orgânico não tenha sido definitivo, mas tenha chance de ocorrer caso não seja realizado o transplante. A modalidade aparentemente indicada no momento deve ser o transplante de células-tronco autogênico com regimes de condicionamento não mieloablativo para se obter sobrevivência estimada em mais de 50% em todas as doenças, com baixa toxicidade e com mortalidade nula ligada ao transplante. São apresentados também os resultados nos tumores sólidos, que são discutíveis, e particularidades no câncer de mama. A aparente indicação para os tumores sólidos é transplante de células-tronco alogênico e se baseia no tratamento intensivo com doses mieloablativas com a finalidade de se induzir o efeito enxerto contra o tumor. Os regimes não mieloablativos são preconizados com a finalidade de redução da toxicidade e indução de imunossupressão, sendo os dados insuficientes e discutíveis, o que obriga a introdução de novas estratégias terapêuticas baseadas na terapia imune e celular.

Regimes de precipitação na América do Sul: uma revisão bibliográfica

Como a América do Sul se estende por diferentes latitudes e possui formas de relevo variadas, proporciona a atuação e o desenvolvimento de diferentes sistemas atmosféricos, os quais contribuem para a não homogeneidade climática da região. Portanto o objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma revisão dos sistemas atmosféricos que atuam nos diferentes setores do continente sul-americano e que contribuem para a precipitação.

Signatures of oxygen on Cu(3)Au(100): From isolated impurity to oxide regimes

We analyze the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) signatures for the O/Cu(3)Au(100) surface from the low-coverage (isolated impurity) to high-coverage (oxide) regimes. First-principles calculations show that oxygen signatures switch from dark to bright spots as the oxygen coverage increases. This behavior is nicely traced back to a change in the oxygen orbital character of the Fermi-level electronic states. Our results allow for the chemical identification by STM of oxygen and copper atoms in the fully ordered O/Cu(3)Au(100)-c(2x2) surface.

Crossover between the extended and localized regimes in stochastic partially self-avoiding walks in one-dimensional disordered systems

Consider N sites randomly and uniformly distributed in a d-dimensional hypercube. A walker explores this disordered medium going to the nearest site, which has not been visited in the last mu (memory) steps. The walker trajectory is composed of a transient part and a periodic part (cycle). For one-dimensional systems, travelers can or cannot explore all available space, giving rise to a crossover between localized and extended regimes at the critical memory mu(1) = log(2) N. The deterministic rule can be softened to consider more realistic situations with the inclusion of a stochastic parameter T (temperature). In this case, the walker movement is driven by a probability density function parameterized by T and a cost function. The cost function increases as the distance between two sites and favors hops to closer sites. As the temperature increases, the walker can escape from cycles that are reminiscent of the deterministic nature and extend the exploration. Here, we report an analytical model and numerical studies of the influence of the temperature and the critical memory in the exploration of one-dimensional disordered systems.

Kondo screening regimes of a quantum dot with a single Mn ion

We study the Kondo and transport properties of a quantum dot with a single magnetic Mn ion connected to metallic leads. By employing a numerical renormalization group technique we show that depending on the value of ferromagnetic coupling strength between the local electronic spin and the magnetic moment of the Mn, two distinct Kondo regimes exist. In the weak-coupling limit, the system can be found in a completely screened Kondo state describing a local magnetic moment decoupled from the rest of the system. In contrast, in the strong-coupling regime the quantum dot spin and the local magnetic moment form a single large-spin entity partially Kondo screened. A crossover between these two regimes can be suitably tuned by varying the tunnel coupling between the quantum dot and the leads. The model investigated here is also suitable to study magnetic molecules adsorbed on a metallic surface. The rich phenomenology of these systems is reflected in the conductance across the system.

