Plaisir et souffrance au travail : une lecture psychodynamique au sein d'un office régional de placement suisse

En Suisse, comme dans la plupart des pays industrialisés, le stress au travail et l'épuisement qui en découle sont devenus, au cours des dernières décennies, une réalité qui ne cesse de s'accentuer. Différentes disciplines scientifiques ont tenté de rendre compte, depuis le milieu du siècle dernier, des difficultés rencontrées par les individus dans le cadre de leur travail, avec une prédominance marquée pour des analyses de type causaliste. Dans le cadre de cette étude doctorale, nous nous sommes penché sur le cas d'un office régional de placement, mais avec une perspective sensiblement différente. La grille de lecture psychodynamique utilisée permet en effet de donner accès au sens des situations de travail et d'ouvrir sur une compréhension originale des mécanismes à l'origine des problèmes de santé mentale au travail. Cette approche permet ainsi de comprendre les rapports complexes que les individus entretiennent avec leur travail tel que structuré et organisé, et d'analyser leur expérience en termes de plaisir, de souffrance, de défenses face à la souffrance et de répercussions sur la santé. Dans ce but, nous avons utilisé une méthodologie basée sur des entrevues collectives, afin de stimuler l'expression libre des travailleurs. L'enquête s'est déroulée en deux temps : une première série d'entretiens de groupe a permis la récolte des données empiriques, puis une seconde série, appelée entretiens de restitution, a donné la possibilité aux participants de réagir sur l'interprétation de leur parole faite par le chercheur, et de valider l'analyse. Nos résultats mettent alors en évidence que le travail, tel qu'organisé au sein de cette institution de service public, apparaît considérablement pathogène, mais heureusement compensé par le pouvoir structurant de la relation d'aide aux assurés. Ils montrent également que l'expérience subjective de travail des participants a pour principales sources de souffrance la perception désagréable d'un manque de reconnaissance, d'autonomie et de pouvoir sur leurs actes. - In Switzerland and in other industrialized countries, work-related stress and resulting burn-out has become an ever increasing problem in recent decades. Many researchers Jrom many different fields have made efforts to understand the difficulties employees encounter at work since the middle of the last century. Most of this research is based on a cause and effect analysis approach. For this doctoral research project, we have analyzed cases handled by an unemployment office in Switzerland. We have taken a novel approach by using a number of psychodynamic criteria which permitted us to interpret situations at work and to open up a new way of understanding the mechanisms at work which lead to mental health problems. This approach allows us to understand account the complex relationship people have towards structured and organized work as well as to take into account and to analyze their experience in terms of pleasure, suffering, defense mechanisms against suffering and the consequences on their mental health. In order to achieve this goal we performed collective interviews in order to encourage workers to express themselves freely. The interviews were divided into two series. The first series of group interviews allowed us to collect empirical statistics and the second series gave the workers an opportunity to react to the researchers ' analysis of their answers and to validate the researchers ' interpretation of their answers. Our results show that work has considerable negative effects on mental health. Fortunately, these negative effects are counterbalanced by the psychological support system offered by the unemployment office. Our project also shows that the subjective negative experiences of workers are caused by their perceptions of being under-appreciated, lack of autonomy and having no power over their acts.

Validation française de l'échelle d'expérience temporelle du plaisir [Validation of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) in a French-speaking environment.]

