Pure mechanical wear loss measurement in corrosive wear

The method for the measurement of the pure mechanical wear loss for 321 stainless steel, 1045 steel and pure iron in the study of the synergy between corrosion and wear was studied, The methods studied included the measurement in distilled water, by cathodic protection and by adding inhibitor KI, and all were compared with the wear loss in air. The experiment showed that the pure mechanical wear losses and friction coefficients obtained by the three methods were close to each other and can be used to calculate the various wear components in the study of the interaction of corrosion and wear, but the measurements in distilled water for pure iron and 1045 steel are not recommended due to their corrosion.

Cross-linked Chitosan/Thermoplastic Starch Reinforced with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Maleate Esters as Coupling Agent: Mechanical, Tribological and Thermal Characteristics

Bio-nanocomposites have been developed using cross-linked chitosan and cross-linked thermoplastic starch along with acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT). The nanocomposites developed were characterized for mechanical, wear, and thermal properties. The results revealed that the nanocomposites exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. The composites containing 3% f-MWCNT showed maximum compression strength. Tribological studies revealed that, with the addition of small amount of f-MWCNTs the slide wear loss reduced up to 25%. SEM analysis of the nanocomposites showed predominantly brittle fractured surface. Thermal analysis showed that the incorporation of f-MWCNTs has improved the thermal stability for the nanocomposites.

Developing and characterizing bulk metallic glasses for extreme applications

Metallic glasses have typically been treated as a “one size fits all” type of material. Every alloy is considered to have high strength, high hardness, large elastic limits, corrosion resistance, etc. However, similar to traditional crystalline materials, properties are strongly dependent upon the constituent elements, how it was processed, and the conditions under which it will be used. An important distinction which can be made is between metallic glasses and their composites. Charpy impact toughness measurements are performed to determine the effect processing and microstructure have on bulk metallic glass matrix composites (BMGMCs). Samples are suction cast, machined from commercial plates, and semi-solidly forged (SSF). The SSF specimens have been found to have the highest impact toughness due to the coarsening of the dendrites, which occurs during the semi-solid processing stages. Ductile to brittle transition (DTBT) temperatures are measured for a BMGMC. While at room temperature the BMGMC is highly toughened compared to a fully glassy alloy, it undergoes a DTBT by 250 K. At this point, its impact toughness mirrors that of the constituent glassy matrix. In the following chapter, BMGMCs are shown to have the capability of being capacitively welded to form single, monolithic structures. Shear measurements are performed across welded samples, and, at sufficient weld energies, are found to retain the strength of the parent alloy. Cross-sections are inspected via SEM and no visible crystallization of the matrix occurs.

Next, metallic glasses and BMGMCs are formed into sheets and eggbox structures are tested in hypervelocity impacts. Metallic glasses are ideal candidates for protection against micrometeorite orbital debris due to their high hardness and relatively low density. A flat single layer, flat BMG is compared to a BMGMC eggbox and the latter creates a more diffuse projectile cloud after penetration. A three tiered eggbox structure is also tested by firing a 3.17 mm aluminum sphere at 2.7 km/s at it. The projectile penetrates the first two layers, but is successfully contained by the third.

A large series of metallic glass alloys are created and their wear loss is measured in a pin on disk test. Wear is found to vary dramatically among different metallic glasses, with some considerably outperforming the current state-of-the-art crystalline material (most notably Cu₄₃Zr₄₃Al₇Be₇). Others, on the other hand, suffered extensive wear loss. Commercially available Vitreloy 1 lost nearly three times as much mass in wear as alloy prepared in a laboratory setting. No conclusive correlations can be found between any set of mechanical properties (hardness, density, elastic, bulk, or shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio, frictional force, and run in time) and wear loss. Heat treatments are performed on Vitreloy 1 and Cu₄₃Zr₄₃Al₇Be₇. Anneals near the glass transition temperature are found to increase hardness slightly, but decrease wear loss significantly. Crystallization of both alloys leads to dramatic increases in wear resistance. Finally, wear tests under vacuum are performed on the two alloys above. Vitreloy 1 experiences a dramatic decrease in wear loss, while Cu₄₃Zr₄₃Al₇Be₇ has a moderate increase. Meanwhile, gears are fabricated through three techniques: electrical discharge machining of 1 cm by 3 mm cylinders, semisolid forging, and copper mold suction casting. Initial testing finds the pin on disk test to be an accurate predictor of wear performance in gears.

