Care cost for pregnant and parturient women with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia

OBJECTIVE: To compare inpatient and outpatient care costs for pregnant/parturient women with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. METHODS: A prospective observational quantitative study was conducted in the Perinatal Diabetes Center in the city of Botucatu, Southeastern Brazil, between 2007 and 2008. Direct and indirect costs and disease-specific costs (medications and tests) were estimated. Thirty diet-treated pregnant women with diabetes were followed up on an outpatient basis, and 20 who required insulin therapy were hospitalized. RESULTS: The cost of diabetes disease (prenatal and delivery care) was US$ 3,311.84 for inpatients and US$ 1,366.04 for outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Direct and indirect costs as well as total prenatal care cost were higher for diabetic inpatients while delivery care costs and delivery-postpartum hospitalization were similar. Prenatal and delivery-postpartum care costs were higher for these patients compared to those paid by Brazilian National Health System.

Care cost for pregnant and parturient women with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia

OBJETIVO: Comparar custos de hospitalização e de atenção ambulatorial em gestantes/parturientes diabéticas e com hiperglicemia leve. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, prospectivo, quantitativo descritivo realizado em centro de diabete perinatal em Botucatu, SP, entre 2007 e 2008. Foram estimados os custos por absorção diretos e indiretos disponíveis na instituição e os custos específicos para a doença (medicamentos e exames). As 30 gestantes diabéticas tratadas com dieta foram acompanhadas em ambulatório e 20 tratadas com dieta mais insulina foram hospitalizadas. RESULTADOS: O custo da doença diabete (para a assistência pré-natal e parto) foi de US$ 3,311.84 para as gestantes hospitalizadas e de US$ 1,366.04 para as acompanhadas em ambulatório. CONCLUSÕES: Os custos diretos e indiretos e o custo total da assistência pré-natal foram mais elevados nas gestantes diabéticas hospitalizadas enquanto os custos da assistência ao parto e hospitalização para parto e puerpério foram semelhantes. Os custos da assistência pré-natal como no parto/puerpério foram superiores aos valores pagos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde.

Facteurs organisationnels associés à l’éducation prénatale et impact sur l’accouchement assisté dans deux contextes à risques maternels et néonatals élevés au Burkina Faso

Les taux de mortalité maternelle et néonatale restent importants dans les pays en développement. L’ampleur de ces phénomènes est liée à une constellation de facteurs. Mais une part importante des issues défavorables de la grossesse et de la naissance est attribuable à des causes évitables et des comportements modifiables. Les interventions éducatives prénatales ont été élaborées dans le but d’adresser les facteurs affectant la demande de soins maternels et néonatals efficaces. Les stratégies éducatives ciblant les femmes enceintes incluent les conseils individuels, les sessions de groupes et la combinaison des deux stratégies. Ces stratégies visent à améliorer les connaissances sur les questions de santé maternelle et néonatale et à favoriser l’utilisation adéquate de soins qualifiés et les pratiques hygiéniques à domicile. L’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a diffusé dans les pays en développement des guides de pratiques en soins maternels et néonatals incluant les conseils de préparation à la naissance, lors des visites prénatales de routine. Toutefois, peu de données sont disponibles quant à l’efficacité et l’implantation effective de l’éducation prénatale dans les dits pays. Cette thèse cherche à mieux comprendre l’impact des programmes d’éducation prénatale implantés dans deux contextes à risques maternels et néonatals élevés au Burkina Faso. Rédigée sous forme d’articles, la thèse propose trois objectifs spécifiques : 1) examiner l’efficacité théorique des programmes d’éducation prénatale pour réduire la mortalité maternelle et néonatale dans les pays en développement; 2) évaluer l’association entre différents facteurs organisationnels et l’exposition des femmes aux conseils de préparation à la naissance qui font habituellement partie intégrante des programmes d’éducation prénatale implantés dans les services prénatals de routine; et 3) déterminer l’impact de recevoir des conseils de préparation à la naissance sur la probabilité d’accouchement institutionnel. Pour répondre au premier objectif, une méta-analyse de données issues d’essais randomisés a été effectuée. Concernant les réponses aux deux autres objectifs, les données d’une étude de cohorte rétrospective ont été utilisées. Cette étude observationnelle, conçue spécialement pour la thèse, a été menée dans deux districts à risques maternels et néonatals élevés (Dori et Koupela) du Burkina Faso. Les résultats observés à travers les trois investigations sont utiles pour l’avancement des connaissances et la pratique. La méta-analyse révèle que les interventions éducatives expérimentales sont associées à une réduction de 24% de la mortalité néonatale. Cette réduction atteint 30% dans les milieux à très forte mortalité néonatale. En situation de routine, divers facteurs organisationnels peuvent limiter ou faciliter la transmission des conseils éducatifs aux femmes usagères de soins prénatals. Au, Burkina Faso, les données analysées indiquent des fortes disparités entre les deux districts à l’étude. Les femmes du district de Koupela étaient significativement plus exposées aux conseils que celles de Dori. Au delà de cette disparité régionale, deux autres facteurs organisationnels sont fortement associés à l’exposition des femmes aux conseils de préparation à la naissance lors des visites prénatales de routine. Il s’agit de la disponibilité de supports de communication imagés dans l’établissement et le volume réduit de consultations par jour (moins de 20 consultations en moyenne versus 20 ou plus) augurant de moindres charges de travail pour le personnel. Enfin, les conseils reçus par les femmes sur les signes de complications obstétricales et sur les coûts des soins sont significativement associés à une probabilité plus élevée d’accoucher en institution; et ce, seulement dans le district de Dori où le taux d’accouchements institutionnels était relativement faible. En conclusion, l’éducation prénatale est bénéfique pour la sante maternelle et néonatale. Cependant, l’implantation et les effets sont hétérogènes selon les milieux. D’autres études expérimentales et observationnelles sont requises pour renforcer les évidences et investiguer plus en profondeur les facteurs de réussite afin de mieux orienter l’intervention. Les expérimentations futures devraient mesurer des issues de grossesses relatives à la mère (l’assistance qualifiée, les soins postpartum et la mortalité maternelle). Des études de cohorte prospectives avec des grands échantillons représentatifs permettraient de documenter de façon plus valide les événements et les expositions aux interventions durant la grossesse, l’accouchement et le postpartum.