INTRODUCTION: Anhedonia is defined as a diminished capacity to experience pleasant emotion and is commonly included among the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. However, if patients report experiencing a lower level of pleasure than controls, they report experiencing as much pleasure as controls with online measurements of emotion. OBJECTIVE: The Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) measures pleasure experienced in the moment and in anticipation of future activities. The TEPS is an 18-item self-report measurement of anticipatory (10 items) and consummatory (eight items) pleasure. The goal of this paper is to assess the psychometric characteristics of the French translation of this scale. METHODS: A control sample was composed of 60 women and 22 men, with a mean age of 38.1 years (S.D.: 10.8). Thirty-six were without qualification and 46 with qualified professional diploma. A sample of 21 patients meeting DSM IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia was recruited among the community psychiatry service of the department of psychiatry in Lausanne. They were five women and 16 men; mean age was of 34.1 years (S.D.: 7.5). Ten obtained a professional qualification and 11 were without qualification. None worked in competitive employment. Their mean dose of chlorpromazine equivalent was 431mg (S.D.: 259). All patients were on atypical antipsychotics. The control sample fulfilled the TEPS and the Physical Anhedonia Scale (PAS). The patient sample fulfilled the TEPS and was independently rated on the Calgary Depression Scale and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms. For comparison with controls, patients were matched on age, sex and professional qualification. This required the supplementary recruitment of two control subjects. RESULTS: Results with the control sample indicate that the TEPS presents an acceptable internal validity with Crombach alphas of 0.84 for the total scale, 0.74 for the anticipatory pleasure scale and 0.79 for the consummatory pleasure scale. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model is well adapted to our data (chi(2)/dl=1.333; df=134; p<0.0006; root mean square residual, RMSEA=0.064). External validity measured with the PAS showed R=-0.27 (p<0.05) for the consummatory scale and R=-0.26 for the total score. Comparisons between patients and matched controls indicated that patients were significantly lower than control on anticipatory pleasure (t=2.7, df(40), 2-tailed p=0.01; cohen's d=0.83) and on total score of the TEPS (t=2.8, df (40), 2-tailed p=0.01; cohen's d=0.87). The two samples did not differ on consummatory pleasure. The anticipatory pleasure factor and the total TEPS showed significant negative correlation with the SANS anhedonia, respectively R=-0.78 (p<0.01) for the anticipatory factor and R=-0.61 (p<0.01) for the total TEPS. There was also a negative correlation between the anticipatory factor and the SANS avolition of R=-0.50 (p<0.05). These correlations were maintained, with partial correlations controlling for depression and chlorpromazine equivalents. CONCLUSION: The results of this validation show that the French version of the TEPS has psychometric characteristics similar to the original version. These results highlight the discrepancy between results of direct or indirect report of experienced pleasure in patients with schizophrenia. Patients may have difficulties in anticipating the pleasure of future enjoyable activities, but not in experiencing pleasure once in an enjoyable activity. Medication and depression do not seems to modify our results, but this should be better controlled in a longitudinal study. The anticipatory versus consummatory pleasure distinction appears to be useful for the development of new psychosocial interventions, tailored to improve desire in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Major limitations of the study are the small size of patient sample and the under representation of men in the control sample.

Drogues récréatives: le plaisir des complications [Recreational drugs: the complication's pleasure?].

Steadily increasing since 1990, the use of psychoactive substances was expanded to new designer drugs (bath salts, spice) with so original still unknown pharmacological effects. At the beginning, the pleasure, first feeling, turns sometimes, in acute medical emergency and then, in some cases, in chronic diseases. Side expected or not desired effects, seen in emergency departments could be necrotizing gangrene among consumers Krokodil or dystonic reactions in consumers of Spice. Moreover, adulterants could increase the dangerosity of the substances. Searching a toxidrome helps to find the incrimining substance.

A M***, lui renvoyant le poëme intitulé # Le Plaisir, rêve

Comprend : Reponse de M. de T**. à M. l'abbé de L** ; Réponse de M. de T** [Tanevot] à M. l'abbé de L** [Lattaignant]

L'enceinte : sur le plaisir dans l'esthétique de Kant

Tout au long de son histoire, la philosophie s'est sentie menacée par le moment sensuel de l'art, le plaisir pris qui risquait de mettre la raison hors d'elle-même. Là où Platon s'en défendit par l'exclusion de la poésie hors de l'enceinte de la cité philosophique, Kant tenta de le domestiquer en l'intégrant au dedans des murs du système. Il espérait ainsi, en assignant une place déterminée au plaisir et au désir, en maîtriser les débordements. Mais le pouvoir de séduction de l'art, comme celui des femmes auquel Kant le renvoie, ne se laisseront pas si aisément contenir dans l'économie systémique et viendront déranger le subtile équilibre architectonique de l'édifice critique.

Plaisir de bibliophile : gazette trimestrielle des amateurs de livres modernes

1926 (T2).

Plaisir de bibliophile : gazette trimestrielle des amateurs de livres modernes

1928 (T4).

Plaisir de bibliophile : gazette trimestrielle des amateurs de livres modernes

1929 (T5).