The final chapter explores an exciting technique in the field of additive manufacturing. Laser engineered net shaping (LENS) is a method whereby small amounts of metallic powders are melted by a laser such that shapes and designs can be built layer by layer into a final part. The technique is extended to mixing different powders during melting, so that compositional gradients can be created across a manufactured part. Two compositional gradients are fabricated and characterized. Ti 6Al¬ 4V to pure vanadium was chosen for its combination of high strength and light weight on one end, and high melting point on the other. It was inspected by cross-sectional x-ray diffraction, and only the anticipated phases were present. 304L stainless steel to Invar 36 was created in both pillar and as a radial gradient. It combines strength and weldability along with a zero coefficient of thermal expansion material. Only the austenite phase is found to be present via x-ray diffraction. Coefficient of thermal expansion is measured for four compositions, and it is found to be tunable depending on composition.

Wear of Ball Attachments After 1 to 8 Years of Clinical Use: A Qualitative Analysis

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of ball attachments that had been worn by patients during three periods of clinical use. One hundred forty-four specimens of ball anchor attachments (gold alloy matrix and titanium patrix) were studied by SEM after periods of approximately 1, 3.5, and 8 years of clinical use. Twenty new attachment components were examined as controls. SEM images revealed signs of mechanical wear for the ball attachments studied. The surfaces of the titanium patrix were associated primarily with roughening after short-term use, whereas surfaces of the gold alloy matrix showed wear, roughening, and loss of microscopic material in the form of flakes. Severe mechanical wear on both surfaces was noted after longer periods of use. The mechanical changes were not correlated with patient-mediated observations regarding the time-dependent retentive efficacy of the attachments. One year of clinical wear appeared to have limited effect on the ball attachment tested. Conversely, longer periods of use led to marked modifications in shape of the matrix and patrix components. Int J Prosthodont 2011;24:270-272.

Investigations on the influence of graphite filler on dry sliding wear and abrasive wear behaviour of carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composites

In this experimental study, the dry sliding wear and two-body abrasive wear behaviour of graphite filled carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composites were investigated. Carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composite was used as a reference material. Sliding wear experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disc wear tester under dry contact condition. Mass loss was determined as a function of sliding velocity for loads of 25, 50, 75, and 100 N at a constant sliding distance of 6000 m. Two-body abrasive wear experiments were performed under multi-pass condition using silicon carbide (SiC) of 150 and 320 grit abrasive papers. The effects of abrading distance and different loads have been studied. Abrasive wear volume and specific wear rate as a function of applied normal load and abrading distance were also determined. The results show that in dry sliding wear situations, for increased load and sliding velocity, higher wear loss was recorded. The excellent wear characteristics were obtained with carbon-epoxy containing graphite as filler. Especially, 10 wt.% of graphite in carbon-epoxy gave a low wear rate. A graphite surface film formed on the counterface was confirmed to be effective in improving the wear characteristics of graphite filled carbon-epoxy composites. In case of two-body abrasive wear, the wear volume increases with increasing load/abrading distance. Experimental results showed the type of counterface (hardened steel disc and SiC paper) material greatly influences the wear behaviour of the composites. Wear mechanisms of the composites were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Wear of carbon-epoxy composite was found to be mainly due to a microcracking and fiber fracture mechanisms. It was found that the microcracking mechanism had been caused by progressive surface damage. Further, it was also noticed that carbon-epoxy composite wear is reduced to a greater extent by addition of the graphite filler, in which wear was dominated by microplowing/microcutting mechanisms instead of microcracking.