Evaluation of flow regimes in a semi-cylindrical spouted bed through statistical, mutual information, spectral and Hurst`s analysis

Hydrodynamic studies were conducted in a semi-cylindrical spouted bed column of diameter 150 mm, height 1000 mm, conical base included angle of 60 degrees and inlet orifice diameter 25 mm. Pressure transducers at several axial positions were used to obtain pressure fluctuation time series with 1.2 and 2.4 mm glass beads at U/U-ms from 0.3 to 1.6, and static bed depths from 150 to 600 mm. The conditions covered several flow regimes (fixed bed, incipient spouting, stable spouting, pulsating spouting, slugging, bubble spouting and fluidization). Images of the system dynamics were also acquired through the transparent walls with a digital camera. The data were analyzed via statistical, mutual information theory, spectral and Hurst`s Rescaled Range methods to assess the potential of these methods to characterize the spouting quality. The results indicate that these methods have potential for monitoring spouted bed operation.

Operational regimes for a simplified one-step artificial chaperone refolding method

The artificial chaperone method for protein refolding developed by Rozema et al. (Rozema, D.; Gellman, S. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117 (8), 2373-2374) involves the sequential dilution of denatured protein into a buffer containing detergent (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) and then into a refolding buffer containing cyclodextrin WD). In this paper a simplified one-step artificial chaperone method is reported, whereby CTAB is added directly to the denatured solution, which is then diluted directly into a refolding buffer containing P-cyclodextrin (P-CD). This new method can be applied at high protein concentrations, resulting in smaller processing volumes and a more concentrated protein solution following refolding. The increase in achievable protein concentration results from the enhanced solubility of CTAB at elevated temperatures in concentrated denaturant. The refolding yields obtained for the new method were significantly higher than for control experiments lacking additives and were comparable to the yields obtained with the classical two-step approach. A study of the effect of beta-CD and CTAB concentrations on refolding yield suggested two operational regimes: slow stripping ( beta-CDXTABsimilar to1), most suited for higher protein concentrations, and fast stripping (beta-CD/CTABsimilar to2.7), best suited for lower protein concentrations. An increased chaotrope concentration resulted in higher refolding yields and an enlarged operational regime.

Surface diffusion of adsorbed molecules in porous media: Monolayer, multilayer, and capillary condensation regimes

This review provides an overview of surface diffusion and capillary condensate flow in porous media. Emphasis has been placed on the distinction between purely surface diffusion, multilayer surface diffusion, and, capillary condensate flow.

Fate of N-15-labelled nitrate in a wet summer under different residue management regimes in young hoop pine plantations

A field study was conducted to investigate the fate of N-15-labelled nitrate applied at 20 kg N ha(-1) in a wet summer to microplots installed in areas under different residue management regimes in second-rotation hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations aged 1-3 years in south-east Queensland, Australia. PVC microplots of 235 mm diameter and 300 mm long were driven into 250 mm soil. There were three replications of each of eight treatments. These were areas just under and between 1-year-old windrows (ca. 2-3 m in width) of harvesting residues spaced 15 m apart, and with and without incorporated foliage residues (20 t DM ha(-1)); the areas just under and between 2- or 3-year-old windrows spaced 10 m apart. Only 7-29% of the added N-15 was recovered from the top 750 mm of the soil profile with the leaching loss estimated to be 70-86% over the 34-day period. The N-15 loss via denitrification was 3.7-6.3% by directly measuring the N-15 gases emitted. The microplots with the incorporated residues at the 1-year-old site had the highest N-15 loss (6.3%) as compared with the other treatments. The N-15 mass balance method together with the use of bromide (Br) tracer applied at 100 kg Br ha(-1) failed to obtain a reliable estimate of the denitrification loss. The microplots at the 1-year-old site had higher N-15 immobilisation rate (7.5-24.7%) compared with those at 2- and 3-year-old sites (2.1-3.6%). Incorporating the residues resulted in an increase in N-15 immobilisation rate (24.5-24.7%) compared with the control without the incorporated residues (8.4-14.3%). These findings suggest that climatic conditions played important roles in controlling the N-15 transformations in the wet summer season and that the residue management regimes could also significantly influence the N-15 transformations. Most of the N-15 loss occurred through leaching, but a considerable amount of the N-15 was lost through denitrification. Bromide proved to be an unsuitable tracer for monitoring the N-15 leaching and movement under the wet summer conditions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Production of the baculovirus-expressed dengue virus glycoprotein NS1 can be improved dramatically with optimised regimes for fed-batch cultures and the addition of the insect moulting hormone, 20-Hydroxyecdysone