Vivência de mulheres no puerpério : significado atribuído à revisão pósparto

The consultation for women during the postpartum period should occur between the seventh and tenth days, and 42 days after childbirth, to decrease the incidence of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, the effectiveness of such assistance in primary health care has not been achieved, especially in the forty-second day of puerperium. Facing this reality, the research aimed to understand the views of women about postpartum consultation. This is an exploratory and descriptive research with qualitative approach, developed in the municipality of Lajes/RN, Brazil, with women inscribed on the four teams that make up the Family Health Strategy. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 15 women who met the following criteria: be enrolled in ESF; have health mental preserved, have been entered in the Humanization Program of Prenatal and Birth, and that was, at maximum, 60 days postpartum. The data were organized according to the precepts of content analysis according to Bardin, generating three categories: prevention of puerperal complications, feelings related to life changes after childbirth, and postpartum care. This process of coding and categorizing a central theme emerged: the experience of women in the postpartum period. The data were analyzed according to the principles of symbolic interactionism, according to Blumer. The study revealed that the meanings attributed to the postpartum period for prevention of complications were directly related to home, to the consultation and postpartum care provided by family members and health professionals. The interviewees strictly complied with the rest under the influence of the context in which they were entered. But that has not happened with the postpartum revision because few mothers underwent this procedure. Therefore, the interaction of the interviewed people in their living standard as well as the feelings that permeated the post-partum were crucial to consider whether or not the post-partum visit as significant. According to the results, it was noted that disability guidelines and counter-references has impaired the access of women to postpartum review. Thus, further studies are needed on the subject, as well as a reorientation of health care activities in view of the consolidation of postpartum consultation in primary care

Itinerário terapêutico de mães de crianças que foram a óbito no período neonatal em município do interior paulista

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem - FMB

Paracetamol vs ibuprofeno para el dolor de la episiotomía en las 42 horas postparto

Objetivo: Evaluación de la eficacia analgésica para el dolor de la episiotomía entre el paracetamol y el Ibuprofeno, en las primeras 42 horas postparto. Método: Estudio cuasi-experimental (prospectivo y simple ciego) en mujeres que dieron a luz en el HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO CENTRAL DE ASTURIAS (OVIEDO), excluyendo alérgicas, patologías asociadas ó aquellas que el idioma impidiese un correcto entendimiento. Dos grupos: 1) Paracetamol 1 gr; 2) Ibuprofeno 600 mg. Tamaño de muestra: 110 por grupo para alcanzar mínimo de 80. Variable principal: grado de dolor según puntuación de escala (0 a 3). Otras variables: edad de paciente, semanas de gestación, peso neonatal, paridad, inicio del parto, anestesia epidural, tipo de parto, desgarro, inflamación y enrojecimiento, hematoma, hemorroides, necesidad de sondaje evacuador, aplicación de hielo y solicitud de analgesia. Tamaño final de la muestra: 88 grupo paracetamol y 97 grupo ibuprofeno. La escala de dolor se midió a las 2 horas postparto (previo al tratamiento) y, posteriormente, cada 8 hasta 42 horas. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y comparación entre grupos. Resultados: No encontramos diferencias significativas en la escala de dolor entre ambos fármacos, ni en los subgrupos analizados, salvo en el subgrupo de partos eutócicos, donde el ibuprofeno fue superior al paracetamol. En el global de la serie, el grupo de paracetamol solicitó hielo y otra medicación con mayor frecuencia que el grupo de ibuprofeno. Conclusiones: El ibuprofeno 600 mg y el paracetamol de 1 gr obtienen una respuesta similar en las primeras 42 horas postparto, si bien el ibuprofeno parece tener algunas ventajas adicionales.