Lead-free piezoelectric system (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-BaTiO3: Equilibrium structures and irreversible structural transformations driven by electric field and mechanical impact

The structure-property correlation in the lead-free piezoelectric (1 - x)(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-(x)BaTiO3 has been systematically investigated in detail as a function of composition (0 < x <= 0.11), temperature, electric field, and mechanical impact by Raman scattering, ferroelectric, piezoelectric measurement, x-ray, and neutron powder diffraction methods. Although x-ray diffraction study revealed three distinct composition ranges characterizing different structural features in the equilibrium state at room temperature: (i) monoclinic (Cc) + rhombohedral (R3c) for the precritical compositions, 0 <= x <= 0.05, (ii) cubiclike for 0.06 <= x <= 0.0675, and (iii) morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) like for 0.07 <= x < 0.10, Raman and neutron powder diffraction studies revealed identical symmetry for the cubiclike and the MPB compositions. The cubiclike structure undergoes irreversible phase separation by electric poling as well as by pure mechanical impact. This cubiclike phase exhibits relaxor ferroelectricity in its equilibrium state. The short coherence length (similar to 50A degrees) of the out-of-phase octahedral tilts does not allow the normal ferroelectric state to develop below the dipolar freezing temperature, forcing the system to remain in a dipolar glass state at room temperature. Electric poling helps the dipolar glass state to transform to a normal ferroelectric state with a concomitant enhancement in the correlation length of the out-of-phase octahedral tilt.

Micro-abrasion mechanisms of cast CoCrMo in simulated body fluids

The abrasion seen on some of the retrieved CoCrMo hip joints has been reported to be caused by entrained hard particles in vivo. However, little work has been reported on the abrasion mechanisms of CoCrMo alloy in simulated body environments. Therefore. this study covers the mapping of micro-abrasion wear mechanisms of cast CoCrMo induced by third body hard particles under a wide range of abrasive test conditions. This study has a specific focus on covering the possible in vivo wear modes seen on metal-on-metal (MoM) surfaces. Nano-indentation and nano-scratch tests were also employed to further investigate the secondary wear mechanisms-nano-scale material deformation that involved in micro-abrasion processes. This work addresses the potential detrimental effects of third body hard particles in vivo such as increased wear rates (debris generation) and corrosion (metal-ion release). The abrasive wear mechanisms of cast CoCrMo have been investigated under various wear-corrosion conditions employing two abrasives, SiC (similar to 4 mu m) and Al(2)O(3) (similar to 1 mu m), in two test solutions, 0.9% NaCl and 25% bovine serum. The specific wear rates, wear mechanisms and transitions between mechanisms are discussed in terms of the abrasive size, volume fraction and the test solutions deployed. The work shows that at high abrasive volume fractions, the presence of protein enhanced the wear loss due to the enhanced particle entrainment, whereas at much lower abrasive volume fractions, protein reduced the wear loss by acting as a boundary lubricant or rolling elements which reduced the abrasivity (load per particle) of the abrasive particles. The abrasive wear rate and wear mechanisms of the CoCrMo are dependent on the nature of the third body abrasives, their entrainment into the contact and the presence of the proteins. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Weight loss and changes in surface roughness of denture base and reline materials after simulated toothbrushing in vitro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito do uso de vernizes com alta e baixa concentração de fluoreto suplementado com trimetafosfato sobre a erosão e abrasão do esmalte dentário: estudo in vitro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evolutionary design of bone scaffolds with reference to material selection