A perennial problem in recombinant protein expression is low yield of the product of interest. A strategy which has been shown to increase the production of baculovirus-expressed proteins is to utilise fed-batch cultures. One disadvantage of this approach is the time-consuming task of optimising the feeding strategy. Previously, a statistical optimisation routine was applied to develop a feeding strategy that increased the yield of beta-Galactosidase (beta-Gal) by 2.4-fold (Biotechnol. Bioeng, 59 (1998) 178). This involves the single addition of nutrient concentrates (amino acids, lipids. glucose and yeastolate ultrafiltrate) into Sf9 cell cultures grown in SF900II medium. In this study, it is demonstrated that this optimised fed-batch strategy developed for a high-yielding intracellular product beta-Gal could be applied successfully to a relatively low-yielding glycosylated and secreted product such as the dengue virus glycoprotein NS1. Optimised batch infections yielded 4 mug/ml of NS1 at a peak cell density of 4.2 x 10(6) cells/ml. In contrast. optimised fed-batch infections exhibited a 3-fold improvement in yield, with 12 mug ml of NS1 produced at a peak cell density of 11.3 x 10(6) cells/ml. No further improvements in yield were recorded when the feed volumes were doubled and the peak cell density was increased to 23 x 10(6) cells/ml, unless the cultures were stimulated by the addition of 4 mug/ml of 20-Hydroxyecdysone (an insect moulting hormone). In this case, the NS1 yield was increased to 20 mug/ml. which was nearly 5-fold higher than optimised batch cultures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de algodoeiro submetidas ao condicionamento mátrico e osmótico

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito do condicionamento mátrico e osmótico sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de algodão herbáceo. Foram utilizadas sementes de algodão, deslintadas quimicamente, do cultivar Panton, na proporção de 100 g de sementes para 1000 g da matriz sólida (algalita). Os tratamentos consistiram em cinco teores de água, utilizados para umedecimento da matriz (0,10; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,0 mL), durante seis períodos de condicionamento (0; 1; 4; 8; 16 e 32 dias). Quanto ao condicionamento osmótico, foram realizados dois ensaios: sementes submetidas às soluções osmóticas de polietileno glicol (PEG) 6000 (-0,25 MPa) e de nitrato de potássio (0,3 M ou -0,72 Mpa), nos sete tempos de condicionamento osmótico (0; 12; 24; 36; 48; 72 e 96 h), à temperatura de 20 °C. As variáveis analisadas foram porcentagem de germinação e comprimento de plântulas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Observou-se que houve aumento na germinação e no vigor das sementes condicionadas com diferentes níveis de umidade na matriz sólida, em comparação com a testemunha. Constatou-se, também, que a capacidade de revigoramento do tratamento com 0,50 mL de água foi comprovada, à medida que aumentou o tempo de exposição das sementes à matriz sólida; o condicionamento osmótico com PEG 6000 aumentou o vigor das sementes, mas não favoreceu a germinação, e o condicionamento osmótico com nitrato de potássio reduziu a germinação, entretanto, proporcionou aumento no vigor das sementes nas primeiras horas de hidratação.

Soluções de condicionamento em pós-colheita de inflorescências de antúrio

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o uso de soluções de condicionamento pós-colheita, em diferentes cultivares de antúrio. O experimento foi conduzido sob delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (cultivar x solução de condicionamento), sendo que os cultivares testados foram: 'IAC Juréia', 'IAC Eidibel' e 'Apalai' e as soluções de condicionamento foram: água, água+sacarose (5,0%) e água+ácido cítrico (200 mg L-1). O condicionamento foi realizado por meio da imersão das inflorescências em 0,5 L de solução, por 24 horas, e posteriormente, sua manutenção em igual volume de água destilada, renovada a cada quatro dias. A cada renovação da água, avaliaram-se a massa da matéria fresca, a durabilidade comercial e a longevidade total, segundo o critério de notas. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste F, e, quando significativos, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Com os dados obtidos, conclui-se que não houve diferenças entre as soluções de condicionamento para os diferentes cultivares, sendo que o 'IAC Juréia' apresentou maior durabilidade comercial (21 dias) e longevidade total (48 dias), independentemente da solução de condicionamento.