Factors associated with pregnant women's participation in a mHealth intervention in Timor-Leste

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Information Interventions to Reduce Maternal Mortality in Indonesia

Indonesia consistently records higher levels of maternal mortality than other countries in Southeast Asia with its same level of socioeconomic development. I use a quasi-experimental, difference-in-differences approach to understand whether the role of information on the risk of death in childbirth can change women’s reproductive behaviors. In the first two chapters, I use the Maternal Mortality Module from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Indonesia to examine fertility and reproductive behavior responses to a sister’s death in childbirth. Fertility desires remain relatively unchanged but women take up behaviors in subsequent births that avert the risk of maternal death. In the last chapter, I combine population-representative data from the DHS with a village-level census (PODES) on service availability to understand how a village-level intervention to improve obstetric service use using a birth preparedness and complications readiness (BPCR) approach may improve obstetric service use. In this study, I find that the Desa Siaga intervention in Indonesia improved knowledge of the danger signs of complications among women but not among men relative to villages that did not get the program while controlling for endogenous program placement. More women got antenatal care due to the program but use of a skilled birth attendant and postpartum care did not change as a result of the intervention. Both genders report discussing a blood donor in preparation for delivery.

The transition of care from fertility specialists to obstetricians: maternal adjustment and postpartum depressive symptoms.

Aim: This study examines the transition from fertility to obstetrical care of women who conceived through IVF. Materials & methods: 33 women filled out questionnaires before IVF, during pregnancy and after birth on infertility stress, maternal adjustment and depressive symptoms. During pregnancy, they participated in an interview about their emotional experiences regarding the transition. Responses were sorted into three categories: Autonomy, Dependence and Avoidance. Results: Exploratory results show that 51.5% of women had no difficulties making the transition (Autonomy), 21.2% had become dependent (Dependence) and 27.3% had distanced themselves from the specialists (Avoidance). Women who became dependent had more trouble adjusting to motherhood and more depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Difficulty making the transition may be linked to decreased ability to adjust to motherhood and more postpartum depressive symptoms.

Self-exclusion from health care in women at high risk for postpartum depression

Background A significant proportion of women who are vulnerable to postnatal depression refuse to engage in treatment programmes. Little is known about them, other than some general demographic characteristics. In particular, their access to health care and their own and their infants' health outcomes are uncharted. Methods We conducted a nested cohort case-control study, using data from computerized health systems, and general practitioner (GP) and maternity records, to identify the characteristics, health service contacts, and maternal and infant health outcomes for primiparous antenatal clinic attenders at high risk for postnatal depression who either refused (self-exclusion group) or else agreed (take-up group) to receive additional Health Visiting support in pregnancy and the first 2 months postpartum. Results Women excluding themselves from Health Visitor support were younger and less highly educated than women willing to take up the support. They were less likely to attend midwifery, GP and routine Health Visitor appointments, but were more likely to book in late and to attend accident and emergency department (A&E). Their infants had poorer outcome in terms of gestation, birthweight and breastfeeding. Differences between the groups still obtained when age and education were taken into account for midwifery contacts, A&E attendance and gestation;the difference in the initiation of breast feeding was attenuated, but not wholly explained, by age and education. Conclusion A subgroup of psychologically vulnerable childbearing women are at particular risk for poor access to health care and adverse infant outcome. Barriers to take-up of services need to be understood in order better to deliver care.

Severe Maternal Morbidity And Near Miss Due To Postpartum Hemorrhage In A National Multicenter Surveillance Study.