The favourable scaffold for bone tissue engineering should have desired characteristic features, such as adequate mechanical strength and three-dimensional open porosity, which guarantee a suitable environment for tissue regeneration. In fact, the design of such complex structures like bone scaffolds is a challenge for investigators. One of the aims is to achieve the best possible mechanical strength-degradation rate ratio. In this paper we attempt to use numerical modelling to evaluate material properties for designing bone tissue engineering scaffold fabricated via the fused deposition modelling technique. For our studies the standard genetic algorithm was used, which is an efficient method of discrete optimization. For the fused deposition modelling scaffold, each individual strut is scrutinized for its role in the architecture and structural support it provides for the scaffold, and its contribution to the overall scaffold was studied. The goal of the study was to create a numerical tool that could help to acquire the desired behaviour of tissue engineered scaffolds and our results showed that this could be achieved efficiently by using different materials for individual struts. To represent a great number of ways in which scaffold mechanical function loss could proceed, the exemplary set of different desirable scaffold stiffness loss function was chosen. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Thermomechanical generalization of partial contact in pin joints

Mechanical fasteners introduce structural weakness, still they are an essential constituent of most structures as they permit interchangeability of parts and flexible construction programs; Variable temperature operations of Aerospace and Nuclear structures make it imperative to investigate the thermoelastic behaviour of joints. This paper explores analytically similar mechanical and thermal parameters to generalise the thermomechanical behaviour of a pin joint in an isotropic Sheet for a class of configurations. This generalization enables virtually direct application of existing information regarding joints under pure mechanical loading to joints subjected to combined thermomechanical loading, thus reducing the efforts of both the analyst and the designer by an order of magnitude. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Coupling coefficients of gratings with graded refractive index waveguides

In this paper, the effective coupling coefficient k(eff) and the self-coupling coefficient zeta(1) are introduced to describe the characteristic of gratings in a resonant situation when the effects of radiation and other partial waves coupling are considered. The dependence of these two coupling coefficients on grating tooth shapes and depths and the dimensions of graded refractive index (GRIN) waveguides is numerically analysed. The results show that the gratings with linear GRIN waveguides have the largest \k(eff)\. The possibility of realizing a complex-coupled DFB laser, even a pure gain or loss coupled DFB laser, employing only a real refractive index coupled grating is also discussed.

Distribuição por tamanhos do aerosol atmosférico na Península Ibérica

Um dos principais fatores que afetam negativamente a qualidade do ambiente em muitas cidades em todo o mundo é o material particulado (PM). A sua presença na atmosfera pode ter impactos negativos na saúde humana, clima, património edificado e ecossistemas. Muitos dos estudos realizados em áreas urbanas focam apenas as frações respiráveis (PM10 e PM2,5). No entanto, os processos de formação, a identificação das fontes emissoras e os efeitos dependem muito da distribuição granulométrica das partículas. A atenção tem recaído na análise de hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos (PAHs), devida à sua carcinogenicidade e a informação disponível sobre outros compostos é escassa. O presente estudo consistiu na obtenção do PM distribuído por diferentes frações de tamanho e na análise detalhada da sua composição química, em dois locais urbanos da Península Ibérica (Madrid e Lisboa). Dado que os veículos representam uma das principais fontes emissoras em ambientes urbanos, efetuou-se uma caracterização mais detalhada deste tipo de emissões, conduzindo uma campanha de amostragem num túnel rodoviário (Marquês de Pombal, Lisboa). As amostragens, em ambas as cidades, decorreram durante um mês, quer no verão quer no inverno, em dois locais urbanos distintos, um junto a uma via com influência de tráfego e outro numa área urbana de fundo. No túnel a amostragem foi realizada apenas durante uma semana. Em Madrid e no túnel, o PM foi recolhido utilizando um amostrador de elevado volume com impactor em cascata com quatro tamanhos: 10-2,5, 2,5-0,95, 0,95-0,49 e < 0,49 μm. Em Lisboa, foi utilizado um impactor em cascata com apenas dois tamanhos, 10- 2,5 e < 2,5 μm. As amostras foram quimicamente analisadas e determinadas as concentrações de compostos carbonados (OC, EC e carbonatos), iões inorgânicos solúveis em água (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+),metais e compostos orgânicos. Em Madrid, as concentrações médias de PM10 foram 44 e 48% maiores nas amostras recolhidas junto à estrada do que as de fundo urbano no verão e inverno, respetivamente. A fração grosseira e o PM0,5 apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas no verão do que no inverno devido às condições climatéricas pouco usuais. No verão, as amostragens decorreram num mês em que as temperaturas foram muito elevadas e em que ocorreram vários episódios de intrusão de poeira africana. Durante o período de amostragem de inverno, as temperaturas foram muito baixas e registaram-se vários dias de precipitação quer sob a forma de chuva, quer sob a forma de neve. As situações meteorológicas sinóticas mais comuns, incluindo aquelas que causam o transporte de massas de ar com poeiras Africanas, foram identificadas em ambas as estações do ano. As concentrações mássicas de PM10, EC e OC foram encontrados predominantemente na fração de tamanho ultrafino em ambos os locais de amostragem e estações do ano. Nas restantes frações não se observou nenhuma tendência sazonal. O carbono orgânico secundário (SOC) mostrou um claro padrão sazonal, com concentrações muito mais elevadas no verão do que no inverno, em ambos os lugares. A partir do balanço mássico de iões, observou-se que, no verão, a formação de compostos inorgânicos secundários (SIC) conduziu a um enriquecimento pouco comum de Ca2+ na fração submicrométrica, quer nas amostras de tráfego, quer em fundo urbano. Os alcanos, PAHs, os álcoois e os ácidos foram as classes de compostos orgânicos identificados e quantificados no material particulado. Globalmente, representaram 0,26 e 0,11 μg m−3 no verão e inverno, respetivamente, no local de tráfego e 0,28 e 0,035 μg m−3 na área urbana de fundo. Os diferentes compostos orgânicos também apresentaram padrões sazonais, sugerindo fontes de emissão (e.g. escapes dos veículos e fontes biogénicas) ou processos de formação com contribuições variáveis ao longo do ano. As concentrações de benzoapireno equivalente foram menores que 1 ng m-3 e o risco carcinogénico estimado é baixo. No verão, os maiores enriquecimentos de metais ocorreram na fração submicrométrica, e no inverno na fração grosseira. No verão, os enriquecimentos foram ≥ 80% para o Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb e Co, no inverno, estes traçadores de emissões do tráfego foram menores, exceto para o Zn. Em Lisboa, a concentração média de PM10 foi de 48 μg m-3 no verão e de 44 μg m-3 no inverno, junto à estrada. Na área de fundo urbano, registaram-se níveis comparáveis nas duas estações (27 μg m-3 e 26 μg m-3). A média do rácio PM2,5/PM10 foi de 65% no verão e 44% no inverno na área de tráfego e 62% e 59% na área urbana de fundo. Estes resultados significam que o PM2,5 é um dos principais contaminantes que afetam a qualidade do ar no centro da cidade de Lisboa. A relação OC/EC, que reflete a composição das emissões de combustão dos veículos, variou entre 0,3 e 0,4 no interior do túnel. Os rácios de OC/EC mínimos obtidos junto às vias de tráfego em Madrid e em Lisboa encontram-se entre os do túnel e os registados em atmosferas urbanas de fundo, sugerindo que os valores mínimos habitualmente obtidos para este parâmetro em ambientes urbanos abertos sobrestimam as emissões diretas de OC pelo transporte rodoviário. Espera-se que os resultados deste trabalho contribuam para suprir, pelo menos em parte, as lacunas de informação quer sobre a composição de várias granulometrias de PM, quer sobre fontes e processos de formação em atmosferas urbanas. Como a exposição a poluentes do ar ultrapassa o controle dos indivíduos e exige ação das autoridades públicas a nível nacional, regional e até mesmo internacional, é importante propor medidas mitigadoras focadas nas principais fontes de emissão identificadas.