To assess the occurrence of severe maternal complications owing to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and its associated factors. A secondary analysis of data from a multicenter cross-sectional prospective surveillance study included 9555 cases of severe maternal morbidity at 27 centers in Brazil between July 2009 and June 2010. Complications of PPH, conditions of severity management, and sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics were assessed. Factors independently associated with severe maternal outcome (SMO) were identified using multiple regression analysis. Overall, 1192 (12.5%) of the 9555 women experienced complications owing to PPH (981 had potentially life-threatening conditions, 181 maternal near miss, and 30 had died). The SMO ratio was 2.6 per 1000 live births among women with PPH and 8.5 per 1000 live births among women with other complications. Women with PPH had a higher risk of blood transfusion and return to the operating theater than did those with complications from other causes. Maternal age, length of pregnancy, previous uterine scar, and cesarean delivery were the main factors associated with an increased risk of SMO secondary to PPH. PPH frequently leads to severe maternal morbidity. A surveillance system can identify the main causes of morbidity and could help to improve care, especially among women identified as being at high risk of PPH.

Postpartum issues' for expectant mothers and fathers

Objective: To investigate the postpartum psychosocial and infant care topics that women and men who attend preparation for parenthood classes have been thinking or worrying about during the pregnancy. Furthermore, to compare the rates of endorsement of such issues for women and men so that clinicians can use this information to help plan which topics to include in preparation for parenthood classes. Design: A survey of expectant parents attending preparation for parenthood classes at a local public hospital. Participants completed a 17- to 19-item postpartum issues checklist devised for the study. Setting: Preparation for parenthood classes conducted in a public hospital in South Western Sydney, Australia. Participants: People attending the session were in their 2nd to 3rd trimester, of low to middle socioeconomic status, and 95% were expecting their first child. Eighty-five percent of women were accompanied by their male partner at the session. Data are reported from 201 women and 182 men. Measure: A 17-item issues checklist was devised initially and later expanded to 19 items. The initial checklist covered three psychosocial issues: interpersonal, intrapersonal, and parental competency. The expanded checklist also included items on infant care issues. Participants rated each item as to the extent to which they had been thinking or worrying about it over the past few weeks. Results: More than half of the men and women had been thinking or worrying about their ability to cope as new parents; just less than half of both men and women endorsed the item regarding the effect having a baby would have on their relationship with their partner; approximately 40% of women had thought that they might get bored or lonely when at home with the baby, and an equal rate of men reported that their partner experiencing this sense of boredom or loneliness was an issue for them. There were few differences between the genders in the rate of endorsement on the issues checklist. Conclusion: That many of the issues on the checklist are prevalent in both women and men at this time in the pregnancy would suggest that these are topics that would be pertinent for inclusion at preparation for parenthood classes. Although the checklist is not exhaustive, the data reported give empirical justification for inclusion of these topics in such classes.

Access to childbirth care by adolescents and young people in the Northeastern region of Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the factors that interfere with the access of adolescents and young people to childbirth care for in the Northeast region of Brazil. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 3,014 adolescents and young people admitted to the selected maternity wards to give birth in the Northeast region of Brazil. The sample design was probabilistic, in two stages: the first corresponded to the health establishments and the second to women who had recently given birth and their babies. The data was collected by means of interviews and consulting the hospital records, from pre-tested electronic form. Descriptive statistics were used for the univariate analysis, Pearson’s Chi-square test for the bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions for the multivariate analysis. Sociodemographic variables, obstetrical history, and birth care were analyzed. RESULTS Half of the adolescents and young people interviewed had not been given guidance on the location that they should go to when in labor, and among those who had, 23.5% did not give birth in the indicated health service. Furthermore, one third (33.3%) had to travel in search of assisted birth, and the majority (66.7%) of the postpartum women came to maternity by their own means. In the bivariate analysis, the variables marital status, paid work, health insurance, number of previous pregnancies, parity, city location, and type of health establishment showed a significant association (p < 0.20) with inadequate access to childbirth care. The multivariate analysis showed that married adolescents and young people (p < 0.015), with no health insurance (p < 0.002) and from the countryside (p < 0.001) were more likely to have inadequate access to childbirth care. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents and young women, married, without health insurance, and from the countryside are more likely to have inadequate access to birth care. The articulation between outpatient care and birth care can improve this access and, consequently, minimize the maternal and fetal risks that arise from a lack of systematic hospitalization planning.

TOXOPLASMOSIS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AMONG PREGNANT AND POSTPARTUM WOMEN ATTENDED IN PUBLIC HEALTH UNITS IN NITERÓI, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The present study conducted a toxoplasmosis-related knowledge level survey with 400 pregnant and puerperal women attended in public health units in the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Only 111 (27.8%) women claimed to know about the disease. Most of them (n = 289; 72.2%) had never heard about toxoplasmosis nor knew how to prevent the infection by Toxoplasma gondii. A significant difference (p = 0.013) regarding the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG was observed between women who claimed to know about the disease and those who had never heard about it. These results highlight the importance of a systematic serological screening process for toxoplasmosis, as well as the importance of primary prevention by accurate information during prenatal care, an important Public Health action to be implemented.